Brs Micro 1

Front 1

Gram Positive:

A normal inhabitant of the oral cavity, infection can be associated with dental procedures, with formation of lesions that erupt through the face with a purulent discharge

Back 1

Actinomycetes isrealii

[Diagnosis is by finding sulfur granules = tangles of filaments of organisms wrapped in a matrix of calcium phosphate, imparting a yellow (sulfur) color to the abscess and discharge]

Front 2

Gram Positive:

The most severe form of this disease results from the inhalation of spores with mediastinitis, pulmonary edema, and hemorrhage (Woolsorter's disease)

Back 2

Bacillus anthracis

[Can occur as an occupational disease of textile or agricultural personnel resulting from contact with infected hides or wool; it has been used as an agent of biowarfare and bioterrorism]

Front 3

Gram Positive:

Causes gastroenteritis and is typically associated with the consumption of reheated rice

Back 3

Bacillus cereus

[Rapid emesis or diarrhea is associated with an enterotoxin that increases cAMP and is produced by the organism as it germinates]

Front 4

Gram Positive:

Disease can be due to the ingestion of preformed toxin in home-canned foods or by the ingestion of spores in honey by an infant

Back 4

Clostridium botulinum

[Symptoms include flaccid paralysis, dry mouth, diplopia, dysphagia, and respiratory failure]

Front 5

Gram Positive:

Associated with the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and the overgrowth of toxin-producing bacteria

Back 5

Clostridium difficile

[Results in pseudomembranous colitis and is also a major nosocomial disease]

Front 6

Gram Positive:

Causes gas gangrene and is often associated with automobile and motorcycle accidents

Back 6

Clostridium perfringens

[Spores are abundant in soil and germinate in wounds; treatment includes surgical debridement, antibiotics, and hyperbaric oxygen]

Front 7

Gram Positive:

Infection is associated with traumatic inoculation of spores that germinate and produce a toxin that causes spastic paralysis

Back 7

Clostridium tetani

[The organism looks like a long rod with a dilated terminal end containing spore that resembles a tennis racquet]

Front 8

Gram Positive:

Can cause risus sardonicus, the characteristic grimace of lockjaw

Back 8

Clostridium tetani

[Treatment includes the use of antitoxins produced in horses or hyperimmunized humans, and antispasmodics such as benzodiazepines]

Front 9

Gram Positive:

Causes gray pseudomembranes on the back of the throat

Back 9

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

[Organisms often viewed in a "Chinese-letter" configuration]

Front 10

Gram Positive:

A common cause of nosocomial infection, this organism is often resistant to many antibiotics, including vancomycin

Back 10

Enterococcus spp.

[Common cause of urinary tract infections, sepsis, meningitis, and endocarditis]

Front 11

Gram Positive:

Causes a fishy smelling vaginal discharge

Back 11

Gardnerella vaginalis

[Histologically characterized by the presence of "clue cells," vaginal epithelial cells covered with bacteria, seen on a Pap smear]

Front 12

Gram Positive:

As the dominant organism of normal vaginal flora, its metabolism helps maintain the low pH of the vagina

Back 12

Lactobacillus spp.

[The lactic acid produced helps prevent the overgrowth of potentially pathogenic organisms; with the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, such acid-producing flora is lost, allowing for overgrowth of pathogenic species]

Front 13

Gram Positive:

This cause of late onset neonatal sepsis is a facultative intracellular parasite that spreads from cell to cell via actin rockets

Back 13

Listeria monocytogenes

[This organism can be detected as short non-spore-forming rods with a tumbling end-over-end motility]

Front 14

Gram Positive:

As well as being gram positive, this organism is also weakly acid fast and causes a pneumonia predominantly in immunocompromised patients

Back 14

Nocardia asteroides

[This aeroic bacteria with filamentous growth is a common soil organism]

Front 15

Gram Positive:

Part of the microbial flora of the skin, this bacilli contributes of the development of acne

Back 15

Propionibacterium acnes

[The organism produces lipases that split fatty acids that cause inflammation, resulting in the formation of comedones]

Front 16

Gram Positive:

A major cause of acute bacterial endocarditis, especially in IV drug users

Back 16

Staphylococcus aureus

[Unlike subacute bacterial endocarditis, this organism can cause infection of undamaged heart valves, typically on the right side (tricuspid) in IV drug users]

Front 17

Gram Positive:

A major cause of abscesses, furuncles, carbuncles, and other skin infections such as impetigo

Back 17

Staphylococcus aureus

[This beta-hemolytic cocci grows in grape-like clusters, produces coagulase, and grows in culture as yellowish colonies]

