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185 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Most common cause of abdominal aortic aneurysm
|
Atherosclerosis
[Often associated with mutation in LDL receptor in familial hypercholesterolemia] |
|
Sudden onset of excruciating substernal pain, often confused with myocardial infarction
|
Dissecting aortic aneurysm
[Caused by medial necrosis, more common in Marfan Syndrome] |
|
Vasculitis of the elderly, presenting as headache, facial pain, and/or impaired vision
|
Giant cell (temporal) arteritis
[Most common vasculitis, affecting branches of the carotid artery] |
|
Cardiac related: Vast majority of cases are idiopathic, although they may also be secondary to renal disease
|
Hypertension
[Other secondary causes include primary hyperaldosteronism, Cushing syndrome, and pheochomocytoma] |
|
Rapidly precipitating hypertension in an African American male with papilledema and retinal hemorrhages
|
Malignant hypertension
[Histologically characterized by hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis or "onion-skin" thickening of arterial walls] |
|
Pallor or cyanosis or fingers and toes caused by recurrent vasospasm of arterioles, often in young, healthy women
|
Raynaud disease
[Reaction to cold or emotion] |
|
Vasculitis primarily affecting the tibial and radial arteries
|
Thromboangiitis obliterans
(Buerger disease) [Associated with cigarette smoking] |
|
Crushing or squeezing, substernal pain radiating down the left arm
|
Myocardial infarction
|
|
Cardiac friction rub
|
Pericarditis
[Causes include infections, rheumatic fever, myocardial infarction, and uremia] |
|
Precordial pain in exertion or increased cardiac workload, but relieved by rest
|
Stable angina
[Caused by decreased coronary artery flow from atherosclerotic narrowing] |
|
Prolonged or recurrent chest pain with increasing frequency, often at rest
|
Unstable (Crescendo, Preinfarction) angina
[Harbinger of myocardial infarction] |
|
Leukemia most common in younger patients
|
ALL
(Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia) [Peripheral blood smear shows predominance of lymphoblasts that stain positive for terminal deoxytransferase (TdT)] |
|
Markedly hypocellular marrow is most commonly associated with this blood disorder
|
Aplastic anemia
[Often associated with chloramphenicol use] |
|
Reciprocal chromosome translocation t(8;14) occuring in a B-cell malignancy
|
Burkitt's lymphoma
[c-myc expression under the control of the Ig heavy chain gene] |
|
Marrow fibrosis with extensive extramedullary hematopoiesis and teardrop cells are found with this blood disorder
|
Chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia
(agnogenic myeloid metaplasia) |
|
Reciprocal chromosome translocation t(9;22)
|
CML
(Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia) [Philadelphia chromosome; creates bcr-abl fusion protein with increased tyrosine kinase activity] [Philadelphia chromosome also found in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)] |
|
Most common heritable cause of coagulability
|
Factor V Leiden
[Hereditary resistance to activated Protein C] |
|
Blood cell or bone marrow biopsy finding of tumor cells with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP test) and fine-hair-like cytoplasmic projections
|
Hairy cell leukemia
|
|
Reed-Sternberg cells are most commonly associated with this condition
|
Hodgkin's disease
[Binucleated giant cells with inclusion-like nucleoli] |
|
Target cells, splenomegaly, and a mild hemolytic anemia in African Americans are the most common symptoms/findings
|
Homozygous hemoglobin C disease
[Target cells may also be found in thalassemias] |
|
These are hypochromic microcytic anemias
|
Iron deficiency anemia,
β-thalassemia minor, and anemia of chronic disease |
|
Hypersegmented polys and hypercellular marrow are associated with this blood disorder
|
Megaloblastic anemia
[Folate or vitamin B₁₂ deficiency leads to defects in DNA synthesis, with accumulation of megaloblasts due to nuclear maturation problems] |
|
Commonly associated with this plasma cell disorder are punched out lytic bone lesions of the spine, cranium, and ribs
|
Multiple myeloma
[Peripheral blood smear may show rouleaux formation of RBC caused by hyperglobulinema] |
|
Lymphoma with a propensity for lower cervical, supraclavicular, and mediastinal lymph nodes
|
Nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma
[Only Hodgkin variant more common in females] |
|
Blood disorder with anti-parietal cell and anti-intrinsic factor antibodies with achlorhydria
|
Pernicious anemia
[Parietal cells prooduce HCl and intrinsic factor; IF is required for vitamin B₁₂ absorption in the terminal ileum] |
|
Blood disorder associated with leg ulcers and recurrent painful crisis
|
Sickle cell anemia
(homozygous HbSS disease) [Patients also undergo autosplenectomy] |
|
Vitamin deficiencies that result in bleeding disorders
|
Vitamin C deficiency,
Vitamin K deficiency [Vitamin C is required for collagen synthesis and vessel integrity; Vitamin K is required for function of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X] |
|
Most common bronchogenic carcinoma type in women and nonsmokers
|
Adenocarcinoma
[Localize peripherally] |
|
Rapid onset of respiratory insufficiency refractory to oxygen therapy associated with sepsis, infections, aspiration, or trauma
|
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
(ARDS) (diffuse alveolar damage) [Histologically characterized by intra-alveolar hyaline membranes] |
|
Harmless black pigment in lungs
|
Anthracosis
[Common in coal miners, urban dwellers, or smokers] |
|
Neoplastic columnar and cuboidal epithelial cells that line the alveolar septa
|
Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma
[Tumor cells are also found in loose alveolar spaces] |
|
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)
|
Bronchial asthma,
Bronchiectasis, Chronic bronchitis, Emphysema [Caused by airway narrowing or loss of elastic recoil of the lung, resulting in decreased forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV₁] |
|
Right lower quadrant pain, nausea, fever, and an elevated WBC are the main symptoms/findings
|
Acute appendicitis
|
|
GI related: Increased CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen)
|
Carcinoma of the colon
[Risk factor includes low fiber diet] |
|
Fatigue, weakness, and iron deficiency anemia in older males are the main symptoms/findings
|
Carcinoma of the right colon
[Secondary to blood loss] |
|
Malabsorption that resolves upon withdrawal of wheat gliadins from the diet
|
Celiac sprue
[Histologically characterized as flattening of the mucosal villi with inflammatory infiltrate] |
|
GI related: Persistent projectile vomiting usually appearing in the 2nd-3rd week of life
|
Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
|
|
GI related: Patchy areas of inflammation called skip lesions are found in this condition
|
Crohn's disease
[Discontinuous involvement of the intestinal mucosa visualized as a "sting sign" on X-ray] |
|
Cobblestone appearance of the bowel mucosa is associated with this GI condition
|
Crohn's disease
[Caused by inflammation and thickening of all three layers of the GI wall] |
|
GI condition with small sac-like outpouchings of the colon through the muscular wall, common in the elderly
|
Diverticulosis
[Most commonly asymptomatic] |
|
Barrett's esophagus is the only precursor recognized in this condition
|
Esophageal adenocarcinoma
[Barrett's esophagus=stratified squamous to non-ciliated columnar metaplasia (specialized, intestinal type epithelium) in the distal esophagus] |
|
These can rupture producing massive hemorrhage into the esophageal lumen
|
Esophageal varices
[Often associated with portal hypertension, as in cirrhosis] |
|
There is a 100% chance of colon cancer by midlife with this condition
|
Familial adenomatous polyposis syndromes
[Caused by autosomal dominant mutations in the APC gene with hundreds of adenomatous polyps carpeting the intestines] |
|
Signet ring cells are characteristic of this condition
|
Gastric carcinoma, diffuse variant
[Extensive infiltration of malignant cells can lead to linitis plastica or "leather bottle stomach"; metastasis bilaterally to the ovaries results in Krukenberg tumors] |
|
This condition is characterized by weakness in the peritoneal wall allowing protrusions of bowel segments
|
Hernia
|
|
Congenital absence of ganglion cells in the muscular or submucosal layers or the GI wall are indicative of this disorder
|
Hirschprung disease
(congenital megacolon) [Absence of ganglion cells is in the nondilated region of the colon] |
|
Telescoping of one intestinal segment into another, usually in children
|
Intussusception
|
|
Most common innocuous congenital abnormality in the GI
|
