Brs Micro 3

Front 1

Protozoa:

Transmitted by the tsetse fly, this protozoa causes African sleeping sickness, characterized by cyclic fevers, encephalitis, slurred speech, and somnolence

Back 1

Trypanosoma brucei

[The organism evades the immune system by genetic rearrangement of its variable surface glycoprotein (VSG)]

Front 2

Protozoa:

Can destroy the myenteric plexus, resulting in mega-esophagus and megacolon

Back 2

Trypanosoma cruzi

[Transmitted by the droppings of the reduviid bug ("kissing bug"), often with the initial development of unilateral swelling of the eyelids (Romana's sign)]

Front 3

Protozoa:

A major cause of heart disease in Central and South America

Back 3

Trypanosoma cruzi

[Acute forms of Chagas disease lead to direct invasion of the myocardium with inflammation; the chronic forms of disease involve autoimmune destruction with the development of dilated cardiomyopathy with life-threatening arrhythmias]

Front 4

Helminths:

Chronic infection with this hookworm constitutes an important cause of anemia worldwide

Back 4

Ancylostoma duodenale ("hookworm")

[Leads to iron deficiency anemia because each worm consumes as much as 0.25 ml blood/day]

Front 5

Helminths:

Migration of larval nematodes below the skin results in serpiginous urticarial trails on the skin (Creeping eruptions)

Back 5

Ancylostoma braziliense and other animal hookworms

[Infection is acquired by contact with sand-containing feces of dogs and cats]

Front 6

Helminths:

Most common helminth infection in humans worldwide

Back 6

Ascaris lumbricoides

[As much as ¼ of the world population is infected; infection causes GI obstruction, granulomas of the biliary tree, liver abscesses, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis]

Front 7

Helminths:

Infection is associated with damage to the biliary tract and development of cholangiocarcinoma

Back 7

Clonorchis sinensis

[Associated with the consumption of infected freshwater fish]

Front 8

Helminths:

Infection can be associated with megaloblastic anemia

Back 8

Diphyllobothrium latum

[This enormous fish tapeworm absorbs dietary vitamin B₁₂, resulting in B₁₂ deficiency in the host]

Front 9

Helminths:

Removal of this nematode is traditionally accomplished by slowly twisting it around a stick to remove it from beneath the skin

Back 9

Dracunculus medinensis

[Infection is acquired by consuming water contaminated by the intermediate host, the cyclops, a microscopic crustacean]

Front 10

Helminths:

Larvae form large space-occupying hydatid cysts in the liver and lung, and leakage of fluid can result in anaphylaxis

Back 10

Echinococcus granulosus (dog tapeworm)

[Because herbivores such as sheep are usually an intermediate host for the dog tapeworm, infection commonly presents in the context of a sheep farmer with many sheepdogs]

Front 11

Helminths:

Causes perianal pruritis, http://www.flashcardexchange.com/mycards/add/1342617with diagnosis confirmed by the recovery of eggs from the anus with scotch tape

Back 11

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

[Most common helminth infection in the United States and often associated with day-care institutions]

Front 12

Helminths:

Infection results in subcutaneous "caliber/calabar" swellings and can be seen migrating across the eye beneath the conjunctiva

Back 12

Loa loa filariasis

[Infection is transmitted by the bite of a mango fly, Chrysops]

Front 13

Helminths:

Endemic to Africa, especially along river basins, infection can result in River blindness

Back 13

Oncocerca volvulus

[Transmitted by the blackfly, this nematode also causes loss of elasticity of the skin with significant dependent edema (i.e. hanging groin)]

Front 14

Helminths:

Infection of the bladder is associated with the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder

Back 14

Schistosoma hematobium

[Endemic to Egypt and Sudan and associated with wading through moist soil while barefoot; diagnosis is confirmed by finding spherical eggs with a terminal spine in the urine]

Front 15

Helminths:

The smallest of all intestinal nematodes, high worm burden is possibly the result of autoinfection

Back 15

Strongyloides stercoralis

[It is the only intestinal nematode capable of completing its life cycle within the human host]

Front 16

Helminths:

One of the most common cestode infections in the United States, and associated with the consumption of improperly cooked contaminated beef

Back 16

Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm)

[Usually results in vague abdominal pain, although the tapeworm can grow to several meters in length]

Front 17

Helminths:

Infection with the larval form of this tapeworm from feces-contaminated water can lead to cysticercosis

Back 17

Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)

[Results in the growth of the larvae in brain, resulting in a Swiss cheese appearance of the cerebral hemispheres]

Front 18

Helminths:

Accidental transmission of these nematodes from pet feces (in sandboxes or on sandy beaches) results in Visceral larva migrans

Back 18

Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati

[Symptoms include eosinophilia, pneumonitis, and vision loss]

Front 19

Helminths:

Infection is acquired by consuming cysts in undercooked, contaminated pork

Back 19

Trichinella spiralis

[Infection results in flu-like symptoms, diarrhea, myalgias, and periorbital edema]

Front 20

Helminths:

Rectal prolapse is a potential complication in children resulting from straining during defecation with infection of this nematode

Back 20

Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)

[Diagnosis is based on finding bile-stained, barrel-shaped eggs with polar plugs]

Front 21

Helminths:

Filariasis (Elephantiasis)

Back 21

Wucheria bancrofti

[Organism causes obstruction of lymph vessels resulting in edema with swelling of the legs and genitalia]

Front 22

DNA Viruses:

Major cause of epidemic conjunctivitis (pink eye)

Back 22

Adenovirus

[Various subtypes are also associated with pharyngitis and gastroenteritis]

Front 23

DNA Viruses:

Major cause of retinitis, leading to blindness in an immunocompromised patient

Back 23

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

[Can cause life-threatening interstitial pneumonia in such patients and heterophil-negative infectious mononucleosis in immunocompromised individuals]

Front 24

DNA Viruses:

Most common viral cause of congenital abnormalities in the United States

Back 24

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

[Infected cells display characteristic "owl eye" intranuclear viral inclusions]

Front 25

DNA Viruses:

Infection results in the production of heterophil antibodies

Back 25

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

[Viral infection results in the polyclonal activation of B cells with the production of antibodies to sheep RBCs (heterophil antibodies) that can be detected with the monospot test]

Front 26

DNA Viruses:

Major cause of infectious mononucleosis

Back 26

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

[Characterized by weeks of fever, malaise, and lymphadenopathy, the peripheral blood contains an abundance of atypical lymphs, which are T cells that recognize EBV-infected cells]

Front 27

DNA Viruses:

Infection is associated with Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Back 27

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

[Burkitt's lymphoma is more commonly associated with EBV in Africa; nasopharyngeal carcinoma is more common in patients from Asia]

Front 28

DNA Viruses:

This virus encodes an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase)

Back 28

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

[The virus produces its DNA genome through a single mRNA transcript, requiring the presence of a reverse transcriptase]

Front 29

DNA Viruses:

Appear in the serum as Dane particles and as large amounts of filaments of excess surface antigen

Back 29

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

[The surface antigen (HBsAg) is produced by recombinant DNA technology and is given as a vaccine]

Front 30

DNA Viruses:

A major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide

Back 30

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

[Although less likely to progress to either cirrhosis or carcinoma than is HCV, the worldwide prevalence especially in Africa makes HBV the leading cause]

Front 31

DNA Viruses:

Major cause of sexually transmitted and vertically transmitted hepatitis

Back 31

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

[Histologically, infected cells appear as ground glass hepatocytes because of the presence of excess surface antigen within the cytoplasm]

Front 32

DNA Viruses:

Infection with this virus is a leading cause of corneal blindness in the United States

Back 32

Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1)

[Keratoconjunctivitis results in dendritic ulcers that can be visualized with fluorescein staining]

Front 33

DNA Viruses:

Infection results in Cowdry Type A intranuclear inclusions and multinucleated giant cells

Back 33

Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1)

[One of the most common human viral infections, the virus enters broken skin and remains latent in the trigeminal ganglion, with spontaneous reactivation triggered by axonal injury, stress, or UV light]

Front 34

DNA Viruses:

Leading cause of sporadic encephalitis in the United States

Back 34

Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1)

[Commonly affects the temporal lobe]

Front 35

DNA Viruses:

Most common cause of vesiculo-ulcerative lesions on the penis or vagina

Back 35

Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2)

[Reactivation of the virus is common because the virus remains latent in the lumbar and sacral ganglia; detected using the Tzanck test]

Front 36

DNA Viruses:

Infection causes Roseola infantum or Sixth disease

Back 36

Herpes Virus 6

[A common, mild, childhood disease characterized by high fever and a skin rash]

Front 37

DNA Viruses:

Causes cranberry-pigmented lesions on AIDS patients

Back 37

Herpes Virus 8

[Kaposi sarcoma is a tumor of blood vessels characterized by a disarray of vascular channels filled with RBCs]

Front 38

DNA Viruses:

Infection is linked to premalignant lesions on the vulva, cervix, penis, and anus

Back 38

Human papilloma virus (HPV)

[Viral oncoprotein E6 binds to p53 and viral oncoprotein E7 binds to Rb, stimulating infected cells to undergo uncontrolled growth]

Front 39

DNA Viruses:

Infection of keratinized tissue results in the formation of warts on the hands and feet

Back 39

Human papilloma virus (HPV)

[Typically caused by infection with HPV 1-4, with the development of warts on the hands (Verruca Palmaris) and feet [Verruca Plantaris)]

Front 40

DNA Viruses:

Infection causes cauliflower-like lesions on the external genitals or perianal areas

Back 40

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)

[Condyloma acuminatum is microscopically characterized by the presence of vacuolated infected cells, termed koilocytes]

Front 41

DNA Viruses:

Reactivation of latent viral infection in immunocompromised patients can result in Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)

Back 41

JC Virus

[This polyomavirus causes foci of demyelination surrounded by oligodendrocytes with viral inclusions]

Front 42

DNA Viruses:

This contagious virus causes benign epithelial tumors that appear as pearly, umbilicated nodules with a central caseous plug

Back 42

Molluscum contagiosum

[These lesions caused by the pox virus occur as clusters on the trunk, genitalia, and extremities; it is transmitted by towels, barbers, swimming pools, and sexual activity]

Front 43

DNA Viruses:

Causes aplastic crisis in patients with sickle cell anemia, thalassemias, and acquired hemolytic anemias

Back 43

Parvovirus B19

[Virion replicates best in rapidly dividing erythroblasts, resulting in cell lysis]

Front 44

DNA Viruses:

Infection of a child results in a "slapped cheek" appearance

Back 44

Parvovirus B19

[This single-stranded DNA virus causes Erythema infectiosum or Fifth disease]

Front 45

DNA Viruses:

The only DNA virus that replicates solely in the cytoplasm and that carries its own DNA-dependent polymerases

Back 45

Poxvirus

[The largest of all viruses, it appears brick-shaped by electron microscopy, and causes characteristic Guarnieri inclusion bodies when replicating in cells]

Front 46

DNA Viruses:

Found as a contaminant in preparations of polio vaccines produced in monkey cell culture

Back 46

SV40

[This polyoma virus is typically a simian virus, which can cause tumors in mice, although no pathogenic effects have been reported in humans]

Front 47

DNA Viruses:

Causes chickenpox upon initial infection, and shingles upon reactivation

Back 47

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)

[The only herpes virus with a live attenuated vaccine; reactivation most commonly occurs along the dermatomal distribution of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve]

Front 48

DNA Viruses:

Infection results in the successive appearance of macules, papules, vesicles, and crusts all seen simultaneously

Back 48

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)

[Severe infection can result in pneumonia with multinucleated giant cells]

Front 49

DNA Viruses:

Associated with Reye syndrome when the accompanying fever is treated with aspirin

Back 49

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)

[Reye syndrome is an acute encephalopathy associated with fatty infiltration of the liver, which is often fatal]

Front 50

RNA Viruses:

Group of Togaviruses transmitted by mosquitoes leading to encephalitis

Back 50

Alphavirus

[This genus includes Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEE), Western equine encephalitis virus (WEE), and Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE)]