Front 18

Gram Positive:

Part of the normal flora of the skin, it causes infection of IV lines and catheters; it is a major cause of endocarditis in patients with prosthetic heart valves

Back 18

Staphylococcus epidermidis

[Similar to Staphylococcus aureus, but grows as white colonies, does not produce coagulase, does not ferment mannitol, and does not produce Protein A]

Front 19

Gram Positive:

The second leading cause of urinary tract infection in sexually active women

Back 19

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

[Differentiated from Staphylococcus epidermidis by its ability to ferment mannitol and its resistance to novobiocin]

Front 20

Gram Positive:

An important cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis

Back 20

Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B)

[This beta-hemolytic, bacitracin-resistant cocci is a normal inhabitant of the female genital tract and can be acquired during vaginal delivery]

Front 21

Gram Positive:

A major cause of dental caries

Back 21

Streptococcus mutans

[A member of the viridans group, it is also alpha-hemolytic and optochin-resistant]

Front 22

Gram Positive:

Lancet-shaped diplococci found in a rusty brown sputum

Back 22

Streptococcus pneumoniae

[Causes >90% of all causes of lobar pneumonia]

Front 23

Gram Positive:

The use of a quellung reaction helps differentiate between the 85 different capsular subtypes

Back 23

Streptococcus pneumoniae

[This alpha-hemolytic, optochin-sensitive, bile-soluble coccus grows on sheep red blood cell agar; the vaccine contains at least 23 of these subtypes]

Front 24

Gram Positive:

Infection results in pneumatic fever

Back 24

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A)

[Characterized by a constellation of symptoms including migratory polyarthritis, erythema marginatum, pancarditis, Syndeham chorea, and subcutaneous nodules]

Front 25

Gram Positive:

A major cause of pharyngitis, infection can also result in other suppurative symptoms such as erysipelas, cellulitis, and impetigo

Back 25

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A)

[Infection with this beta-hemolytic, bacitracin-sensitive cocci can be serodiagnosed with the detection of host antibodies to bacterial DNase B and anti-streptolysin O (ASO)]

Front 26

Gram Positive:

Infection can lead to the development of acute glomerulonephritis and mitral and aortic stenosis

Back 26

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A)

[Immunocomplex deposition in the kidney visualized by "lumpy bump" immunofluorescence; cross-reactive antibodies to the bacteria result in autoimmune destruction of the heart valves]

Front 27

Gram Positive:

Leading cause of subacute bacterial endocarditis

Back 27

Streptoccus viridans

[This alpha-hemolytic, optochin-resistant cocci is part of the normal flora of the human pharynx]

Front 28

Gram Positive:

Chronic exposure to this group of organisms leads to the development of hypersensitivity pneumonitis, including Farmer's Lung, Pigeon breeder's Lung, and Humidifier Lung

Back 28

Thermophilic Actinomycetes

[Exposure causes an immunologically mediated interstitial fibrosis, bronchiolitis, and granuloma formation with progresive respiratory failure and cyanosis]

Front 29

Gram Positive:

The organism is detected as PAS+ rods within the macrophages of the lamina propria of the small intestine

Back 29

Tropheryma whippelii

[The causative agent of Whipple's disease that results in abdominal pain, malabsorption with diarrhea and weight loss, and a migratory polyarthritis]

Front 30

Gram Negative:

Predominant organism in the human colon

Back 30

Bacteroides fragilis

[Most often the cause of serious anaerobic infection]

Front 31

Gram Negative:

Transmitted by the bite, scratch, or lick of an infected cat, resulting in low grade fever and a characteristic enlargement of lymph nodes for several weeks

Back 31

Bartonella henselae

[This is the causative agent of Cat scratch disease; infection of an immunocompromised patient can result in Bacillary angiomatosis, cranberry-like pustules resembling Kaposi's sarcoma]

Front 32

Gram Negative:

Causes a paroxysmal cough ending with an inspiratory "whoop" as air rushes over the swollen glottis

Back 32

Bordetella pertussis

[The vaccine includes the purified virulence factors filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) and pertussis toxoid, and is administered at 2, 4, 6, and 18 months along with the vaccine for Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Clostridium tetani in the DaPT vaccine

Front 33

Gram Negative:

Transmitted by contaminated livestock and unpasteurized dairy products, infection results in a fever that rises in the morning and falls at night (Undulant fever)

Back 33

Brucella spp.