Meckel's diverticulum
[Failure of involution of the vitelline duct] |
|
Sharply punched out lesions in the stomach or duodenum are indicative of this disorder
|
Peptic ulcer
[Associated with NSAID use and Helicobacter pylori] |
|
Autosomal dominant disorder with multiple benign hamartomatous polyps and melanin pigmentation of the oral mucosa, hands, and genitals
|
Peutz-Jegher syndrome
|
|
This benign neoplastic tumor of the salivary gland recurs often and is difficult to completely resect because of proximity to the facial nerve
|
Pleomorphic adenoma
(mixed tumor of the salivary gland) [Most common salivary tumor] |
|
GI condition with pseudomembranes consisting of fibrin, mucin, and inflammatory debris covering the colonic mucosa
|
Pseudomembranous colitis
[Caused by elaboration of exotoxins by Clostridium difficile] |
|
Toxic megacolon is a complication of this GI disorder
|
Ulcerative colitis
[Destruction of neural plexus leading to massive dilation, gangrene, and imminent rupture of colon] |
|
Sudden right upper quadrant or epigastric pain with nausea, vomiting, and leukocytosis are the most common symptoms/findings
|
Acute calculous cholecystitis
[One of the most common indications for abdominal surgery] |
|
Micronodules on liver surface in early stages are indicative of this disorder
|
Alcoholic cirrhosis
|
|
Most common liver disease in the United States
|
Alcoholic liver disease
|
|
Grossly distended abdomen, esophageal varices, caput medusae, and hemorrhoids are the most common symptoms/findings
|
Cirrhosis
[Caused by portal hypertension and active portocaval anastomosis] |
|
Soft, yellow, greasy liver
|
Fatty liver
[Hepatic steatosis] |
|
Asterixis in relation to a liver disorder indicates this condition
|
Hepatic (portosystemic) encephalopathy
[Flapping tremor and neurologic sign, caused by nitrogenous metabolites which cannot be detoxified by the damaged liver] |
|
Most common primary malignancy of the liver
|
Hepatocellular carcinoma
[Often associated with Hepatitis B infection] |
|
An increase in AFP (α-fetoprotein) is indicative of this liver disorder
|
Hepatocellular carcinoma
[Also present in yolk sac tumors] |
|
Triad of cirrhosis, skin pigmentation, and diabetes mellitus
("bronze diabetes") |
Idiopathic hemochromatosis
[Primary defect in iron absorption leading to a net accumulation] |
|
Macronodular pattern on liver surface usually indicates this disorder
|
Posthepatic (postnecrotic, macronodular) cirrhosis
|
|
Middle-aged female with pruritis, jaundice, xanthomas, and antimitochondrial antibodies are the main symptoms/findings
|
Primary biliary cirrhosis
[Histologically characterized by granulomatous destruction of intrahepatic bile ducts] |
|
Biliary tract disease commonly seen in association with ulcerative colitis
|
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
[Histologically characterized by "onion-skin" fibrosis of bile ducts] |
|
Councilman (hyaline) bodies in the liver are indicative of this condition
|
Viral hepatitis
[Apoptotic hepatocytes] |
|
Associated with this disorder is hepatolenticular degeneration causing extrapyramidal motor signs
|
Wilson's disease
[Copper deposits in the liver, cornea of the eye (Kayser-Fleisher rings), and both the putamen and lenticular nuceli of the basal ganglia] |
|
Costovertebral angle tenderness, fever, and burning on urination are characteristic symptoms/findings of this condition
|
Acute pyelonephritis
[Most commonly caused by ascending infection by E. coli] |
|
Acute renal failure presenting as severe oliguria, causing death if untreated
|
Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)
[Tubules are capable of regeneration is basement membran is intact] |
|
Kidney disorder associated with berry aneurysms and subsequent subarachnoid hemorrhage
|
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)
formerly known as Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease (APKD) [Most common cystic disease of the kidney] |
|
Extended use of phenacetin, aspirin, acetaminophen, caffeine, and codeine contribute to this kidney disorder
|
Analgesic abuse nephropathy
[Renal papillary necrosis leading to tubulointerstitial nephritis] |
|
Corticomedullary scarring over blunted calyces, with "thyroidization" of tubules characterize this kidney condition
|
Chronic pyelonephritis
[Histologically characterized as colloid cast-filled tubules] |
|
Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules are commonly found in this disorder of the kidney
|
Diabetic nephropathy
[PAS+ nodules resulting from increased mesangial matrix deposition] |
|
Basement membrane thickening resulting from nonenzymatic glycosylation characterize this kidney condition
|
Diabetic nephropathy
|
|
Sclerosis of some glomeruli with only parts of the capillary tufts affected is indicative of this condition
|
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
|
|
Hemorrhagic pneumonitis with glomerulonephritis characterizes this condition
|
Goodpasture syndrome
[Seen as linear immunofluorescence of glomeruli] |
|
Commonly found in this kidney condition are immune complex deposits in the mesangium associated with Henoch-Schonlein purpura
|
IgA nephropathy
(Berger disease) [Most common glomerulopathy worldwide] |
|
Spike and dome appearance of kidney
|
Membranous glomerulonephritis
[Spike=basement membrane proliferating around domes; Dome=immune complex deposits] |
|
In this disorder, glomeruli appear normal in conventional light microscopy, but there is fusion of epithelial foot processes in electron microscopy
|
Minimal change disease
(Lipoid nephrosis) [Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children] |
|
Kidney disorder with tram-track appearance due to apparent reduplication of the glomerular basement membrane
|
MPGN (membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis)
[Type II MPGN is also known as dense-deposit disease] |
|
Hematuria, oliguria, azotemia and hypertension are the main symptoms
|
Nephritic syndrome
[Prototype is poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis] |
|
Proteineuria, generalized edema, hyperlipidemia, and lipiduria are the main symptoms
|
Nephrotic syndrome
|
|
Coarse, irregular, and granular immunofluorescence in kidney specimen
(visualized as "lumpy-bumpy") |
Poststeptococcal glomerulonephritis
(also in Membranous glomerulonephritis and Lupus nephropathy) [Present in immune complex deposit diseases] |
|
Symptom triad of hematuria, flank pain and palpable mass are indicative of this kidney disorder
|
Renal cell carcinoma
[Histologically characterized by clear cells containing glycogen and lipids] |
|
Crescent-like formation in a majority of glomeruli are indicative of this condition
|
RPGN (rapidly progressive [crescentic] glomerulonephritis)
[Rapid renal failure associated with either antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies (Goodpasture syndrome) or immune complex deposits (poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis] |
|
This kidney disorder is related to exposure to β-naphthylamine or cyclophosphamide
|
Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
[Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder is associated with infection by Schistosoma hematobium, rare in the United States] |
|
Bread-and-butter (fibrinous) pericarditis characterizes this kidney condition
|
Uremia
|
|
A child presenting with palpable flank mass and hematuria are symtoms/findings of this kidney disorder
|
Wilms' tumor
[Most common childhood renal malignancy] |
|
A reproductive disorder characterized by osteoblastic metastases with an increase in serum alkaline phosphatase in an older male
|
Carcinoma of the prostate
[Most common reproductive carcinoma in males; often arises in the peripheral zone of the prostate] |
|
Maternal exposure to DES (diethylstilberstrol) causes this reproductive issue in children
|
Clear cell carcinoma in the vagina of daughters and possible testicular cancer in sons
|
|
This reproductive disorder predisposes to male germ cell tumors even if surgically corrected
|
Cryptorchidism
(undescended testes) |
|
Toxemia with CNS involvement, including convulsions and coma in a pregnant woman indicate this condition
|
Eclampsia
|
|
Most common reproductive cause of hematosalpinx
|
Ectopic pregnancy
[Chronic pelvic inflammatory disease may also predispose to ectopic pregnancy] |
|
Symtoms/findings of leukorrhea and irregular bleeding in a postmenopausal woman characterize this disease
|
Endometrial carcinoma
[Risk factors include obesity, diabetes, hypertension, infertility, and endometrial hyperplasia] |
|
Leading cause of infertility, with menstrual irregularities, severe dysmenorrhea, and intrapelvic bleeding in a young woman
|
Endometriosis
["Chocolate cysts" or blood-and-debris filled cysts in ovaries may develop] |
|
