Brs Microbiology Cards

Front 1

How is Gardnerella vaginalis histologically characterized?

Back 1

Presence of clue cells, vaginal epithelial cells covered with bacteria, seen on a Pap smear

Hint 1

11.2

Front 2

How is Gardnerella vaginalis tested for?

Back 2

Pap smear

Hint 2

11.2

Front 3

This organism is detected as PAS+ rods withing the macrophages of the lamina propria of the small intestine

Back 3

Tropheryma whippelii

Hint 3

29.1

Front 4

What is the cause and the symptoms (5) of Whipple's Disease?

Back 4

Tropheryma whippelii; ab pain, malabsorption with diarrhea and weight loss, and migratory polyarthritis

Hint 4

29.2

Front 5

Endemic to tropical nations, this sexually transmitted organism results in granulomatous genital ulcers (pseudobuboes) with the potential for autoamputation of genitalia

Back 5

Calymmatobacterium granulomatis

Hint 5

34.1

Front 6

What are diagnostic findings of Calymmatobacterium granulomatis infection?

Back 6

Based on finding intracellular organism aggregated as "Donovani Bodies"

Hint 6

34.2

Front 7

This organism is transmitted through the bite of a domestic cat or dog and can result in an abscess, cellulitis, and osteomyelitis

Back 7

Pasteurella multocida

Hint 7

52.1

Front 8

What are growth characteristics of P. multocida and location of normal flora?

Back 8

Short, encapsulated, bipolar staining organism; part of the nasopharyngeal flora of domestic dogs and cats

Hint 8

52.2

Front 9

A normal inhabitant of the oral cavity, infection can be associated with dental procedures, with formation of lesions that erupt through the face with a purulent discharge

Back 9

Actinomycetes israelii

Hint 9

1.1

Front 10

Diagnosis is by finding sulfur granules= tangles of filaments of organisms wrapped in a matrix of calcium phosphate, with a yellow (sulfur) color to the abscess and discharge

Back 10

Actinomycetes israelii

Hint 10

1.2

Front 11

The most severe form of this disease results from the inhalation of spores with mediastinitis, pulmonary edema, and hemorrhage (Woolsorter's disease)

Back 11

Bacillus anthracis

Hint 11

2.1

Front 12

Can occur as an occupational disease of textile or agricultural personnel resulting from contact with infected hides or wool; recently used as bioweapon

Back 12

Bacillus anthracis

Hint 12

2.2

Front 13

Causes gastroenteritis and is typically associated with the consumption of reheated rice

Back 13

Bacillus cereus

Hint 13

3.1

Front 14

What are the symptoms and molecular transmission of B. cereus?

Back 14

Rapid emesis or diarrhea is associated with an exotoxin that increases cAMP and is produced by the organism as it germinates

Hint 14

3.2

Front 15

Disease can be due to the ingestion of preformed toxin in home-canned foods or by the ingestion of spores in honey by an infant

Back 15

Clostridium botulinum

Hint 15

4.1

Front 16

Produces an exotoxin that blocks the release of Ach at the neuromuscular junction

Back 16

Clostridium botulinum

Hint 16

4.1

Front 17

What are the symptoms of C. botulinum?

Back 17

Flaccid paralysis, dry mouth, diplopia, dysphagia, and respiratory failure

Hint 17

4.2

Front 18

Associated with the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and the overgrowth of toxin-producing bacteria

Back 18

Clostridium difficile

Hint 18

5.1

Front 19

What disease is associated with C. difficile and where is it usually acquired?

Back 19

Pseudomembranous colitis, major nosocomial disease

Hint 19

5.2

Front 20

Causes gas gangrene and is often associated with automobile and motorcycle accidents

Back 20

Clostridium perfringens

Hint 20

6.1

Front 21

What is source and pathology of C. perfringens?

Back 21

Spores are abundant in soil and germinate in wounds

Hint 21

6.2

Front 22

What is the treatment of C. difficile?

Back 22

Surgical debridement, antibiotics, and hyperbaric oxygen

Hint 22

6.2

Front 23

Infection is associated with traumatic inoculation of spores that germinate and produce a toxin that causes a spastic paralysis

Back 23

Clostridium tetani

Hint 23

7.1

Front 24

What is the morphology of C. tetani?

Back 24

Organism looks like a long rod with a dilated terminal end containing a spore that resembles a tennis racquet

Hint 24

7.2

Front 25

Can cause risus sardonicus, the characteristic grimace of lockjaw

Back 25

Clostridium tetani

Hint 25

8.1

Front 26

What is the treatment of C. tetani?

Back 26

Antitoxins produced in horses or hyperimmunized humans, and antispasmodics such as benzodiazepines

Hint 26

8.2

Front 27

Causes gray pseudomembranes on the back of the throat

Back 27

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Hint 27

9.1

Front 28

Organisms viewed with Chinese-letter" configuration"

Back 28

Cornyebacterium diphtheriae

Hint 28

9.2

Front 29

A common cause of nosocomial infections, this organism is often resistant to many antibiotics, including vancomycin

Back 29

Enterococcus spp.

Hint 29

10.1

Front 30

Common cause of gram (+) UTIs, sepsis, meningitis, and endocarditis

Back 30

Enterococcus spp.

Hint 30

10.2

Front 31

Causes a fishy smelling vaginal discharge

Back 31

Gardnerella vaginalis

Hint 31

11.1

Front 32

As the dominant organism of normal vaginal flora, its metabolism helps maintain the low pH of the vagina

Back 32

Lactobacillus spp.

Hint 32

12.1

Front 33

Lactobacillus spp. have what effect in the vagina?

Back 33

Lactic acid produced helps prevent the overgrowth of potentially pathogenic organisms

Hint 33

12.2

Front 34

What causes Lactobacillus acid producing flora to diminish in the vagina and allow for overgrowth of pathogenic species?

Back 34

Broad-spectrum antibiotic use

Hint 34

12.2

Front 35

This cause of late onset neonatal sepsis is a facultative intracellular parasite that spreads from cell to cell via actin rockets

Back 35

Listeria monocytogenes

Hint 35

13.1

Front 36

This gram positive organism can be detected as short non-spore-forming rods with tumbling end-over-end" motility"

Back 36

Listeria monocytogenes

Hint 36

13.2

Front 37

As well as being gram positive, this organism is also weakly acid fast and causes a pneumonia predominantly in immuno-compromised patients

Back 37

Nocardia asteroides

Hint 37

14.1

Front 38

This aerobic gram postive bacteria with filamentous growth is a common soil organism

Back 38

Nocardia asteroides

Hint 38

14.2

Front 39

What type of growth is associated with Nocardia?

Back 39

Filamentous growth

Hint 39

14.2

Front 40

Part of the microbial flora of the skin, this bacilli contributes to the development of acne

Back 40

Propionibacterium acnes

Hint 40

15.1

Front 41

This gram positive organism produces lipases that split fatty acids that cause inflammation, resulting in the formation of comedones

Back 41

Propionibacterium acnes

Hint 41

15.2

Front 42

A major cause of acute bacterial endocarditis, especially in IV drug users

Back 42

Staphylococcus aureus

Hint 42

16.1

Front 43

How is S. aureus endocarditis unlike subacute bacterial endocarditis?

Back 43

Can cause infection of undamaged heart valves, typically on the right side (tricuspid) in IV drug users

Hint 43

16.2

Front 44

A major cause of abscesses, furuncles, carbuncles, and other skin infections such as impetigo

Back 44

Staphylococcus aureus

Hint 44

17.1

Front 45

What are the growth patterns of S. aureus?

Back 45

Beta-hemolytic cocci grows like grape-like clusters, coagulase positive, and yellowish colonies in culture

Hint 45

17.2

Front 46

Part of the normal flora of the skin, it causes infection of IV lines and catheters; it is a major cause of endocarditis in patients with prosthetic heart valves

Back 46

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Hint 46

18.1

Front 47

How is S. epidermidis different from S. aureus?

Back 47

White colonies, NO coagulase, NO Protein A, does NOT ferment mannitol

Hint 47

18.2

Front 48

The second leading cause of urinary tracct infection in sexually active women

Back 48

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Hint 48

19.1

Front 49

How is S. saprophyticus differentiated from S. epidermidis?

Back 49

Ferment mannitol and resistance to novobiocin

Hint 49

19.2

Front 50

An important cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis

Back 50

Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B)

Hint 50

20.1

Front 51

What are the growth characteristics of Group B Strep?

Back 51

Beta-hemolytic, bacitracin-resistant cocci

Hint 51

20.2

Front 52

Where is Group B Strep a normal inhabitant and how can it be acquired?

Back 52

Female genital tract, during vaginal delivery

Hint 52

20.2

Front 53

A major cause of dental caries

Back 53

Streptococcus mutans (of viridans group)

Hint 53

21.1

Front 54

What are the growth characteristics of S. viridans?

Back 54

Alpha-hemolytic, optochin resistant cocci

Hint 54

21.2

Front 55

What are the growth characteristics of Strep mutans?

Back 55

Member of the viridans group, alpha-hemolytic and optochin-resistant

Hint 55

21.2

Front 56

Lancet-shaped diplococci found in a rusty brown sputum

Back 56

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Hint 56

22.1

Front 57

What is the cause of over 90% of all cases of lobar pneumonia?

Back 57

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Hint 57

22.2

Front 58

The use of a quellung reaction helps differentiate between the 85 different capsular subtypes

Back 58

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Hint 58

23.1

Front 59

What are the growth characteristics of S. pneumoniae?

Back 59

Alpha-hemolytic, optochin sensitive bile soluble coccus, grows on sheep blood agar

Hint 59

23.2

Front 60

What is significant about the Strep pneumo vaccine?

Back 60

Contains at least 23 subtypes

Hint 60

23.2

Front 61

Infection results in rheumatic fever

Back 61

Streptococcus pyrogenes (Group A)

Hint 61

24.1

Front 62

What is cause of rheumatic fever and what are the symptoms?

Back 62

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A); migratory polyarthritis, erythema marginatum, pancarditis, Sydenham chorea, and subcutaneous nodules (PECSS/FEVERSS)

Hint 62

24.1

Front 63

A major cause of pharyngitis, infection can also result in other suppurative symptoms such as erypsipelas, cellulitis, and impetigo

Back 63

Streptococcus pyrogenes (Group A)

Hint 63

25.1

Front 64

How can Strep pyogenes be diagnosed?

Back 64

Serodiagnosed with the detection of host antibodies to bacterial DNase B and ASO

Hint 64

25.2

Front 65

What are other suppurative symptoms of Group A Strep?

Back 65

Erysipelas, cellulitis, and impetigo

Hint 65

25.2

Front 66

What are the growth characteristics of Group A Strep?

Back 66

Beta-hemolytic, bactitracin-sensitive cocci

Hint 66

25.2

Front 67

Infection can lead to the development of acute glomerulonephritis and mitral and aortic stenosis

Back 67

Streptococcus pyrogenes (Group A)

Hint 67

26.1

Front 68

How is Group A Strep infection related to heart valves?

Back 68

Cross-reactive antibodies to the bacteria result in autoimmune destruction of the valves

Hint 68

26.2

Front 69

How is Group A Strep infection visualized in the kidney?

Back 69

Immunocomplex deposition in the kidney visualized by "lumpy bumpy" immunofluorescence

Hint 69

26.2

Front 70

Leading cause of subacute bacterial endocarditis

Back 70

Streptococcus viridans

Hint 70

27.1

Front 71

Where is S. viridans part of normal flora?

Back 71

Human pharynx

Hint 71

27.2

Front 72

Chronic exposure to this group of organisms leads to the development of hypersensitivity pneumonitis, including Farmer's Lung, Pigeon breeder's Lung, and Humidifier Lung

Back 72

Thermophilic Actinomycetes

Hint 72

28.1

Front 73

Exposure to Thermophilic actinomycetes causes what symptoms (5)?

