Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
RNA Viruses:
A grouping of viruses that are transmitted by mosquitoes and ticks |
Arboviruses
[The group contains members of the Flavavirus family, Togavirus family, and Bunyavirus family] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Only bunyavirus member causing diseases endemic to the United States |
California encephalitis virus
(including La Crosse virus) [Results in a mild encephalitis, sometimes only meningitis] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Causes pleurodynia (Bornholm disease) |
Coxsackie B virus
[Sudden onset of stabbing chest pain with waxing and waning symptoms] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Most common cause of viral myocarditis |
Coxsackie B Virus
[Usually self-limiting, but may cause fatal arrhythmias or lead to dilated cardiomyopathy] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Causes herpangina |
Coxsakievirus
[Discrete vesicles on the throat and tongue with pain and difficulty swallowing] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Infection may result in destruction of the pancreas with resultant insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus |
Coxsackieviruses B3 and B4
[May be due to molecular mimicry owing to shared antigens between virus and pancreatic beta cells] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Causes a severe hemorrhagic fever with outbreaks in Zaire and Sudan |
Ebola virus
[Another filovirus family member, Marburg virus, has been associated with infection of laboratory personnel working with monkey tissue] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Infection leads to severe hemorrhage and renal failure |
Hantavirus
[A member of the Bunyavirus family with three segments of RNA] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Infection is associated with ingestion of raw shellfish from fecally contaminated water |
Hepatitis A virus (HAV)
[The virus is transmitted via the fecal/oral route and causes an acute hepatitis with no chronic carrier state] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Major cause of post-transfusion hepatitis |
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
[This Flavavirus often results initially in subclinical infection although it is a major cause of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis in the United States; it is the hepatitis virus most likely to result in hepatocellular carcinoma] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Replication-deficient virus, requiring the presence of hepatitis B virus for productive infection |
Hepatitis D virus (HDV)
[The HDV viral particle, known as the Dane particle, requires packaging into hepatitis B surface antigen to be infectious] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Infection is associated with a high mortality rate in infected pregnant women |
Hepatitis E virus (HEV)
[This Calcivirus is transmitted by the fecal/oral route, as with hepatitis A, and is most prevalent in developing nations] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Infection leads to destruction of T cells, with the development of life-threatening opportutnistic infections |
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
[Opportunistic infections include CMV infection, Kaposi sarcoma, Pneumocystis carinii, Toxoplasma gondii, and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Virus binds to CD4+ cells via viral glycorotein gp120 |
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
[Entry of virus requires the presence of chemokine receptors CCR5 on monocyte/macrophages or CXCR4 on T lymphocytes] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Retrovirus that causes oncogenic transformation of CD4+ T cells |
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1)
[This virus, related to HIV, is endemic to Japan and the Caribbean basin, and also causes Tropical spastic paraparesis] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Treatment with salicylates for this viral cause of respiratory symptoms may result in Reye syndrome in children |
Influenza virus (Orthomyxovirus)
[In children, this virus can also cause croup, otitis media, muscle aches, and a high fever; influenza and retroviruses are the only RNA viruses to replicate in the nucleus] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Changes in the viral surface proteins resulting from point mutations; reassortment of genome segments result in epidemics and pandemics |
Influenza virus (orthomyxovirus)