Discrete, rubbery, movable mass in the inner lower quadrant of the breast of a young female are indicative of this condition
|
Fibroadenoma
[Most common benign tumor of the female breast] |
|
Blue-domed cysts and dense fibrosis that produce palpable lumps and mammographic densities are associated with this disorder
|
Fibrocystic change of the breast
[Epithelial cell lining around cysts shows apocrine metaplasia] |
|
Bleeding with passage of grape-like structures, increased hCG, and rapid increase in uterine size characterize this condition
|
Hydatidiform mole
[Similar presentation without uterine enlargement = choriocarcinoma] |
|
Most common cause of scrotal enlargement
|
Hydrocele
[Clear, serous fluid can be seen upon transillumination of scrotal sac] |
|
Tumor with tendency to affect both breasts
|
Infiltrating lobular carcinoma
|
|
Nodule of rock hard consistency in the upper outer quadrant of the breast of a postmenopausal woman characterizes this condition
|
Invasive (infiltrating) carcinoma of the breast
[Histologically characterized by nests of tumor cells in a scirrhous, or scar-like, dense, hard stroma] |
|
Reproductive related: Most common benign tumor in females
|
Leiomyoma
[Benign tumor of the smooth muscle of the uterus] |
|
Reproductive germ cell tumor that may contain hair, teeth, cartilage, and/or glands
|
Mature cystic teratoma
(dermoid cyst) [Tumor is derived from all three germ cell layers] |
|
Reproductive related: Presents as urinary urgency, frequency, and nocturia in an older male
|
Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate
(benign prostatic hyperplasia) [Commonly arises in the periurethral and transition zones of the prostate causing compression of the urethra] |
|
This condition is characterized by an eczemoid lesion of the nipple, often with underlying ductal carcinoma
|
Paget disease of the breast
|
|
Reproductive related: Psammoma bodies most commonly associated with this disorder
|
Papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary
[Also in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid and meningioma] |
|
Young female with amenorrhea, infertility, obesity, and hirsutism is indicative of this condition
|
Polycystic ovary (Stein-Leventhal) syndrome
[May be caused by excess secretion of luteinizing hormone] |
|
Insidious onset of hypertension, edema, proteinuria, and headache after the 32nd week of pregnancy is associated with this condition
|
Preeclampsia
|
|
Endocrine related: Salt-losing hyponatremia leading to hypotension and virilization of female infants characterizes this condition
|
21-hydroxylase deficiency
[Most common enzymatic defect in congenital hyperplasia] |
|
Epigastric pain radiating to the back with an increase in serum amylase and lipase are the most common symptoms/findings
|
Acute pancreatitis
[Major association with alcoholism and gallstones] |
|
Endocrine related: Migratory thrombophlebitis (Trousseau syndrome) characterizes this condition
|
Carcinoma of the pancreas
|
|
Severe retardation, short stature, coarse facies, protruding tongue, and umbilical hernia are the most common symptoms/findings
|
Cretinism
(Hypothyroidism in children) |
|
Moon facies, hypertension, and accumulation of truncal fat are the most common symptoms/findings
|
Cushing syndrome
[Caused by the action of cortisol] |
|
Endocrine related: Most commonly caused by iatrogenic corticosteroid therapy
|
Cushing syndrome
|
|
Endocrine related: Marked increase in free water points to this disorder
|
Diabetes insipidus
[Caused by lack of ADH] |
|
Increased hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) usually indicates this condition
|
Diabetes mellitus
[HbA1c=serum marker for nonenzymatic glycosylation of proteins] |
|
Endocrine related loss of pain in extremities points to this condition
|
Diabetic neuropathy
|
|
Endocrine related retinal microaneurysms and cotton-wool spots are associated with this condition
|
Diabetic retinopathy
|
|
Endocrine related: A female presenting with staring gaze and exophthalmos points to this condition
|
Graves' disease
[Characterized by anti-TSH receptor antibodies in serum] |
|
Most common cause of hypothyroidism in iodine sufficient areas
|
Hashimoto thyroiditis
[Histologically characterized by dense lymphocytic infiltrate and germinal centers in the thyroid] |
|
Hypoglycemia and CNS impairment, which are reversed upon glucose administration, and increased serum C-peptide indicate this endocrine condition