Back 73

Immunologically mediated interstitial fibrosis, bronchiolitis, and granuloma formation with progressive respiratory failure and cyanosis

Hint 73

28.2

Front 74

Predominant organism in the human colon

Back 74

Bacteroides fragilis (2nd is E. coli)

Hint 74

30.1

Front 75

Most often the cause of serious anaerobic infection

Back 75

Bacteroides fragilis

Hint 75

30.2

Front 76

Transmitted by the bite, scratch, or lick of an infected cat, resulting in low grade fever and a characteristic enlargement of lymph nodes for several weeks

Back 76

Bartonella henselae

Hint 76

31.1

Front 77

What is the causitive agent of Cat Scratch disease?

Back 77

Bartonella henselae

Hint 77

31.2

Front 78

Which group is Cat scratch disease more severe and what are the symptoms?

Back 78

Immunocompromised patients can result with Bacillary angiomatosis, cranberry-like pustules resembling Kaposi sarcoma

Hint 78

31.2

Front 79

Transmitted by contaminated livestock and unpasteurized dairy products, infection results in a fever that rises in the morning and falls at night (Undulant fever)

Back 79

Brucella spp.

Hint 79

33.1

Front 80

What is pathogenesis of Brucella infection?

Back 80

Granulomatous infection invades the reticulo-endothelial cells of the lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and bone marrow

Hint 80

33.2

Front 81

A common cause of bloody diarrhea, particularly in children in close contact with puppies and kittens, which serve as reservoirs

Back 81

Campylobacter jejuni

Hint 81

35.1

Front 82

What are growth characteristics of C. jejuni?

Back 82

Gram (-) rod shaped organisms appear as gull wing" -shaped colonies with a single flagellum"

Hint 82

35.2

Front 83

Causes a bloody diarrhea and is associated with the consumption of undercooked meat and dairy products

Back 83

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (E. coli 0157:H7)

Hint 83

36.1

Front 84

What are molecular pathogenesis of Enterhemorrhagic E. coli?

Back 84

This dysentery-like condition is due to the elaboration of verotoxins similar to Shiga toxins that causes cytotoxicity to the colonic mucosa

Hint 84

36.2

Front 85

Infection may result in hemorrhagic colitis progressing to the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)

Back 85

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (E. coli 0157:H7)

Hint 85

37.1

Front 86

What causes HUS and how is it characterized?

Back 86

EHEC; acute renal failure, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and thrombocytpenia in kids

Hint 86

37.2

Front 87

Leading cause of urinary tract infections

Back 87

Escherichia coli

Hint 87

38.1

Front 88

What are other major causes of UTIs other than E. coli?

Back 88

Proteus, Serratia, Enterococcus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, S. saprophyticus (PPEKSS)

Hint 88

38.2

Front 89

Causes "traveler's diarrhea" and is also a major cause of death in children of developing nations

Back 89

Escherichia coli (ETEC)

Hint 89

39.1

Front 90

What is molecular pathogenesis and symptoms of ETEC?

Back 90

Heat stable and heat labile toxin that causes explosive watery diarrhea with cramping, ab discomfort, and dehydration

Hint 90

39.2

Front 91

This zoonotic organism can be transmitted by the bite of a deerfly or tick, or through handling or consuming rabbit products, which are the reservoir

Back 91

Francisella tularensis

Hint 91

40.1

Front 92

What is the disease pattern of F. tularensis infection?

Back 92

Necrotic ulcers at the site of entry: conjunctiva (oculoglandular), mouth (typhoidal), or lungs (pneumonic tularemia) with disseminated granulomatous lesions of the lung, spleen, and liver

Hint 92

40.2

Front 93

Organisms closely associated with chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease

Back 93

Helicobacter pylori

Hint 93

41.1

Front 94

H. pylori is associated with an increase in development of what types of cancer?

Back 94

Gastric carcinoma and MALToma

Hint 94

41.2

Front 95

Major cause of aspiration pneumonia in alcoholics

Back 95

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Hint 95

45.1

Front 96

What are the growth characteristics of K. pneumoniae

Back 96

Large antiphagocytic capsule, giving it a mucoid appearance and producing a thick, bloody, currant-jelly" sputum"

Hint 96

45.2

Front 97

What is most characteristic of K. pneumoniae infections?

Back 97

Currant-jelly sputum

Hint 97

45.2

Front 98

Paired, kidney bean-shaped diplococci within leukocytes in a urethral dishcarge

Back 98

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Hint 98

46.1

Front 99

How is N. gonorrhoeae differentiated from N. meningitidis?

Back 99

N.m. ferments glucose AND maltose whereas N.g. ONLY ferments glucose

Hint 99

46.2

Front 100

Leading cause of septic arthritis

Back 100

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Hint 100

47.1

Front 101

How does N. gonorrhoae arthritis present?

Back 101

Monoarticular arthritis of the knee, ankle, or wrist afte a bout of urethritis

Hint 101

47.2

Front 102

Infection of a neonate passing through an infected birth canal results in ophthalmia neonatorum and purulent conjuncitivits

Back 102

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Hint 102

48.1

Front 103

How are Neisseria gonorrhoeae eye infections prevented in babies in the U.S.?

Back 103

Receive required administration of tetracycline, erythromycin, or SILVER NITRATE drops

Hint 103

48.2

Front 104

Sexually transmitted disease that can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease that then predisposes to ectopic pregnancy

Back 104

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Hint 104

49.1

Front 105

What is the the second most notifiable disease in the United States?

Back 105

PUD from Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection

Hint 105

49.2

Front 106

Leading cause of meningtis among military recruits and dormitory settings

Back 106

Neisseria meningitidis

Hint 106

50.1

Front 107

Patients with what immune deficiencies are particularly susceptible to N. meningitidis infection?

Back 107

Complement components C6-9 membrane attack complex""

Hint 107

50.2

Front 108

Septicemia resulting from this organism can result in progressive hypotension, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), widespread vascular purpura, and bilateral adrenal hemorrhage

Back 108

Neisseria meningitidis

Hint 108

51.1

Front 109

What N. meningitidis disease process is rapidly fatal without antibiotic treatment?

Back 109

The shock and adrenocortical insufficiency of Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome

Hint 109

51.2

Front 110

Urease-positive organism that causes an alkaline urine predisposing to the formation of urinary calculi

Back 110

Proteus spp. (P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris)

Hint 110

53.1

Front 111

Significant treatment factors of Proteus spp.

Back 111

These highly motile organisms are often refractory to antibiotic treatment because they often become trapped within stones

Hint 111

53.2

Front 112

Major cause of pneumonia in burn patients and Cystic fibrosis patients

Back 112

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Hint 112

54.1

Front 113

What is the etiology of P. aeruginosa infection?

Back 113

Major cause of nosocomial infections; colonizes aspirators, water and ice dispensers, CATHETERS, IV lines, and even dilute disinfectant solutions!

Hint 113

54.2

Front 114

Infection can result in folliculitis, swimmer's ear, pneumonia, and sepsis with the development of characteristic skin lesions (Ecthyma gangrenosum)

Back 114

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Hint 114

55.1

Front 115

What are the growth characteristics of P. aeruginosa?

Back 115

Obligate aerobe requires only trace elements (cysteine/iron on charcoal yeast extract), blue-green colonies (pyoverdin/pyocyanin), and characteristic fruity odor

Hint 115

55.2

Front 116

Where is P. aeruginosa especially good at growing in?

Back 116

Inadequately chlorinated HOT TUBS

Hint 116

55.2

Front 117

Causes a self-limiting enterocolitis associated with the consumption of contaminated eggs and poultry

Back 117

Salmonella enteritidis

Hint 117

56.1

Front 118

What is significant with Salmonella enteritidis infection?

Back 118

This highly motile organism requires a LARGE infectious dose, which distinguishes it from Shigella spp.

Hint 118

56.2

Front 119

Causes an enteric fever with the development of characteristic "rose spots" on the abdomen

Back 119

Salmonella typhi

Hint 119

57.1

Front 120

What happens to a small percentage of people after recovery from S. typhi infection?

Back 120

Become carriers due to colonizing the gallbladder; may require cholecystectomy

Hint 120

57.2

Front 121

This organism is a common cause of nosocomial infections; some strains produce a red pigment

Back 121

Serratia marcescens

Hint 121

58.1

Front 122

What infections are caused by Serratia marcescens?

Back 122

Pneumonia, bacteremia, endocarditis, and is often multidrug-resistant

Hint 122

58.2

Front 123

Infection with a small dose of organisms results in dysentery that is only transmitted among humans with no animal reservoir

Back 123

Shigella dysenteriae

Hint 123

59.1

Front 124

S. dysenteriae infection is characterized by what symptoms?

Back 124

Bloody, mucoid, low-volume diarrhea that can result in life-threatening dehydration and acidosis

Hint 124

59.2

Front 125

What is Shigella infection often associated with?

Back 125

Insanitary conditions

Hint 125

59.2

Front 126

Major cause of secretory diarrhea with life-threatening dehydration, particularly in developing nations

Back 126

Vibrio cholerae

Hint 126

60.1

Front 127

What is pathogenesis of V. cholerae infection?

Back 127

Comma-shaped rods with polar flagellum adhere to the intestinal mucosa and elaborate an exotoxin, but never invade the wall

Hint 127

60.2

Front 128

Causes nausea, cramping, and is associated with the consumption of raw shellfish (and what are the bugs characteristics?)

Back 128

Vibro parahemolyticus: free-living salt bacteria (Sx milder than V. cholerae)

Hint 128

61.1

Front 129

Rodents are the reservoir for this organism, transmitted by the bite of a flea, resulting in the plague

Back 129

Yersinia pestis

Hint 129

62.1

Front 130

What is the cause and transmission of pneumonic plague?

Back 130

Y. pestis; human to human (aerosol)

Hint 130

62.2

Front 131

Infection can result in pustules and enlargement of draining lymph nodes that rupture through the skin to form buboes

Back 131

Yersinia pestis

Hint 131

63.1

Front 132

What are the visual (staining) characteristics of Y. pestis?

Back 132

Bipolar staining resulting in a safety pin appearance

Hint 132

63.2

Front 133

Late stages of infection may lead to a severe autoimmune arthritis, life threatening heart block, and facial palsy

Back 133

Borrelia burgdorferi

Hint 133

64.1

Front 134

Late stages of infection may lead to a severe autoimmune arthritis, life-threatening heart block, and facial nerve palsy

Back 134

Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)

Hint 134

64.1

Front 135

Is there a vaccine available for Lyme disease?

Back 135

Yes, recently available

Hint 135

64.2

Front 136

Transmitted by the Ixodes tick bite that results in a characteristic bull's eye lesion (Erythema chronicum migrans)

Back 136

Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)

Hint 136

65.1

Front 137

Transmitted by the Ixodes tick bite that results in a characteristic bull's eye" lesion (Erythema chronicum migrans)"

Back 137

Borrelia burgdorferi

Hint 137

65.1

Front 138

Where and when are most B. burgdorferi cases?

Back 138

Northeast during the summer months (ticks)

Hint 138

65.2

Front 139

Transmitted by the human body louse, this organism causes Relapsing Fever

Back 139

Borrelia recurrentis

Hint 139

66.1

Front 140

Transmitted by the human body louse, this organism causes Relapsing fever

Back 140

Borrelia recurrentis

Hint 140

66.1

Front 141

What is the pathogenesis of B. recurrentis?

Back 141

Febrile disease that fades as antibodies develop and RELAPSES as the organism undergoes ANTIGENIC VARIATION of its variable major protein

Hint 141

66.2

Front 142

Previously known as the TWAR agent, it is a common cause of sore throats and intestitial pneumonia

Back 142

Chlamydia pneumoniae

Hint 142

67.1

Front 143

What are the cycle forms of the Chlamydia family?