[Point mutations in viral hemagglutinin (HA) or neuraminidase (NA) result in antigen drift, whereas reassortment of genes results in antigenic shifts] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Major viral cause of pneumonia, and infection typically predisposes to secondary bacterial pneumonia |
Influenza virus (orthomyyxovirus)
[Decrease in respiratory mucosal viscosity by viral neuraminidase and destruction of the respiratory epithelium lower the resistance to bacterial superinfection by Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., and Haemophilus spp. infection] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Infection has been associated with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) |
Measles virus
[Caused by a defective virus encoding a defective M protein] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Infection leads to an immune-mediated maculopapular rash on the head, trunk, and limbs |
Measles virus
[The presence of Koplik spots, small bluish-white ulcerations on the oral mucosa, are pathognomonic] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Giant-cell pneumonia and encephalomyelitis are potential complications |
Measles virus
[Vaccination for this previously common viral infection is included in the MMR vaccine, along with mumps and rubella] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Infection can result in orchitis, which can lead to sterility |
Mumps virus
[Orchitis complicates parotidits in 20% of infected males] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Infection results in swelling of one or both parotids |
Mumps virus
[May result in aseptic meningitis and pancreatitis] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Major agent of epidemic gastroenteritis in adults |
Norwalk agent
[Outbreaks of this Calcivirus are common in institutional settings and on cruise ships] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Leading cause of croup |
Parainfluenza virus
[Also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, obstruction of the larynx results in a characteristic seal-bark cough] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Infection leads to the destruction of the cells of the anterior horn of the spinal cord |
Poliovirus
[Viral infection with this picornavirus can lead to denervation atrophy of innervated muscles with flaccid paralysis] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Infection is associated with an aversion to water, foaming at the mouth, and choking (hydrophobia) |
Rabies virus
["Bullet-shaped" virion can be seen by electron microscopy; causes intracellular viral inclusions in infected cells known as Negri bodies] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Only virus for which postexposure vaccination is indicated |
Rabies virus
[Long incubation period allows for the development of a protective immune response, without which CNS symptoms lead invariably to death] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Infection is associated with symptoms of sympathetic over-reactivity (i.e.salivation) |
Rabies virus
[Virus binds to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Most important cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants |
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
[Virally infected cells often form multinucleated syncytia] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Virion contains two identical strands of positive RNA (diploid-like genome) |
Retrovirus
[The virion also carries and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, a reverse transcriptase, and an integrase for integration into the host cell genome] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Major cause of upper respiratory tract infections in humans |
Rhinovirus
[This picornavirus binds and enters epithelial cells via attachment to ICAM-1 and replicates best at 33⁰C, explaining its predilection for the mucosa of the nasopharynx] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Major cause of diarrhea (gastroenteritis) in young children |
Rotavirus
[This reovirus contains 10-12 segments of dsRNA within two concentric capsids] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Teratogenic virus leading to congenital defects of the heart, brain, and eye |
Rubella virus
[A member of the TORCH group of infectious agents that are capable of crossing the placenta and infecting the developing fetus] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
This cause of mosquito-borne encephalitis can also be transmitted via blood transfusions and organ transplants, and causes life-threatening symptoms in elderly and immunosuppressed patients |
West Nile Virus
[Although first reported in Africa in the 1930's, the appearance of the Flavivirus family was first reported in the United States in 1999; recent years have seen large outbreaks with thousands of cases and nearly 200 deaths] |
