Brown Algae

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Phaeophyta color

Back 1

brown algae (chlorophyll a & c

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phaeophyta storage product

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laminaran and mannitol
stored outside the chloroplast

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Phaeophyta, which cells are flagellate

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reproductive cells
mostly 2 unequal flagella

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Phaeophyta, orders?

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order ectocarpales
order laminariales
order fucales

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Ectocarpales (Phaeophyta) life history?

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sporic meiosis with isomorphic alternation of generations

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Order Laminariales (Phaeophyta) life history?

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Sporic Meiosis with hetermorphic alternation of generations

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Order Fucales (Phaeophyta) life history?

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Gametic meiosis

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Characteristic Reproductive structures on Phaeophyta (ectocarples and laminariales)?

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Unilocular and plurolocular sporangia/gametangia

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unilocular sporangia

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site of meiosis

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plurolocular gametaniga/sporangia

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produce gametes or spores by mitosis

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phaeophyta habitat

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fresh/marine aquatic systems

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oomycota known as

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water molds

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Oomycota assimilative phase

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unicellular or 2N branched coencytic mycelium (cellulose walls)

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Main zygote of Oomycete

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zoospore (both sexually and asexually) (oospores formed only during sexual reproduction)

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Oomycota flagellated phases?

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zoospores biflagellate (one tinsel type and one whiplash type)
NO MOTILE GAMETES

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oospore asexual reproduction by:

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zoospores

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oospore sexual reproduction by:

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gametangial contact

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oospore meiosis within:

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oogonia and antheridia

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oospore habitat:

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aquatic/ soil-inhabiting or parasitic on plants

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Bacillariophyta known as:

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Diatoms

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Bacillariophyta color:

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golden brown
(chlorophyll a, b-carotene, c)

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bacillariophyta flagellated phases:

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male gametes with a single flagellum (centric diatoms only)

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Bacillariophyta unique characteristic:

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cell wall consists of overlapping halves of silica

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Bacillariophyta morphologies:

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centric vs. pennate
(unicellular)

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Cyanobacteria Asexual Reproduction:

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reproduction largely asexual, by cell division

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Bacillariophyta Sexual reproduction:

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gametic meiosis

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Bacillariophyta habitat:

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aquatic (fresh and marine)

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Rhodphyta color:

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red, pink, purple, black, blue-green, red-brown
chlorophyll A only

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Rhodphyta storage product:

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floridean starch (stored outside the chloroplast)

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Rhodphyta flagellated stages:

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NONE

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Rhodphyta Cell wall:

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cellulose with associated polysaccharides (agar, carageenan)

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Rhodophyta thalli:

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both parenchymatous and psuedoparanchymatous

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Rhodophyta Reproduction:

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oogamous sexual reproduction

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Rhodophyta life history:

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sporic life history

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Rhodophyta reproductive characteristics:

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Tetrasporangia (site of meiosis)
spermatangia (produces male gametes, sperm)
carpogonium (produces female gametes, eggs)
carpospores: diplod spores resulting form the division of the zygote

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Rhodophyta unique characteristic:

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pit connections

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Rhodophyta habitat

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Marine aquatic

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Chlorophyta Color:

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Green
chlorophyll A and B; carotenes

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Chlorophyta storage product

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starch (stored in chloroplast)
reacts with IKI to turn blue-black color)

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Chlorophyta flagellated phases:

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Vegetative/Reproductive forms
with 2 or 4 equal flagellum

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Chlorophyta thalli:

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Parenchymatous

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Asexual reproduction:

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Many types: isogamous, anisogamous, oogamous

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isogamous

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gametes of similar morphology

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anisogamous

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two morphologically different gametes

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oogamous

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female gamete is much larger than male gamete and is non-motile

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Rhodophyta unique characteristic:

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pit connections

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Rhodophyta habitat

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Marine aquatic

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Chlorophyta Color:

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Green
chlorophyll A and B; carotenes

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Chlorophyta storage product

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starch (stored in chloroplast)
reacts with IKI to turn blue-black color)

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Chlorophyta flagellated phases:

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Vegetative/Reproductive forms
with 2 or 4 equal flagellum

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Chlorophyta thalli:

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Parenchymatous

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Chlorophyta Asexual reproduction:
Chlorohyta life history:

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Many types: isogamous, anisogamous, oogamous
sporic
gametic
zygotic

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isogamous

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gametes of similar morphology

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anisogamous

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two morphologically different gametes

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oogamous

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female gamete is much larger than male gamete and is non-motile

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Chlorophyta habitat:

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aquatic: marine and freshwater
and terrestrial

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Cyanobacteria:

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prokaryotic

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Cyanobacteria color:

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blue-green, red, black, purple, olive
chlorophyll a

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Cyanobacteria flagellated phases

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NONE

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Cyanobacteria Unique characteristics:

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Heterocysts: site of nitrogen fixation
Akinetes: resting spores

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Cyanobacteria reproduction:

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asexual means only (binary fission or hormogonia

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Cyanobacteria habitat:

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aquatic: freshwater, marine
terrestrial: damp

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Hepatophyta Gametophyte Protema:

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reduced

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Hepatophyta Gametophyte Rhizoids

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without crosswalls, unbranched, often smooth
marchantiales: may be pegged

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Hepatophyta Gametophyte Gametophore:

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Unistratose, no costae (midrib), leaves lobed, isodiametric cells
Marchantiales: Thallus
Jungermanniales: leafy (in rows of 2 or 3)

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Hepatophyga Gametophyte Paraphyses:

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absent

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hepatophyta gametophyte oil bodies:

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complex oil bodies

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hepatophyta sporophyte stomata

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NONE

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hepatophyta sporophyte operculum

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NONE
sporangium opens by 4 longitudinal slits (have elaters)

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hepatophyta sporophyte columella

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ABSENT

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hepatohpyta sporophyte seta

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ephemeral, not wiry, rarely photosynthetic

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hepatophyta sporophyte calyptra

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remains at base of seta, capsule pushes through it

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hepatophyta sporophyte spores

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spores all shed simultaneously

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bryophyte gametophyte protonema

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usually filamentous, branched with oblique (slanted) cross walls (in part with chlorophyll)

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bryophyte gametophyte rhizoids

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multicellular, brown or clear, oblique cross walls

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bryophyta gametophyte leaves

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radially arranged (more than 3 rows)
one cell in thickness except for costa (one present, several or absent)
cells of leaf elongate (generally)

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bryophyta gametophyte paraphyses

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sterile filaments intermixed with archegonia and antheridia

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bryophyta gametophyte oil bodies

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simple oil bodies (not visible)

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bryophta gametophyte form

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lateral leaves and hinge cells

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bryophyta sporophyte stomata

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sporangium jacket

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bryophyta sporophyte operculum

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sporangium opens when the lid falls off (in some species exposing peristome teeth)

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bryophyta sporophyta seta

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wiry, persistant and photosynthetic during growth of sporangium
supported by sterids
cutinized epidermis

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bryophyta sporophyte calyptra

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torn loose during elongation of seta and covers the tip of the sporangium as it develops

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bryophyta sporophyte spores

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spores shed over extended periods