Back 143

Elementary bodies, the infectious form, or intracellular reticular bodies, the metabolically active form

Hint 143

67.2

Front 144

Causes an interstitial type of pneumonia and is associated with exposure to contaminated parrots adn parakeets and other domestic birds

Back 144

Chlamydia psittaci

Hint 144

68.1

Front 145

What are the two diseases caused by C. psittaci?

Back 145

Psittacosis, transmitted by birds of the psittacine family; Ornithosis, exposure to pigeons, ducks, and chickens

Hint 145

68.2

Front 146

The cause of chronic keratoconjunctivitis results in corneal scarring and is the most common cause of blindness worldwide

Back 146

Chlamydia trachomatis

Hint 146

69.1

Front 147

How are the strains of C. trachomatis distinguished?

Back 147

Divided into SEROVARS based on serology and symptomology; with keratoconjunctivitis C. trachomatis A, B, C

Hint 147

69.2

Front 148

This organism is the leading cause of sexually transmitted bacterial disease, resulting in urethritis, cervicitis, salpingitis, and neonatal conjuctivitis

Back 148

Chlamydia trachomatis

Hint 148

70.1

Front 149

Infection in a female can progress to pelvic inflammatory disease, resulting in the potential for ectopic pregnancy and sterility

Back 149

Chlamydia trachomatis

Hint 149

70.2

Front 150

This organism is closely associated with the development of conjunctivitis, urethritis, and arthritis (Reiter's Syndrome)

Back 150

Chlamydia trachomatis

Hint 150

71.1

Front 151

What is the association of C. trachomatis and Reiter's Syndrome?

Back 151

AUTOIMMUNE phenomenon resulting from cross-reactive antigens between the organism and affected tissues, associated with HLA-B27 (PAIR)

Hint 151

71.2

Front 152

Causes Lymphogranuloma venereum, characterized by nodules and vesicles on the genitals, venereal buboes, and elephantiasis of the genitals with rectal strictures

Back 152

Chlamydia trachomatis

Hint 152

72.1

Front 153

Which strains of Chlamydia trachomatis cause Lymphgranuloma venereum?

Back 153

Most invasive SEROVARS L1, L2, and L3; this STD progresses through primary, secondary, and tertiary stages

Hint 153

72.2

Front 154

Causes Q fever, an interstitial pneumonia, resulting from the inhalation of the organism

Back 154

Coxiella burnetii

Hint 154

73.1

Front 155

How is C. burnetii different from the other Rickettsia diseases?

Back 155

NOT transmitted by the bite of an arthropod, does NOT cause a rash, and CANNOT be detected by the Weil-Felix Test (classic serologic Rickettsia test)

Hint 155

73.2

Front 156

Associated with overcrowding and transmitted by the human body louse, this organism causes Epidemic typhus

Back 156

Rickettsia prowazekii

Hint 156

84.1

Front 157

What causes the less severe form of disease, Endemic typhus?

Back 157

Rickettsia typhi

Hint 157

84.2

Front 158

What symptoms characterize Epidemic typhus?

Back 158

Extreme fever, myalgias, and rash (R. prowazekii)

Hint 158

84.2

Front 159

Transmitted by ticks, infection results in a petechial rash wit involvement of the palms and soles

Back 159

Rickettsia rickettsii - Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Hint 159

85.1

Front 160

Transmitted by ticks, infection results in a petechial rash with involvement of the palms and soles

Back 160

Rickettsia prowazekii

Hint 160

85.1

Front 161

How is Rocky Mountain spotted fever diagnosed?

Back 161

R. rickettsii is an OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR organism seen with GIEMSA staining

Hint 161

85.2

Front 162

Where is Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever endemic?

Back 162

Eastern United States

Hint 162

85.2

Front 163

Transplacental infection can result in a triad of interstitial keratitis, Hutchinson teeth, and 8th cranial nerve deafness

Back 163

Treponema pallidum (syphilis)

Hint 163

86.1

Front 164

Transplacental infection can result in a triad of interstitial keratitis, Hutchinson teeth, and 8th cranial nerve deafness

Back 164

Treponema pallidum

Hint 164

86.1

Front 165

What bone deformities are caused by T. pallidum infection (5)?

Back 165

Osteochondritis, periostitis, destruction of the VOMER leading to SADDLE NOSE; SABER SHIN and MULBERRY MOLARS

Hint 165

86.2

Front 166

Long-term consequences of untreated disease include tabes dorsalis and aneurysms of the ascending aorta

Back 166

Treponema pallidum (syphilis)

Hint 166

87.1

Front 167

Long-term consequences of untreated disease include tabes dorsalis and aneurysms of the ascending aorta

Back 167

Treponema pallidum - tertiary syphilis

Hint 167

87.1

Front 168

The disease can manifest with a maculopapular rash on the palms and soles, and condyloma lata

Back 168

Treponema pallidum (syphilis)

Hint 168

88.1

Front 169

The disease can manifest with a maculopapular rash on the palms and soles, and condyloma lata

Back 169

Treponema pallidum - secondary syphilis

Hint 169

88.1

Front 170

What are condyloma lata of T. pallidum often confused with?

Back 170

Condyloma ACUMINATUM seen with HPV infection

Hint 170

88.2

Front 171

What disease patterns are caused by secondary syphilis?

Back 171

CONDYLOMA LATA are gray flattened WART-LIKE LESIONS on the anogenital, axillary, and oral areas; rash also present

Hint 171

88.2

Front 172

What late stage disease patterns are caused by tertiary syphilis?

Back 172

Leading cause of aneurysms of the ASCENDING AORTA with characteristic TREE-BARK appearance; can also lead to paresis

Hint 172

88.2

Front 173

Initial infection presents with a painless ulcer on the genitals known as a chancre

Back 173

Treponema pallidum (syphilis)

Hint 173

89.1

Front 174

How is primary syphilis diagnosed?

Back 174

Numerous SPIROCHETES viewed by DARK FIELD or IMMUNOFLURESCENT microscopy

Hint 174

89.2

Front 175

What is signigicant concerning Treponema pallidum transmission and spread?

Back 175

HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS!!

Hint 175

89.2

Front 176

Patient with SLE are often positive for serologic tests for this organism even if not infected (biologic false positive)

Back 176

Treponema pallidum (syphilis)

Hint 176

90.1

Front 177

Patients with SLE are often positive for serologic tests for this organism even if not infected (biologic false positive)

Back 177

Treponema pallidum - SLE patients make antibodies to cardiolipin

Hint 177

90.1

Front 178

What are the sensitivity screening tests utilized for Treponema pallidum infection?

Back 178

RAPID PLASMA REAGIN or Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL); tests for antibodies to cardiolipin

Hint 178

90.2

Front 179

What is the most specific test for Treponema pallidum infection?

Back 179

Fluorescent treponemal antibody (FTA-Abs) test

Hint 179

90.2

Front 180

The organism is exquisitely sensitive to penicillins; treatment can result in rash, fever, and hypotension (Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction)

Back 180

Treponema pallidum (syphilis)

Hint 180

91.1

Front 181

This STD organism is exquisitely sensitive to penicillins; treatment can result in a rash, fever, and hypotension (Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction)

Back 181

Treponema pallidum

Hint 181

91.1

Front 182

What is the pathogenesis of the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction?

Back 182

Tx results in rapid death of T. pallidum with RELEASE OF TOXIC PRODUCTS that cause symptoms that can be relieved by anti-inflammatory agents

Hint 182

91.2

Front 183

This organism that lacks a cell wall is the cause of recurrent UTIs

Back 183

Ureaplasma urealyticum

Hint 183

92.1

Front 184

What organism is Ureaplasma related and infection is associated with what obstructive disease?

Back 184

Mycoplasma pneumoniae; development of URINARY CALCULI

Hint 184

92.2

Front 185

Produces a trivalent exotoxin composed of protective antigen, edema factor, and lethal factor

Back 185

Bacillus anthracis

Hint 185

93.1

Front 186

Produces a trivalent exotoxin composed of protective antigen, edema factor, and lethal factor

Back 186

Bacillus anthracis

Hint 186

93.1

Front 187

What are the components and functions of the B. anthracis trivalent exotoxin?

Back 187

Protective antigen CELL BINDING; edema factor is a secreted ADENYLATE CYCLASE; lethal factor causes CNS DEPRESSION

Hint 187

93.2

Front 188

One of the virulence factors of this organism is an anti-phagocytic capsule composed of D-glutamic acid

Back 188

Bacillus anthracis

Hint 188

94.1

Front 189

One of the virulence factors of this organism is an anti-phagocytic capsule composed of D-glutamic acid

Back 189

Bacillus anthracis

Hint 189

94.1

Front 190

Produces a trivalent exotoxin composed of protective antigen, edema factor, and lethal factor

Back 190

Clostridium botulinum

Hint 190

96.1

Front 191

What is the treatment for C. botulinum?

Back 191

ANTITOXIN produced in HORSES, with the possibility of SERUM SICKNESS

Hint 191

96.2

Front 192

The toxin produced by this organism can be used in minute amounts to treat dystonias, strabismus, and wrinckles

Back 192

Clostridium botulinum

Hint 192

97.1

Front 193

The toxin produced by this organism can be used in minute amounts to treats dystonias, strabismus, and wrinkles

Back 193

Clostridium botulinum - causes FLACCID PARALYSIS of the injected muscles

Hint 193

97.1

Front 194

Produces an AB toxin that ADP-ribosylates the small GTP binding protein Rho

Back 194

Clostridium difficile

Hint 194

98.1

Front 195

Produces an AB toxin that ADP-ribosylates the small GTP binding protein Rho

Back 195

Clostridium difficile

Hint 195

98.1

Front 196

What is the pathogenesis of C. difficile's AB toxin

Back 196

Depolymerization of the cytoskeleton with NECROSIS of the COLONIC EPITHELIUM

Hint 196

98.2

Front 197

Produces a lecithinase and hyaluronidase that results in cellulitis and myonecrosis

Back 197

Clostridium perfringens

Hint 197

99.1

Front 198

Produces a lecithinase and hyaluronidase that results in cellulitis and myonecrosis

Back 198

Clostridium perfringens

Hint 198

99.1

Front 199

What are the growth characteristics of C. perfringens?

Back 199

Lecithinase can be demonstrated by culturing on egg YOLK AGAR; normally the organism produces a DOUBLE ZONE of HEMOLYSIS on blood agar

Hint 199

99.2

Front 200

The toxin elaborated by this organism inhibits the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitters, GABA, and glycine, resulting in a spastic paralysis

Back 200

Clostridium tetani

Hint 200

100.1

Front 201

The toxin elaborated by this organism inhibits the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitters, GABA and glycine, resulting in a spastic paralysis

Back 201

Clostridium tetani

Hint 201

100.1

Front 202

When is the highly immunogenic tetanus toxoid (DaPT) vaccine recommended?

Back 202

Booster every 10 years and after a PUNCTURE WOUND

Hint 202

100.2

Front 203

A virulence factor produced by these two organisms is a typical AB toxin that catalyzes the transfer of ADP-ribose from NAD+ to EF-2

Back 203

Corynebacterium diphtheria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; results in the INHIBITION of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS and death of the cell

Hint 203

101.1

Front 204

Produces a heat stable toxin Sta, that stimulates the production of cGMP, with similar effects to those of increased cAMP

Back 204

Enterotoxigenic Eshcerichia coli

Hint 204

102.1

Front 205

Produces a heat stable toxin Sta, that stimulates the production of cGMP, with similar effects to those of increased cAMP

Back 205

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) also produces STb toxin this is cyclic nucleotide independent

Hint 205

102.1

Front 206

What are toxins similar to Shiga toxin?

Back 206

Verotoxins produced by EHEC

Hint 206

102.2

Front 207

Virulence factor found in the outer leaflet of the cell wall of gram-negative organisms

Back 207

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Hint 207

103.1

Front 208

What immunogenic effects and disease states does LPS cause?