|
|
RNA Viruses:
Arbovirus that causes severe hepatitis with jaundice and severe gastrointestinal hemorrhage with black vomit |
Yellow fever virus
[Infection by this Flavivirus, transmitted by the Aedes mosquito, can be prevented using a vaccine developed from the 17D strain] |
|
|
Disease:
A unique class of infectious agents that can result in Spongiform encephalitis |
Prions
[Composed only of proteinaceous material, it is highly resistant to most forms of sterilization and can be transmitted iatrogenically (e.g. surgical instruments, cadaveric material), or from consuming contaminated meats] |
|
|
Disease:
Opportunistic infections common in AIDS patients: ✦ Bacterial? ✦ Fungal? ✦ Protozoal? ✦ Viral? |
✦ Bacterial: Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
✦ Fungal: Pneumocystis carinii ✦ Protozoal: Toxoplasma gondii & Cryptosporidium parvum ✦ Viral: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) & Kaposi sarcoma virus |
|
|
Disease:
Major sexually transmitted diseases in the United States: ✦ Bacterial? ✦ Protozoal? ✦ Viral? |
✦ Bacterial: Chlamydia trachomatis & Neisseria gonorrhoeae
✦ Protozoal: Trichomonas vaginalis ✦ Viral: Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) & Human papilloma virus (HPV) |
|
|
Disease:
Major causes of meningitis: ✦ Newborns? ✦ Children? ✦ Young adults? ✦ Elderly (>60 years)? ✦ AIDS patients? |
✦ Newborns: Streptococcus agalactiae & Escherichia coli
✦ Children: Haemophilus influenzae ✦ Young adults: Neisseria meningitidis ✦ Elderly: Streptococcus pneumonia ✦ AIDS patients: Cryptococcus neoformans |
|
|
Disease:
Major cause of pneumonia: ✦ Neonates? ✦ Children (6 weeks-18 years)? ✦ Adults? ✦ Elderly (60 years)? ✦ Alcoholics & IV drug users? ✦ Post-viral? ✦ Cystic fibrosis patients? |
✦ Neonates: Streptococcus agalactiae & Escherichia coli
✦ Children: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) & Streptococcus pneumoniae (<4 years) ✦ Adults: Mycoplasma pneumonia ✦ Elderly: Streptococcus pneumoniae ✦ Alcoholics & IV drug users: Klebsiella pneumonia ✦ Post-viral: Haemophilus influenza ✦ Cystic fibrosis patients: Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
|
|
Disease:
Common nosocomial infections associated with: ✦ Newborns? ✦ Urinary catheterizations? ✦ Renal dialysis units? ✦ Respiratory therapy equipment? ✦ Water aerosols? |
✦ Newborns: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) & Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
✦ Urinary catheterizations: Escherichia coli & Proteus spp. ✦ Renal dialysis units: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) ✦ Respiratory therapy equipment: Pseudomonas aeruginosa ✦ Water aerosols: Legionella pneumophila |
|
|
Disease:
Major causes of endocarditis: ✦ Subacute endocarditis? ✦ Acute endocarditis? ✦ IV drug users? ✦ Patients with prosthetic valves? |
✦ Subacute endocarditis: Streptococcus viridans
✦ Acute endocarditis: Staphylococcus aureus ✦ IV drug users: Staphylococcus aureus ✦ Patients with prosthetic valves: Staphylococcus epidermidis |
|
|
Disease:
Major causes of osteomyelitis: ✦ General population? ✦ Sexually active? ✦ Drug users? ✦ Sickle cell anemia patients? |
✦ General population: Staphylococcus aureus
✦ Sexually active: Neisseria meningitidis ✦ Drug users: Pseudomonas aeruginosa ✦ Sickle cell anemia patients: Salmonella spp. |
|
|
Disease:
Organisms causing a watery diarrhea |
Cryptosporidium parvum
Escherichia coli Vibrio cholerae Giardia lamblia Norwalk Agent Rotavirus |
|
|
Disease:
Major causes of urinary tract infections |
Escherichia coli (most common)
Enterococcus faecalis Klebsiella pneumonia Proteus mirabilis Proteus vulgaris Pseudomonas aeruginosa Serratia marcescens Staphylococcus saprophyticus |
|
|
Disease:
Organisms causing a bloody diarrhea (dysentery) |
Campylobacter jejuni
Escherichia coli (enteroinvasive and enterohemorrhagic) Salmonella spp. Shigella dysenteriae Entamoeba histolytica |
|
|
Disease:
Major causes of food poisoning |
Bacillus cereus
Clostridium perfringens Staphylococcus aureus Vibrio parahaemolyticus |
|
|
Disease:
Major cause of transplacental neonatal infections |
Toxoplasma gondii
Treponema pallidum Rubella virus Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Herpes simplex virus (HSV) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [Collectively known as the TORCH group, many of these infections can lead to congenital defects if acquired in utero] |
|
|
Disease:
Major causes of transcervical neonatal infections (acquired by vaginal delivery) |
Candida albicans
Escherichia coli Listeria monocytogenes Streptococcus agalactiae |