[This granulomatous infection invades the reticulo-endothelial cells of the lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and bone marrow]

Front 34

Gram Negative:

Endemic to tropical nations, this sexually transmitted organism results in granulomatous genital ulcers (pseudouboes) with the potential for autoamputation of genitalia

Back 34

Klebsiella granulomatis
(formerly Calymmatobacterium granulomatis)

[Diagnosis is based on finding intracellular organisms aggregated as 'Donovan Bodies"]

Front 35

Gram Negative:

A common cause of bloody diarrhea, particularly in children in close contact with puppues and kittens, which serve as reservoirs

Back 35

Campylobacter jejuni

[These rod-shaped organisms appear as "gull wing"-shaped colonies with a single flagellum]

Front 36

Gram Negative:

Causes a bloody diarrhea and is associated with the consumption of undercooked meat and dairy products

Back 36

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli
(E. coli 0157:H7)

[This dysentery-like condition is due to the elaboration of verotoxins similar to Shiga toxin that causes cytotoxicity to the colonic mucosa]

Front 37

Gram Negative:

Infection may result in hemorrhagic colitis progressing to the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)

Back 37

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli
(E. coli 0157:H7)

[HUS is characterized by acute renal failure, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and thrombocytopenia in children]

Front 38

Gram Negative:

Leading cause of urinary tract infections

Back 38

Escherichia coli

[Other major causes of urinary tract infections include Proteus, Serratia, Enterococci, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus]

Front 39

Gram Negative:

Causes "Traveler's diarrhea" and is also a major cause of death in children of developing nations

Back 39

Escherichia coli

[The enterotoxigenic strain produces a heat stable and a heat labile toxin that causes an explosive watery diarrhea with cramping, abdominal discomfort, and dehydration]

Front 40

Gram Negative:

This zoonotic organism can be transmitted by the bite of a deerfly or tick, or through handling or consuming rabbit products, which are the reservoir

Back 40

Francisella tularensis
(rabbit fever)

[Infection can result in necrotic ulcers at the site of entry: conjunctiva (oculoglandular), mouth (typhoidal), or lungs (pneumonic tularemia) with disseminated granulomatous lesions of the lung, spleen, and liver]

Front 41

Gram Negative:

Organism closely associated with chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease

Back 41

Helicobacter pylori

[Also associated with an increase in the development of gastric carcinoma and MALToma]

Front 42

Gram Negative:

A sexually transmitted disease, results in painful genital ulcers (chancroid)

Back 42

Haemophilus ducreyi

[Infection in the United States is rare, most infections occur in the tropics; painless ulcer = T. pallidum]

Front 43

Gram Negative:

Infection with this coccobacillus causes epiglottitis, otitis media in children, sinusitis, meningitis, and pneumonia in older patients with chronic respiratory disease

Back 43

Haemophilus influenzae

[Growth in culture of this organism requires Factor V (hemin) and Factor X (NAD), found in chocolate agar media]

Front 44

Gram Negative:

Formerly a leading cause of infection in children, the incidence of infection has dramatically decreased with the introduction of a vaccine

Back 44

Haemophilus influenzae

[Vaccine is composed of the capsular material, polyribitol phosphate (PRP), conjugated to diptheria toxin]

Front 45

Gram Negative:

Major cause of aspiration pneumonia in alcoholics

Back 45

Klebsiella pneumoniae

[Organism produces a large antiphagocytic capsule, giving it a mucoid appearance and producing a thick, bloody, "currant-jelly" sputum]

Front 46

Gram Negative:

Paired, kidney bean-shaped diplococci within leukocytes in a urethral discharge

Back 46

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

[Differentiated from N. meningitidis based on its ability to ferment glucose and maltose, whereas N. gonorrhoeae ferments glucose only]

Front 47

Gram Negative:

Leading cause of septic arthritis

Back 47

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

[Typically presents as monoarticular arthritis of the knee, ankle, or wrist after a bout of urethritis]

Front 48

Gram Negative:

Infection of a neonate passing through an infected birth canal results in ophthamia neonatorum and purulent conjunctivitis

Back 48

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

[Babies born in the United States receive a required administration of tetracycline, erythromycin, or silver nitrate drops to prevent this]

Front 49

Gram Negative:

Sexually transmitted disease that can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease that then predisposes to ectopic pregnancy

Back 49

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

[The second most common notifiable disease in the United States]

Front 50

Gram Negative:

Leading cause of meningitis among mililtary recruits and dormitory settings

Back 50

Neisseria meningitidis

[Patients with deficiencies in the complement components C6-9, "the membrane attack complex," are particularly susceptible to infection]