Back 208

Activation of macrophages with release of IL-1; development of DIC and septic shock

Hint 208

103.2

Front 209

What is the composition of LPS?

Back 209

Lipid A, a core polysaccharide, and O antigen

Hint 209

103.2

Front 210

Produces a toxin that irreversibly inactivates the 60S ribosomal subunit with the cesation of protein synthesis and cell death

Back 210

Shigella dysenteriae

Hint 210

105.1

Front 211

Produces a toxin that irreversibly inactivates the 60S ribosomal subunit with the cessation of protein synthesis and cell death

Back 211

Shigella dysenteriae - Shiga toxin

Hint 211

105.2

Front 212

Produces exfoliant toxin

Back 212

Staphylococcus aureus

Hint 212

106.1

Front 213

What is Scalded skin syndrome and its cause?

Back 213

S. aureus; toxin mediated exfoliative dermatitis that appears as a sunburn-like rash

Hint 213

106.2

Front 214

Produces Toxic shock syndrome toxin

Back 214

Staphylococcus aureus

Hint 214

107.1

Front 215

What is TSS?

Back 215

Toxic Shock Syndrome (staph); Associated wtih superabsorbent tampons in 80s, results from the production of TSST, causing POLYCLONAL ACTIVATION of T CELLS through antigen-independent activation of the T-cell recepter (betaTCR/alphaMHCII)

Hint 215

107.2

Front 216

Protein A is a major virulence factor

Back 216

Staphylococcus aureus

Hint 216

108.1

Front 217

Protein A is a major virulence factor (and function)

Back 217

Staphylcoccus aureus - binds the Fc region of the antibody, preventing complement fixation and phagocytosis

Hint 217

108.1

Front 218

The three major pyogens for which a polysaccharide capsule is the major virulence factor

Back 218

S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, N. meningitidis; prevents opsonization by host cell immunoglobulins

Hint 218

109.1

Front 219

Produces erythrogenic toxin, resulting in Scarlet fever

Back 219

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A)

Hint 219

110.1

Front 220

Produces erythrogenic toxin, resulting in Scarlet fever (And what is the function of this toxin?)

Back 220

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A); phage-encoded superantigen that causes the rash often accompanying pharyngitis

Hint 220

110.1

Front 221

M antigen is the most importan virulence factor (and what is M antigen funtion)

Back 221

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A); prevents phagocytosis and Abs lead to CHRONIC RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE

Hint 221

111.1

Front 222

Produces and AB toxin that transfers AdP-ribose from NAD+ to the stimulatory G protein subunit (Gs)

Back 222

Vibrio cholerae

Hint 222

112.1

Front 223

Produces an AB toxin that transfers ADP-ribose from NAD+ to the stimulatory G protein subunit (Gs)

Back 223

Vibrio cholerae

Hint 223

112.1

Front 224

What is the function of V. cholerae's AB toxin?

Back 224

Similar to LT of ETEC; results in increase of cAMP with hypersecretion of Cl- and HCO3- with the OSMOTIC REFLUX of up to 30L of water/day

Hint 224

112.2

Front 225

Major STDs in the U.S. (Bacterial, Protozoal, Viral)

Back 225

B- C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae; P- T. vaginalis; V- HSV-2, HIV, HPV

Hint 225

239.1

Front 226

Major causes of meningitis (Newborns, kids, young adults, Elderly over 60 years, AIDS patients)

Back 226

N- S. agalactiae, E. coli; K- H. influ; YA- N. meningitidis; E- S. pneumoniae; AIDS- C. neoformans

Hint 226

240.1

Front 227

Major causes of pneumonia (Neonates, kids 6wks-18 years, Adults, Elderly over 60, Alcoholics, postviral, CF patients)

Back 227

N- S. agalactiae, E. coli; K- RSV; A- Mycoplasma; EtOH- K. pneumo; P.V.- H. influ; CF- P. aeruginosa

Hint 227

241.1

Front 228

Common nosocomial infections associated with (Newborns, Urinary caths, Renal dialysis units, Resp therapy equip, Water aerosols)

Back 228

N- RSV, CMV; U- E. coli, Proteus; RDU- HBV; RTE- P. aeruginosa; WA- L. pneumophila

Hint 228

242.1

Front 229

Major causes of endocarditis (Subacute, Acute, IVDA, Prosthetic valves)

Back 229

Sub- S. viridans; Acute- S. aureus; IVDA- S. aureus; Pros- S. epidermidis

Hint 229

243.1

Front 230

Major causes of osteomyelitis (Gen. pop., Sexually active, Drug users, Sickle cell anemia)

Back 230

GP- S. aureus; Sex- N. meningitidis; DU- P. aeruginosa; SCA- Salmonella spp.

Hint 230

244.1

Front 231

Major causes of UTIs (8)

Back 231

E. coli (most common), Enterococcus faecalis, K. pneumo, Proteus mirabilis/vulgaris, P. aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, S. saprophyticus

Hint 231

245.1

Front 232

Organisms causing WATERY diarrhea (6)

Back 232

C. parvum, E. coli, V. cholerae, G. lamblia, Norwalk Agent, Rotavirus

Hint 232

246.1

Front 233

Organisms causing BLOODY diarrhea (dysentery) (6)

Back 233

C. jejuni, EHEC, EIEC, Salmonella, S. dysenteriae, E. histolytica

Hint 233

247.1

Front 234

Major causes of food poisoning (4)

Back 234

B. cereus, C. perfringens, S. aureus, V. parahaemolyticus

Hint 234

248.1

Front 235

Major causes of transcervical neonatal infections (acquired by vaginal delivery) (4)

Back 235

C. albicans, E. coli, L. monocytogenes, S. agalactiae

Hint 235

250.1

Front 236

What are the poorly staining organisms (9)?

Back 236

Borrelia, Chlamydia, Coxiella, Legionella, Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Treponema, Ureaplasma

Front 237

What three organisms have unique capsular components and what do they consist of?

Back 237

B. anthracis - D-glutamic acid; S. agalactiae - sialic acid; P. multocida - hyaluronic acid

Front 238

Causes a paroxysmal cough ending with an inspiratory whoop" as air rushes over the swollen glottis"

Back 238

Bordetella pertussis

Hint 238

32.1

Front 239

What is included with the pertussis vaccine, when is it administered, and with what other vaccines?

Back 239

Purified virulence factors filamentous hemagluttin (FHA) and pertussis toxoid; administered 2, 4, 6, and 18 months; Diphtheria/tetanus in DaPT vaccine

Hint 239

32.2

Front 240

A sexually transmitted disease, results in painful necrotizing genital ulcers (Chancroid)

Back 240

Haemophilus ducreyi, painless ulcer= T. pallidum

Hint 240

42.1

Front 241

Where do H. ducreyi infections geographically occur?

Back 241

Rare in US, mostly in tropics

Hint 241

42.2

Front 242

Infections with this coccobacillus causes epiglottitis, otitis media in kids, sinusitis, meningitis, and pneumonia in older patients with chronic respiratory disease

Back 242

HaEMOPhilus influenzae

Hint 242

43.1

Front 243

What are the growth characteristics of H. influenzae?

Back 243

Growth requires Factor V (hemin) and Factor X (NAD), found in chocolate agar media

Hint 243

43.2

Front 244

Formerly a leading cause of infection in children, the incidence of infection has dramatically decreased with the introduction of a vaccine

Back 244

HaEMOPhilius influenzae

Hint 244

44.1

Front 245

What is the H. influenzae vaccine composed?

Back 245

Capsular material, polyribitol phosphate (PRP); conjugated to diphtheria toxin

Hint 245

44.2

Front 246

This poorly staining organism grows in warm, moist environments (contaminated air conditioner systems) and causes a potential life-threatening pneumonia in patients with lung disease

Back 246

Legionella pneumophilia

Hint 246

74.1

Front 247

How is L. pneumophila visualized?

Back 247

Dieterle silver stain

Hint 247

74.2

Front 248

What is another less severe form of pneumonia caused by L. pneumophilia?

Back 248

Pontiac fever

Hint 248

74.2

Front 249

One of the most common opportunistic bacterial infections in AIDS patients

Back 249

Mycobacterium avium-intercellulare

Hint 249

75.1

Front 250

How does M. avium-intercellulare present?

Back 250

Similarly to TB and is acquired from soil, birds, or other animals

Hint 250

75.2

Front 251

Infection results in the destruction of skin and cartilage, resulting in a leonine facies and limb deformities

Back 251

Mycobacterium leprae

Hint 251

76.1

Front 252

How does Hansen's disease present?

Back 252

Spectrum between two extremes- TUBERCULOID associated with good prognosis to LEPROMATOUS

Hint 252

76.2

Front 253

What does Mycobacterium leprae cause?

Back 253

Leprosy, Hansen's disease

Hint 253

76.2

Front 254

What is the significance of Lepromatous leprosy?

Back 254

Numerous acid-fast bacilli are stuffed in macrophages= LEPRA CELLS

Hint 254

76.2

Front 255

Infection results in the destruction of peripheral nerves, resulting in anesthesia followed by atrophy and autoamputation

Back 255

Mycobacterium leprae

Hint 255

77.1

Front 256

What is generation time of M. leprae?

Back 256

Acid-fast bacilli has a LONG GENERATION TIME, approximately 13 days, and CANNOT be cultivated in the laboratory

Hint 256

77.2

Front 257

Primary infection results in subpleural parenchymal lesions and enlarged caseous lymph nodes (Ghon complex) and reactivation can result in cavitary lesions in the upper lung lobes

Back 257

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Hint 257

78.1

Front 258

How is Mycobacterium tuberculosis diagnosis confirmed?

Back 258

Finding ACID-FAST BACILLI in the sputum or in cultures that take several weeks to grow

Hint 258

78.2

Front 259

The classic presentation of infection with this organism includes fever, night sweats, fatigue, adn weight loss

Back 259

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Hint 259

79.1

Front 260

What other GRANULOMATOUS infections does Mycobacterium tuberculosis present similarly to?

Back 260

Histoplasmosis or Coccidiodomycosis

Hint 260

79.2

Front 261

Infection can result in the involvement of vertebrae (Pott disease) with spread to form a psoas abscess

Back 261

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Hint 261

80.1

Front 262

M. tuberculosis can cause what liver disease in immunocompromised patients?

Back 262

Overwhelming miliary dissemination

Hint 262

80.2

Front 263

Where and in whom are M. tuberculosis infections increasing?

Back 263

Although rare in U.S., incidences are increasing in IMMUNOCOMPROMISED patients adn urban populations, with high incidence of MDRS

Hint 263

80.2

Front 264

Immunization employees the use of Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG), one of the only live attenuated bacterial vaccines available

Back 264

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Hint 264

81.1

Front 265

What it the test for TB and what does it involve?

Back 265

Injection of partially purified derivative (PPD) or tuberculin and detecting DELAYED TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY Reaction

Hint 265

81.2

Front 266

Why is the TB vaccine not utilized within the U.S.?

Back 266

Recipients of the vaccine (an ATTENUATED STRAIN OF M. BOVIS) have a positive PPD

Hint 266

81.2

Front 267

A prominent cause of community-acquired pneumonia, symptoms normally include a hacking, nonproductive cough (atypical pneumonia)

Back 267

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Hint 267

82.1

Front 268

What characteristics are unique to Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

Back 268

One of the SMALLEST FREE-LIVING BACTERIA, has NO CELL WALL, and causes an INTERSTITIAL INFLAMMATION rather than intra-alveolar exudates

Hint 268

82.2

Front 269

Causes Walking pneumonia" with the potential to develop a self-limiting hemolytic anemia"

Back 269

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Hint 269

83.1

Front 270

What to untreated patients with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection develop immunologically?

Back 270

IgM AUTOANTIBODIES to RBCs, termed ACUTE COLD AGGLUTININS (mononucleosis also a cause)

Hint 270

83.2

Front 271

Produces a typical AB toxin that catalyzes the transfer of ADP-ribose from NAD+ to the inhibitory G protein subunit (Gi)

Back 271

Bordetella pertussis

Hint 271

95.1

Front 272

What are the virulence factors utilized by B. pertussis?