|
Insulinoma
[Patients surreptitiously administering insulin do not have increased C-peptide levels in serum] |
|
Endocrine related: General apathy, cold intolerance, obesity, and constipation point to this condition
|
Myxedema
(hypothyroidism) |
|
Most common thyroid carcinoma associated with exposure to ionizing radiation
|
Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid
[Histologically characterized by papillae lined by "Orphan Annie" nuclei or empty-looking nuclei] |
|
Endocrine related: Paroxysmal hypertension, tachycardia, sweating, tremor, and byperglycemia point to this condition
|
Pheochromocytoma
|
|
Endocrine related: Causes compression of the optic chiasm resulting in bitemporal hemianopsia
|
Pituitary adenoma
[Often visualized as radiographic enlargement of the sella turcica] |
|
Endocrine related: Symptoms of this condition include hypotension, hyperpigmentation, and decreased heart rate
|
Primary adrenal cortical insufficiency
(Addison's disease) |
|
Salt-retaining hypertension, hypernatremia, hypokalemic alkalosis, and decreased plasma renin are symptoms of this endocrine-related condition
|
Primary hyperaldosteronism
[As opposed to increased plasma renin in secondary hyperaldosteronism] |
|
Osteitis fibrosis cystica characterize this endocrine disorder
|
Primary hyperparathyroidism
[Cysts, fibrinous accumulation, and focal hemorrhage in bone; also called brown tumor of bone] |
|
A premenopausal woman who presents with amenorrhea, galactorrhea, loss of libido, and infertility may have this disorder
|
Prolactinoma
[Most common hyperfunctioning pituitary adenoma] |
|
Most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism
|
Renal failure
|
|
Endocrine related: Symptoms include periportal hypotension resulting in necrosis and destruction of the anterior pituitary
|
Sheehan syndrome
|
|
Excessive resorption of free water with hyponatremia and cerebral edema, but no peripheral edema are symptoms of this endocrine disorder
|
SIADH
(Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone) |
|
Tremor, tachycardia, heat intolerance, and increase in appetite with decrease in weight characterize this endocrine condition
|
Thyrotoxicosis
(hyperthyroidism) [Most commonly caused by Graves' disease] |
|
Hypergastrinemia, hyperchlorhydria, and recurrent peptic ulcer disease are symptoms of this endocrine-related disorder
|
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
|
|
This is a skin marker of visceral malignancy
|
Acanthosis nigricans
[Thickened and hyperpigmented areas commonly found in flexural areas] |
|
Pearly papules with superficial telangiectases characterize this skin condition
|
Basal cell carcinoma
[Almost never metastasizes] |
|
This is a type IV hypersensitivity reaction in the skin
|
Contact dermatitis
[Primarily T cell- and macrophage-mediated immunity] |
|
Extremely pruritic vesicular lesions associated with celiac disease are manifestations of this skin disorder
|
Dermatitis herpetiformis
[May respond to a gluten-free diet] |
|
Abnormal proliferation of connective tissue of skin scars that results in large raised tumor-like lesions characterize this skin condition
|
Keloid
[More common in African Americans] |
|
A blue-black papule with irregular borders are characteristic of this skin disorder
|
Malignant melanoma
[Depth of invasion correlates with prognosis] |
|
This is a tumor arising from actinic keratosis
|
Squamous cell carcinoma
|
|
Antimelanocyte antibodies associated with cell loss in discrete areas of the skin are part of this disorder
|
Vitiligo
[Often associated with other autoimmune diseases like pernicious anemia] |
|
Yellowish tumor-like nodules composed of focal dermal collections of lipid-laden macrophages are part of this skin disorder
|
Xanthoma
|
|
This is the major genetic cause of dwarfism
|
Achondroplasia
[Most cases are due to new mutations, although may also be autosomal dominant] |
|
HLA-B27 is the marker associated with this autoimmune disorder
|
Ankylosing spondylitis
[Fusion of vertebrae as articular cartilage is destroyed] |
|
A young boy presenting with clumsiness and difficulty walking with pseudohypertrophy of calf muscles is most likely this musculoskeletal disorder
|
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
[X-linked; due to dystrophin deficiency; increased serum creatinine kinase] |
|