Back 272

ADP ribosylation protein, filamentous hemagglutinin, and tracheal cytotoxin

Hint 272

95.2

Front 273

What does interference of G protein-coupled receptors, as utilized by B. pertussis effect and cause?

Back 273

Effects chemokines with G protein-coupled receptors and causes LYMPHOCYTOSIS

Hint 273

95.2

Front 274

The virulence factors associated with this organism include the ability to grow intracellularly and the production of cord factor

Back 274

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Hint 274

104.1

Front 275

What is the function of M. tuberculosis cord factor?

Back 275

Thought to contribute to formation of GRANULOMAS

Hint 275

104.2

Front 276

The three major pyogens for which a polysaccharide capsule is the major virulence factor

Back 276

S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, N. meningitidis; prevents opsonization by host cell immunoglobulins

Hint 276

109.1

Front 277

Produces a toxin that results in liver damage upon ingestion of wild mushrooms

Back 277

Amanita spp.

Hint 277

113.1

Front 278

What happens with ingestion of Amanita spp.?

Back 278

Life-threatening FULMINANT HEPATITIS, requiring liver transplant

Hint 278

113.2

Front 279

Produces the carcinogen aflatoxin and is a common contaminant of moldy nuts and grains

Back 279

Aspergillus favus

Hint 279

114.1

Front 280

What diseases to aflatoxins contribute?

Back 280

Hepatocellular carcinoma and synergistically with HBV to promote carcinogenesis

Hint 280

114.2

Front 281

Proliferation of this organism within the lung causes a fungus ball" that must be removed surgically"

Back 281

Aspergillus fumigatus

Hint 281

115.1

Front 282

What is characteristic of Aspergillus fumigatus growth?

Back 282

SEPTATE HYPHAE, branching at 45 degree angles

Hint 282

115.2

Front 283

Although an opportunistic mycosis, it can cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis such as Farmer's Lung

Back 283

Aspergillus fumigatus; resulting from inhalation of MOLDY HAY

Hint 283

116.1

Front 284

Systemic mycosis that begins as lower RTI and may disseminate to cause warty-like skin lesions

Back 284

Blastomyces dermatitidis

Hint 284

117.1

Front 285

What are the manifestations of Blastomyces dermatitidis infection?

Back 285

Granulomatous lung lesions similar to TB, also skeletal and genitourinary

Hint 285

117.2

Front 286

Systemic mycosis endemic to the southeastern United States

Back 286

Blastomyces dermatitidis

Hint 286

118.1

Front 287

What is specific growth pattern of Blastomyces dermatitidis?

Back 287

Appears as YEAST with BROAD-BASED BUDDING

Hint 287

118.2

Front 288

Causes a cottage cheese-like vaginal discharge

Back 288

Candida albicans

Hint 288

119.1

Front 289

What are predisposing factors to C. albicans infection?

Back 289

Immunosuppression, diabetes, obesity, broad-spectrum antibiotics

Hint 289

119.2

Front 290

Causes white curd-like patches on the mucocutaneous membranes of the mouth and extend downward to cause esphagitis in immunocompromised patients

Back 290

Candida albicans

Hint 290

120.1

Front 291

What are three common causes of C. albicans infection?

Back 291

THRUSH, tinea unguium (fungal infection of nails), and DIAPER RASH

Hint 291

120.2

Front 292

Most common mycotic pathogen

Back 292

Candida albicans

Hint 292

121.1

Front 293

What are the growth characteristics of Candida albicans?

Back 293

Although a YEAST, can form PSEUDOHYPHAE; form GERM TUBES at 37degrees under lab conditions

Hint 293

121.2

Front 294

Systemic mycosis endemic to the San Joaquin Valley in southern California

Back 294

Coccidioides immitis; inhalation of ARTHROSPORES in sand and soil

Hint 294

122.1

Front 295

Coccidioides immitis causes what unique infection?

Back 295

Valley Fever; "characterized by arthralgias, cough, and fever"

Hint 295

122.2

Front 296

Found within infected tissue as spherules that rupture to release endospores

Back 296

Coccidioides immitis

Hint 296

123.1

Front 297

The only mycotic pathogen with a capsule

Back 297

Cryptococcus neoformans

Hint 297

124.1

Front 298

How is C. neoformans visualized?

Back 298

INDIA INK TEST; capsule EXCLUDES ink, providing CONTRAST

Hint 298

124.2

Front 299

Causes meningitis in patients with underlying immunodeficiency,especially AIDS

Back 299

Cryptococcus neoformans

Hint 299

125.1

Front 300

What is Cryptococcus neoformans associated with and where does it grow?

Back 300

Pigeon droppings; FUNGUS grows in Virchow-Robin spaces of brain resulting in SOAP BUBBLE LESIONS""

Hint 300

125.2

Front 301

What is unique characteristic finding of Cryptococcus neoformans infections

Back 301

SOAP BUBBLE LESIONS""

Hint 301

125.2

Front 302

Causes cutaneous infections such as tinea corporis, tinea cruris (jock itch), and tinea pedis (athlete's foot)

Back 302

Dermatophytes

Hint 302

126.1

Front 303

What dermatophyte genera can cause hypo- or hyperpigmented ANNULAR PRURITIC LESIONS?

Back 303

Trichophyton spp.

Hint 303

126.2

Front 304

Associated with the inhalation of spores in the Ohio and Mississippi River Valley

Back 304

Histoplasma capsulatum

Hint 304

127.1

Front 305

How is Histoplasma capsulatum histologically characterized?

Back 305

Macrophages stuffed with numerous YEAST cells

Hint 305

127.2

Front 306

Most common pulmonary mycotic infection with symptoms ranging from asymptomatic to TB-like symptoms

Back 306

Histoplasma capsulatum

Hint 306

128.1

Front 307

How does Histoplasma capsulatum resolve in immunocompromised patients?

Back 307

Calcification of hilar lymph nodes

Hint 307

128.2

Front 308

Causes tinea versicolor, which manifests as patches of hyper- and hypopigmentation on the trunk

Back 308

Malassezia furfur; found in skin scales

Hint 308

129.1

Front 309

Malassezia furfur has what characteristics?

Back 309

Spaghetti and meatballs appearance (YEAST clusters and short, curved SEPTATE HYPHAE)

Hint 309

129.2

Front 310

Most common cause of tinea capitis, ringworm of the scalp (and commom patients)

Back 310

Microsporum canis; common in PREPUBESCENT KIDS WITH PETS

Hint 310

130.1

Front 311

Why is Microsporum spp. a problem of only Prepubescent kids?

Back 311

Natural inhibitor of growth, UNDECYLENIC ACID, is produced in the sebum of POSTpubertal individuals

Hint 311

130.2

Front 312

Results in rhinocerebral disease, primarily in patients wtih diabetic ketoacidosis or leukemia

Back 312

Mucor and Rhizopus spp.

Hint 312

131.1

Front 313

What distinction exists between Mucor and Rhizopus spp. and other human fungal pathogens?

Back 313

Cause disease in their SEXUAL LIFE CYCLE and display NONSEPTATE HYPHAE BRANCHING at 90 degree angles or wider

Hint 313

131.2

Front 314

This organism grows as multiple budding yeasts that appear as a captain's wheel" and causes disease almost exclusively in MEN"

Back 314

Paracoccidioides braziliense

Hint 314

132.1

Front 315

Where does Paracoccidioides braziliense occur and in whom?

Back 315

GRANULOMATOUS LUNG disease in C. and S. America; greater than 90% in men

Hint 315

132.2

Front 316

Causes an alveolar pneumonia, typically in AIDS patients

Back 316

Pneumocystis carinii; FUNGUS NOT PROTOZOA

Hint 316

133.1

Front 317

What is pathogenesis and visualization of Pneumocystis carinii infection?

Back 317

Foamy, amorphous alveolar exudate; CUP- or BOAT-SHAPED CYSTS on staining with SILVER METHENAMINE

Hint 317

133.2

Front 318

Causes the most common subcutaneous mycosis; Rose handler's disease

Back 318

Sporothrix schenckii

Hint 318

134.1

Front 319

How is Sporothrix schenckii transmitted and treated?

Back 319

Prick of contaminated thorn; dilute solution of potassium iodide (KI) in milk

Hint 319

134.2

Front 320

Transmitted by the same tick as that which carries Lyme Disease, infection results in similar manifestation as malaria

Back 320

Babesia microti

Hint 320

135.1

Front 321

What is Babesia microti often mistaken for and how differentiated?

Back 321

P. falciparum; detected in RBCs as Maltese cross""

Hint 321

135.2

Front 322

Causes a self-limiting diarrhea in immuncompetent individuals orlife-threatening intractable diarrhea in AIDS patients (etiology)

Back 322

Cryptosporidium parvum; consumption of water contaminated with INFECTED ANIMAL FECES

Hint 322

136.1

Front 323

Dissemination to the liver can result in abscess formation with a characteristic ANCHOVY PASTE aspirate

Back 323

Entamoeba histolytica

Hint 323

137.1

Front 324

What are serious complications of Entamoeba histolytica infection?

Back 324

Amoeboma with potential for penetration of serosa adn peritonitis

Hint 324

137.2

Front 325

Common cause of amebic dysentery, infection leads to the formation of flask-shaped ulcers in the colonic mucosa (lab findings)

Back 325

Entamoeba histolytica; TROPHOZOITES with ingested RBCs is pathognomonic

Hint 325

138.1

Front 326

The onlly common pathogenic protozoa of the small intestine

Back 326

Giardia lamblia

Hint 326

139.1

Front 327

What are lab findings for Giardia lamblia?

Back 327

HEART-SHAPED symmetrical TROPHOZOITE with TWO nuclei, FOUR pairs of FLAGELLA, and a LARGE SUCKING DISK for adherence

Hint 327

139.2

Front 328

Causes flatulence and diarrhea with steatorrhea and the production of bulky greasy foul-smelling stool

Back 328

Giardia lamblia

Hint 328

140.1

Front 329

What are common places for Giardia lamblia transmission?

Back 329

Day-care kids, campers drinking from contaminated stream, homosexuals engaging in ORAL-ANAL contact

Hint 329

140.2

Front 330

Infection with different species results in dermal, mucocutaneous, and visceral forms of the disease

Back 330

Leishmania spp.

Hint 330

141.1

Front 331

What are the types of Leishmania spp. and disease manifestations (3)?

Back 331

L. tropica - DERMAL; L. braziliensis - MUCOCUTANEOUS; L. donovani - VISCERAL

Hint 331

141.2

Front 332

What is characteristic of Leishmania donovani infection?

Back 332

Most severe form of Leishmaniasis resulting in skin hyperpigmentation or KALA-AZAR

Hint 332

141.2

Front 333

Transmitted by the sandfly, the amastigote stage survives and multiplies within macrophages

Back 333

Leishmania spp.

Hint 333

142.1

Front 334

What is unique with Leishmania replication?

Back 334

The only protozoan parasite capable of REPLICATION WITHIN the PHAGOLYSOSOMES of reticuloendothelial cells

Hint 334

142.2

Front 335

Free-living flagellated amoeba, acquired by swimming in freshwater ponds, causing a fulminant meningoencephalitis with death within a week

Back 335

Naegleria fowleri

Hint 335

143.1

Front 336

What organism causes less severe form of disease similar to Naegleria fowleri and symptoms?

Back 336

Acanthamoeba castellani; limited to CORNEAL ULCERATION and keratitis

Hint 336

143.2

Front 337

Blackwater fever

Back 337

Plasmodium falciparum

Hint 337

144.1

Front 338

What is pathology of P. falciparum malaria?

Back 338

Infected cells are ABNORMALLY ADHERENT and cause THROMBOSIS and ISCHEMIA with HEMOLYSIS, resulting in HEMOGLOBULINURIA

Hint 338

144.2

Front 339

Transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito, with infection of RBCs and hepatocytes

Back 339

Plasmodium spp.; OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PARASITE

Hint 339

145.1

Front 340

How is Plasmodium diagnosed?

Back 340

Typically RING- or CRESCENT-shaped forms within RBCs on a Giemsa-stained peripheral blood smear

Hint 340

145.2

Front 341

Some resistance to infection is provided to patients with sickle cell disease/trait, G6PD deficiency, and thalassemia

Back 341

Plasmodium spp.

Hint 341

146.1

Front 342

What are the symptoms of malaria?

Back 342

CYCLIC FEVERS (every 48 hr= P. falciparum, every 72 hr= P. malariae), headache, anemia

Hint 342

146.2

Front 343

Exposure of nonimmune mothers results in fetal transmission with the potential for stillbirth and intracerebral calcifications

Back 343

Toxoplasma gondii

Hint 343

147.1

Front 344

How may T. gondii be acquired?

Back 344

Cysts in raw or undercooked meat; aerosolization of infected cat feces from litter boxes

Hint 344

147.2

Front 345

Usually asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, infection in an AIDS patient can result in fulminant, life-threatening encephalitis

Back 345

Toxoplasma gondii

Hint 345

148.1

Front 346

How is T. gondii visualized?

Back 346

RING-ENHANCING MASS on CT

Hint 346

148.2

Front 347

What other ring-enhancing masses are confused with T. gondii infection?

Back 347

Cerebral abscess and Glioblastoma multiforme

Hint 347

148.2

Front 348

A common cause of vaginitis, it often presents with vulvo-vaginal pruritus, with a profuse frothy discharge

Back 348

Trichomonas vaginalis

Hint 348

149.1

Front 349

What is are the symptoms of Trichomonas vaginalis infection?

Back 349

Strawberry mucosa, spotty reddening and edema of the affected mucosa

Hint 349

149.2

Front 350

Identified as pear-shaped, flagellated trophozoites with undulating movements on a wet-mount slide of vaginal or urethral discharge

Back 350

Trichomonas vaginalis

Hint 350

150.1

Front 351

What is etiology of Trichomonas vaginalis?

Back 351

Typically STD, growth associated with abnormal ALKALINE pH of the Vagina

Hint 351

150.2

Front 352

Transmitted by the tsetse fly, this protozoa causes African sleeping sickness, characterized by cyclic fevers, encephalitis, slurred speech, and somnolence

Back 352

Trypanosoma brucei

Hint 352

151.1

Front 353

How does T. brucei evade the immune system?

Back 353

GENETIC rearrangement of its VARIABLE SURFACE GLYCOPROTEIN (VSG)

Hint 353

151.2

Front 354

What are the symptoms of African sleeping sickness?

Back 354

Characterized by cyclic fevers, encephalitis, slurred speech, and somnolence

Hint 354

151.2

Front 355

Can destroy the myenteric plexus, resulting in mega-esophagus and megacolon

Back 355

Trypanosoma cruzi

Hint 355

152.1

Front 356

How is T. cruzi transmitted?

Back 356

Droppings of reduviid bug (kissing bug)

Hint 356

152.2

Front 357

What is the initial symptom of T. cruzi infection?

Back 357

Unilateral swelling of the eyelids (Romana's sign)

Hint 357

152.2

Front 358

A major cause of heart disease in Central and South America

Back 358

Trypanosoma cruzi; Chagas disease

Hint 358

153.1

Front 359

What are the types of Chagas disease and pathogenesis?

Back 359

Acute- direct INVASION OF THE MYOCARDIUM with inflammation; Chronic- AUTOIMMUNE DESTRUCTION with development of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY with life-threatening arrhythmias

Hint 359

153.2

Front 360

Migration of larval nematodes below the skin results in serpiginous urticarial trails on the skin (Creeping eruptions)

Back 360

Ancyclostoma braziliense and other animal hookworms

Hint 360

154.1

Front 361

How is Ancyclostoma acquired?

Back 361

Sand-containing feces of dogs and cats

Hint 361

154.2

Front 362

Chronic infection with this hookworm constitutes an important cause of anema worldwide

Back 362

Ancyclostoma duodenale

Hint 362

155.1

Front 363

Why does Ancyclostoma duodenale infection lead to anemia?

Back 363

Each worm consumes as much as 0.25ml blood/day

Hint 363

155.2

Front 364

Most common helminth infection in humans worldwide

Back 364

Ascaris lumbricoides

Hint 364

156.1

Front 365

What is incidence of Ascaris worldwide and symptoms

Back 365

25% of world population; GI OBSTRUCTION, granulomas of biliary tree, liver abscesses, and HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS

Hint 365

156.2

Front 366

Infection is associated with damage to the biliary tract and the development of cholangiocarcinoma

Back 366

Clonorchis sinesis

Hint 366

157.1

Front 367

How is C. sinesis acquired?

Back 367

Consumption of infected freshwater fish

Hint 367

157.2

Front 368

Infection can be associated with megaloblastic anemia

Back 368

Diphyllobothrium latum; fish tapeworm that absorbs vit. B12

Hint 368

158.1

Front 369

Removal of this nematode is traditionally accomplished by slowly twisting it around a stick to remove it from beneath the skin

Back 369

Dracunculus medinensis

Hint 369

159.1

Front 370

How is Dracunculus acquired?

Back 370

Consuming water contaminated by the INTERMEDIATE HOST, the CYCLOPS (microscopic crustacean)

Hint 370

159.2

Front 371

Larvae form large space-occupying hydatid cysts in the liver and lung, and leakage of fluid can result in anaphylaxis

Back 371

Echinococcus granulosus (dog tapeworm)

Hint 371

160.1

Front 372

How is Echinococcus granulosus acquired?

Back 372

Sheep an intermediate host; presents in context of a SHEEP FARMER with many SHEEPDOGS

Hint 372

160.2

Front 373

Causes perianal pruritis, with diagnosis confirmed by the recovery of the eggs from the anus with scotch tape

Back 373

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

Hint 373

161.1

Front 374

What is unique with Enterobius infection?

Back 374

Most common helminth infection in U.S.; associated with DAY-CARES

Hint 374

161.2

Front 375

Infection results in subcutaneous "caliber" swellings and can be seen migrating across the eye beneath the conjuntiva"

Back 375

Loa loa

Hint 375

162.1

Front 376

How is Loa loa acquired?

Back 376

Bite of the mango fly, Chrysops

Hint 376

162.2

Front 377

Endemic to Africa, especially along river basins, infection can result in River blindness

Back 377

Oncocerca volvulus - nematode

Hint 377

163.1

Front 378

How is Oncocerca acquired?

Back 378

Blackfly

Hint 378

163.2

Front 379

What are is another significant symptom of Oncocerca volvulus?

Back 379

Loss of elasticity of the skin with significant dependent edema (HANGING GROIN)

Hint 379

163.2

Front 380

Infection of the bladder is associated with the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder

Back 380

Schistosoma hematobium

Hint 380

164.1

Front 381

How and where is S. hematobium acquired?

Back 381

Endemic to Egypt and Sudan; wading through moist soil while barefoot

Hint 381

164.2

Front 382

How is Schistosoma hematobium diagnosis confirmed?

Back 382

Finding SPHERICAL EGGS with a TERMINAL SPINE in the URINE

Hint 382

164.2

Front 383

The smallest of all intestinal nematodes, high worm burden is possibly the result of autoinfection

Back 383

Strongyloides steracoralis

Hint 383

165.1

Front 384

What is unique with Strongyloides?

Back 384

Only intestinal NEMATODE capable of completing its life cycle WITHIN THE HUMAN HOST

Hint 384

165.2

Front 385

One of the most common CESTODE infections in the U.S. and associated with the consumption of improperly cooked contaminated beef

Back 385

Taenia saginata (BEEF tapeworm)

Hint 385

166.1

Front 386

What is significant with T. saginata infection?

Back 386

Vague ab pain; grow to SEVERAL METERS IN LENGTH

Hint 386

166.2

Front 387

Infection with the larval form of this tapeworm from feces-contaminated water can lead to CYSTICERCOSIS

Back 387

Taenia solium (PORK tapeworm)

Hint 387

167.1

Front 388

What is the result of T. solium infection?

Back 388

Growth of larvae in the brain, resulting in a SWISS CHEESE APPEARANCE of the cerebral hemispheres

Hint 388

167.2

Front 389

Accidental transmission of these NEMATODES from pet feces (sandboxes/sandy beaches) results in Visceral larva migrans

Back 389

Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati

Hint 389

168.1

Front 390

What are the symptoms of Toxocara (3)?

Back 390

Eosinophilia, pneumonitis, and VISION LOSS

Hint 390

168.2

Front 391

Infection is acquired by consuming cysts in under-cooked contaminated pork

Back 391

Trichinella spiralis

Hint 391

169.1

Front 392

What are the symptoms of Trichinella spiralis (4)?

Back 392

Flu-like, diarrhea, MYALGIAS, and PERIORBITAL EDEMA

Hint 392

169.2

Front 393

Rectal prolapse is a potential complication in children resulting from straining during defecation with the infection of this NEMATODE

Back 393

Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)

Hint 393

170.1

Front 394

How is Trichuris diagnosed?

Back 394

Bile-stained BARREL-SHAPED EGGS with POLAR PLUGS

Hint 394

170.2

Front 395

What is the cause and symptoms of Filariasis (Elephantiasis)?

Back 395

Wucheria bancrofti; obstruction of lymph vessels resulting in EDEMA with swelling of the LEGS and GENITALIA

Hint 395

171.1

Front 396

Opportunistic infections common in AIDS patients (Bacterial, Fungal, Protozoal, Viral)

Back 396

B- M. avium-intracellulare; F- P. carinii; P- T. gondii, Cryptosporidium parvum; V- CMV, Kaposi Sarcoma virus (HSV-8)

Hint 396

238.1

Front 397

Opportunistic infections common in AIDS patients: Bacterial? Fungal? Protozoal? Viral?

Back 397

Bacterial: Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare; Fungal: Pneumocystis carinii; Protozoal: Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium parvum; Viral: Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Kaposi sarcoma virus

Hint 397

238.1

Front 398

Major STDs in the U.S. (Bacterial, Protozoal, Viral)

Back 398

B- C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae; P- T. vaginalis; V- HSV-2, HIV, HPV

Hint 398

239.1

Front 399

Major causes of meningitis (Newborns, kids, young adults, Elderly over 60 years, AIDS patients)

Back 399

N- S. agalactiae, E. coli; K- H. influ; YA- N. meningitidis; E- S. pneumoniae; AIDS- C. neoformans

Hint 399

240.1

Front 400

Major causes of pneumonia (Neonates, kids 6wks-18 years, Adults, Elderly over 60, Alcoholics, postviral, CF patients)

Back 400

N- S. agalactiae, E. coli; K- RSV; A- Mycoplasma; EtOH- K. pneumo; P.V.- H. influ; CF- P. aeruginosa

Hint 400

241.1

Front 401

Common nosocomial infections associated with (Newborns, Urinary caths, Renal dialysis units, Resp therapy equip, Water aerosols)

Back 401

N- RSV, CMV; U- E. coli, Proteus; RDU- HBV; RTE- P. aeruginosa; WA- L. pneumophila

Hint 401

242.1

Front 402

Major causes of UTIs (8)

Back 402

E. coli (most common), Enterococcus faecalis, K. pneumo, Proteus mirabilis/vulgaris, P. aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, S. saprophyticus

Hint 402

245.1

Front 403

Organisms causing WATERY diarrhea (6)

Back 403

C. parvum, E. coli, V. cholerae, G. lamblia, Norwalk Agent, Rotavirus

Hint 403

246.1

Front 404

Organisms causing BLOODY diarrhea (dysentery) (6)

Back 404

C. jejuni, EHEC, EIEC, Salmonella, S. dysenteriae, E. histolytica

Hint 404

247.1

Front 405

Major causes of food poisoning (4)

Back 405

B. cereus, C. perfringens, S. aureus, V. parahaemolyticus

Hint 405

248.1

Front 406

Major causes of transplacental neonatal infections (6)

Back 406

TORCH group - T. gondii, T. pallidum, Rubella, CMV, HSV, HIV (congenital defects if in utero)

Hint 406

249.1

Front 407

Major causes of transcervical neonatal infections (acquired by vaginal delivery) (4)

Back 407

C. albicans, E. coli, L. monocytogenes, S. agalactiae

Hint 407

250.1

Front 408

What are the poorly staining organisms (9)?