Small, round, blue, cell tumor of bone in children are findings of this musculoskeletal disorder
|
Ewing sarcoma
[Reactive periosteal bone layers form an "onion-skin" appearance] |
|
Arthritis associated with monosodium urate crystals in metatarsophalangeal joints (podagra) characterize this disorder
|
Gout
[Crystal deposits from tophi] |
|
Tumor-like formations in bone with café au lait spots and precocious puberty are part of this musculoskeletal disorder
|
McCune-Albright syndrome
[Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia with endocrine dysfunction] |
|
This musculoskeletal condition dramatically improves with anticholinesterase drugs
|
Myasthenia gravis
[Disease caused by antiacetylcholine receptor antibodies] |
|
This is known as wear-and-tear arthritis
|
Osteoarthritis
[Eburnation ("polished-ivory" appearance) is caused by erosion of cartilage and articular bone surfaces] |
|
Blue sclerae and multiple childhood fractures are a part of this musculoskeletal disease
|
Osteogenesis imperfecta
[Blue sclerae caused by a decrease in collagen content making them translucent] |
|
Kyphosis and lordosis in a postmenopausal female characterize this disease
|
Osteoporosis
[Age-related changes and estrogen deficiency increase bone loss] |
|
Most common primary malignancy of bone, frequently occuring in the knee of a male under 20 years old
|
Osteosarcoma
[May see Codman triangle on x-ray as tumor lifts the periosteum; often associates with familial retinoblastoma] |
|
Headache, enlargement of the head, visual disturbances, and deafness are symptoms of this musculoskeletal disorder
|
Paget's disease of the bone
(osteitis deformans) [Histologically characterized as a mosaic pattern of bone with irregular cement lines] |
|
This musculoskeletal condition causes ulnar deviation of the fingers
|
Rheumatoid arthritis
[May also find swan-neck deformity] |
|
Patients present with morning stiffness with symmetric involvement of the proximal interphalangeal joints in this musculoskeletal disorder
|
Rheumatoid arthritis
[Majority have rheumatoid factor, an autoantibody directed against the Fc region of IgG, in their serum] |
|
Meningitis with increased mononuclear cells, normal or increased protein, and normal glucose in CSF are part of this CNS condition
|
Acute aseptic (viral) meningitis
|
|
Neurofibrillary tangles and senile β-amyloid plaques in elderly patients characterize this CNS disorder
|
Alzheimer disease
[Associated with mutations on chromosomes 21, 19, 14, and 1] |
|
Common neurodegenerative diseases with dementia include these
|
Alzheimer disease,
Huntington disease, and Pick disease |
|
Degeneration of the upper and lower motor neurons of the lateral and ventral corticospinal tracts are characteristic of this CNS disorder
|
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
[May be associated with mutations of superoxide dismutase] |
|
Most common cause of cerebral embolic infarcts
|
Cerebral atherosclerosis
[Most common location is the middle cerebral artery] |
|
Changes in memory and behavior followed by rapid dementia with startle myoclonus characterize this CNS condition
|
Creutzfeld-Jakob disease
[Histologically characterized by spongiform change; transmission via prion protein] |
|
Rupture of the middle meningeal artery because of a skull fracture produces this
|
Epidural hematoma
[Can be rapidly fatal] |
|
Most common primary intracranial neoplasm
|
Glioblastoma multiforme
[As opposed to the most common intracranial neoplasm overall which is metastasis to the brain] |
|
Pseudopalisading arrangement of malignant nuclei are part of this CNS disorder
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Glioblastoma multiforme
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Patients present with involuntary jerky movements or writhing of the extremities in this CNS disorder
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Huntington's disease
[Autosomal dominant disease associated with trinucleotide repeat expansions] |
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Atrophy of the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus are a part of this CNS disorder
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Huntington's disease
[Caudate atrophy leads to "bat wing" lateral ventricles] |
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Most common cause of primary brain parenchymal hemorrhage
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Hypertension
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One of the most common intracranial tumors in children
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Medulloblastoma
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This tumor pushes on (rather than infiltrates) adjacent parenchyma in the CNS
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Meningioma
[Slow growing and often surgically resectable] |
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This CNS disorder features the Charcot triad: nystagmus, intention tremor, and scanning speech
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Multiple sclerosis
[In a gross specimen, glassy, dirty tan periventricular plaques indicate demyelination in white matter] |
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This CNS condition is associated with folate deficiency during the initial weeks of gestation
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Neural tube defects
[α-fetoprotein level is elevated in maternal serum] |
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Multiple neurofibromas on the skin, café au lait spots, and Lisch nodules (pigmented hamartomas) on the iris define this CNS condition
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Neurofibromatosis (Type 1)
(von Recklinghausen disease) [Autosomal dominant mutation in the NF-1 gene] |
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Rigid, expressionless face and a pill-rolling tremor are symptoms of this CNS disorder
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Parkinson's disease
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Atrophy and gross depigmentation of the dopamine-producing cells of the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus characterize this CNS condition
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Parkinson's disease
[Histologically characterized by Lewy bodies which are intracytoplasmic, eosinophilic inclusionns within neurons] |
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On spinal tap examination, numerous leukocytes, decreased glucose and increased protein are seen in this CNS disorder
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Pyogenic (bacterial) meningitis
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Most common cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage
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Rupture of a berry aneurysm
[Most common location of berry aneurysms is in the Circle of Willis] |
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Intracranial tumor presenting with tinnitus and hearing loss is part of this CNS condition
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Schwannoma
(acoustic neuroma) [Involves CN VII and VIII at the cerebellopontine angle] |
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With this CNS condition, patients present with the "worst headache of my life," vomiting, loss of consciousness, and blood in the CSF
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Subarachnoid hemorrhage
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Intracranial hemorrhage due to disruption of the bridging veins causes this
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Subdural hematoma
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Loss of pain and temperature sensation in the upper extremities are part of this CNS disorder
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Syringomyelia
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Weakness, paresthesia, and "pins-and-needles" feeling occur with this nutritive disorder
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Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency
[Affects the lateral and posterior columns] |
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Hemorrhage into the mammillary bodies and dorsal medial gray matter around the cerebral aqueducts characterize this CNS disorder
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Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
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Confusion, paralysis of the lateral rectus, and ataxia with memory loss and confabulation are symptoms of this CNS condition
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Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
[Caused by thiamine deficiency, typically in alcoholics] |