Back 408

Borrelia, Chlamydia, Coxiella, Legionella, Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Treponema, Ureaplasma

Front 409

Major cause of epidemic conjunctivitis (Pink eye)

Back 409

DNA - Adenovirus

Hint 409

172.1

Front 410

What symptoms are associated with Adenovirus (3)?

Back 410

conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, gastroenteritis

Hint 410

172.2

Front 411

Major cause of retinitis, leading to blindness, in an immunocompromised patient

Back 411

DNA - Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Hint 411

173.1

Front 412

What disease can CMV cause in immunocompetent individuals?

Back 412

Heterophil-negative infectious mononucleosis

Hint 412

173.2

Front 413

What life-threatening disease can CMV cause in immunocompromised patients?

Back 413

Interstitial pneumonia

Hint 413

173.2

Front 414

Most common viral cause of congenital abnormalities in the U.S.

Back 414

DNA - CMV

Hint 414

174.1

Front 415

Infected CMV cells display what characteristic finding?

Back 415

OWL EYE" intranuclear viral inclusions"

Hint 415

174.2

Front 416

Infection results in the production of heterophil antibodies

Back 416

DNA - Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

Hint 416

175.1

Front 417

What is pathogenesis and testing for EBV?

Back 417

POLYCLONAL activation of B cells with the production of Antibodies to SHEEP RBCs (heterophil Abs); detected with MONOSPOT test

Hint 417

175.2

Front 418

Major cause of infectious mononucleosis (kissing diseae)

Back 418

DNA - EBV

Hint 418

176.1

Front 419

How is EBV infectious mononucleosis characterized?

Back 419

WEEKS of fever, malaise, lymphadenopathy; peripheral blood contains abundance of atypical lymphs (T cells that recognize EBV-infected cells)

Hint 419

176.2

Front 420

Infection is associated with Burkitt lymphoma and Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Back 420

DNA - EBV

Hint 420

177.1

Front 421

What are the geographic etiologies of carcinomas caused by EBV?

Back 421

Burkitt lymphoma - Africa; Nasopharyngeal carcinoma - Asia

Hint 421

177.2

Front 422

DNA virus that encodes an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase)

Back 422

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)

Hint 422

178.1

Front 423

How does HBV produce it's DNA genome?

Back 423

Single mRNA transcript, requiring Reverse Transcriptase

Hint 423

178.2

Front 424

Appear in the serum as Dane particles and as large amounts of filaments of excess surface antigen

Back 424

DNA - Hepatitis B virus

Hint 424

179.1

Front 425

What is the compositon of the Hep B vaccine?

Back 425

Surface antigen (HBsAg) now produced by recombinant DNA technology

Hint 425

179.2

Front 426

A major cause of Hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide

Back 426

Hepatitis B virus - especially Africa; less likely to progress to cirrhosis or carcinoma than HCV

Hint 426

180.1

Front 427

Major cause of sexually transmitted and vertically transmitted hepatitis

Back 427

DNA - HBV

Hint 427

181.1

Front 428

How is HBV diagnosed histologically?

Back 428

Ground glass" appearing hepatocytes (presence of EXCESS SURFACE ANTIGEN within the cytoplasm)"

Hint 428

181.2

Front 429

Infection with this virus is a leading cause of corneal blindness in the U.S.

Back 429

DNA - Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1)

Hint 429

182.1

Front 430

What are symptoms of HSV-1 and how is it diagnosed?

Back 430

Keratoconjunctivitis resulting in DENDRITIC ULCERS; Fluorescein staining

Hint 430

182.2

Front 431

Infection results in COWDRY type A intranuclear inclusions and multinucleated giant cells

Back 431

HSV-1; one of the most common human viral infections

Hint 431

183.1

Front 432

What is pathogenesis of HSV-1 infection?

Back 432

Enters broken skin, remains latent in trigemial ganglion; spontaneous reactivation triggered by axonal injury, STRESS, or UV LIGHT

Hint 432

183.2

Front 433

Leading cause of sporadic encephalitis in the U.S.

Back 433

DNA - HSV-1 (commonly the temporal lobe)

Hint 433

184.1

Front 434

Most common cause of vesiculo-ulcerativ lesions on the penis or vagina

Back 434

DNA - Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2)

Hint 434

185.1

Front 435

Why is HSV-2 REACTIVATION common?

Back 435

Remains LATENT in the LUMBAR and SACRAL GANGLIA

Hint 435

185.2

Front 436

How is HSV-2 detected?

Back 436

Tzanck test

Hint 436

185.2

Front 437

Infection causes Roseola infantum or Sixth disease

Back 437

DNA - Herpes virus 6

Hint 437

186.1

Front 438

How is HSV-6 characterized?

Back 438

Mild kid disease; HIGH FEVER, SKIN RASH

Hint 438

186.2

Front 439

Causes cranberry-pigmented lesions on AIDS patients

Back 439

DNA - HSV-8

Hint 439

187.1

Front 440

What is Kaposi sarcoma?

Back 440

TUMOR of BLOOD VESSELS; DISARRAY of VASCULAR channels filled with RBCs

Hint 440

187.2

Front 441

How is HSV-8 characterized?

Back 441

Kaposi sarcoma

Hint 441

187.2

Front 442

Infection is linked to premalignant lesions on the vulva, cervix, penis, and anus

Back 442

DNA - Human papilloma virus (HPV)

Hint 442

188.1

Front 443

What is the pathogenesis of HPV?

Back 443

Viral oncoprotein E6 binds p53 and E7 binds Rb; stimulates UNCONTROLLED CELL GROWTH

Hint 443

188.2

Front 444

Infection of keratinized tissue results in the formation of warts on the hands and feet

Back 444

DNA - HPV 1-4; hands (Verruca Palmaris) feet (Verruca Plantaris)

Hint 444

189.1

Front 445

Infection causes cauliflower-like lesions on the external genitals or perianal areas

Back 445

DNA - HPV

Hint 445

190.1

Front 446

What is HPV genital infection called and how is it characterized?

Back 446

Condyloma acuminatum, presence of vacuolated infected cells (KOILOCYTES)

Hint 446

190.2

Front 447

Reactivation of latent viral infection in immunocompromised patients can result in Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)

Back 447

DNA - JC virus

Hint 447

191.1

Front 448

How is JC virus characterized?

Back 448

Polyomavirus causing foci of DEMYELINATION, surrounded by oligodendrocytes with viral inclusions

Hint 448

191.2

Front 449

This contagious virus causes benign epithelial tumors that appear as pearly, umbilicated nodules with a central caseous plug

Back 449

Molluscum contagiosum

Hint 449

192.1

Front 450

What causes molluscum contagiosum, symptoms, and transmission?

Back 450

DNA - POXVIRUS; CLUSTERS on trunk, genitalia, extremities; towels, barbers, swimming pools, sex

Hint 450

192.2

Front 451

Causes aplastic crisis in patients with sickle cell anemia, thalassemias, and acquired hemolytic anemias

Back 451

DNA - PARVO B19 virus

Hint 451

193.1

Front 452

How does Parvo B19 replicate?

Back 452

Best in rapidly dividing ERYTHROBLASTS, resulting in cell lysis

Hint 452

193.2

Front 453

Infection of a child results in a slapped cheek" appearance"

Back 453

Parvovirus B19 - ssDNA; Fifth Disease or Erythema infectiosum

Hint 453

194.1

Front 454

The ONLY DNA virus that replicates solely in the cytoplasm and that carries its own DNA-dependent polymerases

Back 454

DNA - POXVIRUS; Largest of all viruses

Hint 454

195.1

Front 455

How is Poxvirus characterized?

Back 455

Brick-shaped on EM; Guarnieri inclusion bodies when replicating in cells

Hint 455

195.2

Front 456

Found as a contaminant in preparations of polio vaccines produced in monkey cell culture

Back 456

DNA - SV40

Hint 456

196.1

Front 457

What is SV40?

Back 457

Polyoma virus (Simian virus); cause tumors in MICE; no path reported in humans

Hint 457

196.2

Front 458

Causes chickenpox upon initial infection, and shingles upon reactivation

Back 458

DNA - Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV)

Hint 458

197.1

Front 459

Where does VZV reactivation most commonly occur?

Back 459

Dermatomal distribution of ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve

Hint 459

197.2

Front 460

What is unique to VZV vaccine?

Back 460

ONLY herpes virus with a LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINE

Hint 460

197.2

Front 461

Infection results in the successive appearance of macules, papules, vesicles, and crusts all seen SIMULTANEOUSLY

Back 461

DNA - VZV

Hint 461

198.1

Front 462

What can severe VZV infection lead towards?

Back 462

Pneumonia with multinucleated giant cells

Hint 462

198.2

Front 463

Associated with REYE Syndrome when the accompanying fever is treated with aspirin

Back 463

VZV (Reye's is acute encephalopathy with fatty liver; often fatal)

Hint 463

199.1

Front 464

Group of Togaviruses transmitted by mosquitoes leading to encephalitis

Back 464

RNA - Alphavirus

Hint 464

200.1

Front 465

Alphavirus genus includes what strains?

Back 465

RNA - Eastern, Western, Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (EEE, WEE, VEE)

Hint 465

200.2

Front 466

A group of viruses that are transmitted by mosquitoes and ticks

Back 466

RNA - Arboviruses

Hint 466

201.1

Front 467

Arbovirus group contains?

Back 467

RNA - Flavivirus, Togavirus, and Bunyavirus

Hint 467

201.2

Front 468

Only bunyavirus member causing diseases endemic to the U.S.

Back 468

RNA - California encephalitis virus (including La Crosse virus); mild encephalitis, sometimes ONLY meningitis

Hint 468

202.1

Front 469

Causes pleurodynia (Bornholm disease)

Back 469

RNA - Coxsackie B virus

Hint 469

203.1

Front 470

What are Coxsackie B virus symptoms?

Back 470

SUDDEN ONSET of STABBING CHEST PAIN with waxing and waning Sx

Hint 470

203.2

Front 471

Most common cause of viral myocarditis

Back 471

RNA - Coxsackie B virus

Hint 471

204.1

Front 472

What are implications of myocardial Coxsackie B infection?

Back 472

Usually self-limiting, but may cause FATAL ARRHYTHMIAS or lead to Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Hint 472

204.2

Front 473

Causes herpangina

Back 473

RNA - Coxsackievirus; descrete VESICLES on the THROAT and tongue with pain and dysphagia

Hint 473

205.1

Front 474

Infection may result in destruction of the pancreas with resultant insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Back 474

RNA - Coxsackieviruses B3/B4

Hint 474

206.1

Front 475

What may Cocksackievirus destruction of pancreas leading to IDDM arise from?

Back 475

Molecular mimicry owing to shared antigens between virus and pancreatic beta cells

Hint 475

206.2

Front 476

Causes a severe hemorrhagic fever with outbreaks in Zaire and Sudan

Back 476

RNA - Ebola virus (filovirus)

Hint 476

207.1

Front 477

What is another filovirus and associated infection?

Back 477

RNA - Marburg virus; associated with infection of lab personnel working with MONKEY TISSUE

Hint 477

207.2

Front 478

Infection leads to severe hemorrhage and renal failure

Back 478

RNA - Hantavirus; member of Bunyavirus; THREE SEGMENTS of RNA

Hint 478

208.1

Front 479

Infection is associated with ingestion of raw shellfish from fecally contaminated water

Back 479

RNA - Hepatitis A (HAV)

Hint 479

209.1

Front 480

How is HAV transmitted?

Back 480

Fecal/oral route; causes acute hepatitis with NO CHRONIC CARRIER STATE

Hint 480

209.2

Front 481

Major cause of post-transfusion hepatitis

Back 481

RNA - Hepatitis C virus (HCV) (Flavivirus)

Hint 481

210.1

Front 482

How does HCV infection initially present?

Back 482

Initially SUBCLINICAL although can lead to chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma

Hint 482

210.2

Front 483

What is the major cause of CHRONIC hepatitis and cirrhosis in the U.S.?

Back 483

RNA - HCV

Hint 483

210.2

Front 484

Which hepatitis virus will most likely result in hepatocellular carcinoma?

Back 484

RNA - HCV

Hint 484

210.2

Front 485

Replication-deficient virus requiring the presence of HBV for productive infection

Back 485

RNA - Hepatitis D virus (HDV)

Hint 485

211.1

Front 486

What is the HDV viral particle known as?

Back 486

Dane particle

Hint 486

211.2

Front 487

What replication characteristic is unique with HDV?

Back 487

Viral particle (Dane particle), requires packaging into HBsAg to be infectious

Hint 487

211.2

Front 488

Infection is associated with a high mortality rate in infected pregnant women

Back 488

RNA - Hepatitis E virus (HEV) (Calicivirus)

Hint 488

212.1

Front 489

How is HEV transmitted and location of prevalence?

Back 489

Fecal/oral route, like HAV; most prevalent in DEVELOPING nations

Hint 489

212.2

Front 490

Infection leads to the destruction of T cells, with the development of life-threatening opportunistic infections

Back 490

RNA - HIV

Hint 490

213.1

Front 491

What are the life-threatening opportunistic infections related to HIV infection (5)?

Back 491

CMV, Kaposi sarcoma, P. carinii, T. gondii, M. avium-intracellulare

Hint 491

213.2

Front 492

Virus binds to CD4+ cells via viral glycoprotein gp120

Back 492

RNA - HIV

Hint 492

214.1

Front 493

What is HIV entry into cells specifically dependent upon?

Back 493

Chemokine receptors; CCR5 on MACs/monocytes; CXCR4 on T cells

Hint 493

214.2

Front 494

Retrovirus that causes oncogenic transformation of CD4+ T cells?

Back 494

RNA - Human T-cell Lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1)

Hint 494

215.1

Front 495

What virus is HTLV-1 related, where is it endemic, and what other disease does it cause?

Back 495

HIV, Japan and the Caribbean basin, Tropical spastic paraparesis

Hint 495

215.2

Front 496

Treatment with salicylates for this viral cause of respiratory symptoms may result in Reye Syndrome in kids

Back 496

RNA - Influenza virus (Orthomyxovirus)

Hint 496

216.1

Front 497

Which viruses are the ONLY RNA viruse to replicate in the NUCLEUS?

Back 497

Influenza and Retroviruses

Hint 497

216.2

Front 498

What does Influenza cause in children?

Back 498

Croup, otitis media, muscle aches, and high fever

Hint 498

216.2

Front 499

Changes in the viral surface proteins resulting from POINT MUTATIONS; REASSORTMENT of genome segments result in epidemics and pandemics

Back 499

RNA - Influenza virus (Orthomyxovirus)

Hint 499

217.1

Front 500

What is the replication strategy of Influenza virus?

Back 500

POINT mutations in viral hemagglutinin (HA) or neuraminidase (NA) resulting in antigen DRIFT; REASSORTMENT of genes resulting in antigenic SHIFTS

Hint 500

217.2

Front 501

Major viral cause of pneumonia, and infection typically predisposes to secondary bacterial pneumonia

Back 501

RNA - Influenza virus (Orthomyxovirus)

Hint 501

218.1

Front 502

What is the pathogenesis of Influenza virus?

Back 502

Decrease in resp. mucosal viscosity by viral NA and destruction of resp. epithelium; LOWER THE RESISTANCE to BACTERIAL SUPERINFECTION

Hint 502

218.2

Front 503

What are the most common secondary bacterial causes of pneumonia in Influenza pneumonia (3)?

Back 503

Staphylcoccus spp., Strep spp., HaEMOPhilus spp.

Hint 503

218.2

Front 504

Infection has been associated with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)

Back 504

RNA - Measles virus

Hint 504

219.1

Front 505

How does Measles virus cause SSPE?

Back 505

Defective virus encoding a DEFECTIVE M PROTEIN

Hint 505

219.2

Front 506

Infection leads to an immune-mediated maculopapular rash on the head, trunk, and limbs

Back 506

RNA - Measles virus

Hint 506

220.1

Front 507

What is the diagnostic pattern of Measles virus infection?

Back 507

Koplik spots (small bluish-white ulcerations) on the ORAL MUCOSA are pathognomonic

Hint 507

220.2

Front 508

Giant-cell pneumonia and encephalomyelitis are potential complications

Back 508

RNA- Measles virus

Hint 508

221.1

Front 509

What is the vaccine for measles?

Back 509

MMR, along with mumps and rubella viruses

Hint 509

221.2

Front 510

Infection can result in orchitis, which can lead to sterility

Back 510

RNA - Mumps virus

Hint 510

222.1

Front 511

What does mumps infected orchtis complicate?

Back 511

Parotiditis in 20% of infected males

Hint 511

222.2

Front 512

Infection results in swelling of one or both parotids

Back 512

RNA - Mumps virus

Hint 512

223.1

Front 513

What severe complications can arise from Mumps infection?

Back 513

Aseptic meninigitis and pancreatitis

Hint 513

223.2

Front 514

Major agent of epidemic gastroenteritis in adults

Back 514

RNA - Norwalk Agent (Calicivirus)

Hint 514

224.1

Front 515

Where do Norwalk Agent outbreaks usually occur?

Back 515

Institutional settings, CRUISE SHIPS

Hint 515

224.2

Front 516

Leading cause of croup

Back 516

RNA - Parainfluenza

Hint 516

225.1

Front 517

What is another name for Parainfluenza croup and characteristic feature?

Back 517

Laryngotracheobronchitis; obstruction of larynx results in SEAL-BARK" COUGH"

Hint 517

225.2

Front 518

Infection leads to the destruction of the cells of the anterior horn of the spinal cord

Back 518

RNA - Polio virus (Picornavirus)

Hint 518

226.1

Front 519

What is pathogenesis of Polio infection?

Back 519

DENERVATION ATROPHY of innervated muscles with FLACCID paralysis

Hint 519

226.2

Front 520

Infection is associated with an aversion to water, foaming at the mouth, and choking (hydrophobia)

Back 520

RNA - Rhabdovirus/Rabies virus

Hint 520

227.1

Front 521

What is histologically characteristic of Rabies virus?

Back 521

BULLET-SHAPED" virion by EM; NEGRI BODIES (intracellular inclusions)"

Hint 521

227.2

Front 522

ONLY virus for which postexposure vaccination is indicated

Back 522

RNA - Rhabdovirus/Rabies virus

Hint 522

228.1

Front 523

What will happen without speedy vaccination following rabies exposure?

Back 523

CNS symptoms lead invariably to DEATH

Hint 523

228.2

Front 524

Why can rabies be vaccinated after exposure?

Back 524

LONG INCUBATION PERIOD allows for development of protective immune response

Hint 524

228.2

Front 525

Infection is associated with symptoms of sympathetic over-reactivity (i.e. salivation)

Back 525

Rabies virus; binds to NICOTINIC Ach Receptor

Hint 525

229.1

Front 526

Most important cause of lower RTIs in infants

Back 526

RNA - Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV); infected cells form multinucleated syncytia

Hint 526

230.1

Front 527

Virion contains two identical strands of positive RNA (diploid-like genome)

Back 527

Retrovirus; also carries RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RT, and integrase for placement into the host cell genome

Hint 527

231.1

Front 528

Major cause of upper RTIs in humans

Back 528

RNA - Rhinovirus (Picornavirus)

Hint 528

232.1

Front 529

What is the pathogenesis of Rhinovirus?

Back 529

Enters epithelial cells via attachment to ICAM-1; replicates best at 33 degrees, explaining predilection for MUCOSA of the NASOPHARYNX

Hint 529

232.2

Front 530

Major cause of diarrhea (gastroenteritis) in young kids

Back 530

RNA- Rotavirus (Reovirus)

Hint 530

233.1

Front 531

What is unique in Rotavirus genetic materials?

Back 531

Contains 10-12 segments of dsRNA within TWO concentric capsids

Hint 531

233.2

Front 532

Teratogenic virus leading to congenital defects of the heart, brain, and eye

Back 532

RNA - Rubella virus

Hint 532

234.1

Front 533

What group is Rubella virus a member?

Back 533

TORCH group, agents capable of CROSSING THE PLACENTA and infecting developing fetus

Hint 533

234.2

Front 534

This newly emerging cause of mosquito-borne encephalitis can also be transmitted via blood transfusions and organ transplants

Back 534

RNA - West Nile Virus (Flavivirus)

Hint 534

235.1

Front 535

WNV can cause life-threatening symptoms in which populations?

Back 535

Elderly and immunocompromised patients

Hint 535

235.1

Front 536

History of West Nile Virus?

Back 536

First reported in Africa in 1930's, U.S. in 1999; large outbreaks with thousands of cases and nearly 200 deaths

Hint 536

235.2

Front 537

What family does WNV belong?

Back 537

Flavivirus

Hint 537

235.2

Front 538

Arbovirus that causes severe hepatitis with jaundice and severe gastrointestinal hemorrhage with black vomit

Back 538

RNA - Yellow Fever virus (Flavivirus)

Hint 538

236.1

Front 539

How is Yellow Fever transmitted and prevented?

Back 539

Aedes mosquito; vaccine developed from 17D STRAIN

Hint 539

236.2

Front 540

A unique and recently discovered class of infectious agents that can result in Spongiform encephalitis

Back 540

Prions - resistant to most forms of sterilization; transmitted IATROGENICALLY (surgical instruments, cadaveric material), or from consuming contaminated meats

Hint 540

237.1

Front 541

Opportunistic infections common in AIDS patients (Bacterial, Fungal, Protozoal, Viral)

Back 541

B- M. avium-intracellulare; F- P. carinii; P- T. gondii, Cryptosporidium parvum; V- CMV, Kaposi Sarcoma virus (HSV-8)

Hint 541

238.1

Front 542

Opportunistic infections common in AIDS patients: Bacterial? Fungal? Protozoal? Viral?

Back 542

Bacterial: Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare; Fungal: Pneumocystis carinii; Protozoal: Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium parvum; Viral: Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Kaposi sarcoma virus

Hint 542

238.1

Front 543

Major STDs in the U.S. (Bacterial, Protozoal, Viral)

Back 543

B- C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae; P- T. vaginalis; V- HSV-2, HIV, HPV

Hint 543

239.1

Front 544

Common nosocomial infections associated with (Newborns, Urinary caths, Renal dialysis units, Resp therapy equip, Water aerosols)

Back 544

N- RSV, CMV; U- E. coli, Proteus; RDU- HBV; RTE- P. aeruginosa; WA- L. pneumophila

Hint 544

242.1

Front 545

Organisms causing WATERY diarrhea (6)

Back 545

C. parvum, E. coli, V. cholerae, G. lamblia, Norwalk Agent, Rotavirus

Hint 545

246.1

Front 546

Major causes of transplacental neonatal infections (6)

Back 546

TORCH group - T. gondii, T. pallidum, Rubella, CMV, HSV, HIV (congenital defects if in utero)

Hint 546

249.1