British People, Events, Vocab And Locations

Front 1

Alfred the Great

Back 1

871-899 Saxon king of Wessex, Turned the tide against the Vikings, Learned man, encouraged writing, gave books as gifts to his Barons.

Front 2

Anne

Back 2

1702-1714 Stewart Last queen of the line, daughter of James II, Sister to Mary II, Acts of Union 1707,

Front 3

Bishop William Morgan

Back 3

1588 Translated the Bible into Welsh at the request of Elizabeth I

Front 4

Boudicca

Back 4

60, Lost kingdom after death of Husband burned Camalodunum and London. Defeated several Roman legions before defeat. Poisoned herself before capture.

Front 5

Canute or Cnut the Great

Back 5

1016-1035 Dane, King of Denmark, Norway and England. Crowned in Rome by the Pope.

Front 6

Charles I

Back 6

1625-1649 Stewart King following James I. Believed in his divine appointment and struggled with Parliament, they won, he lost his head in the banqueting house.

Front 7

Charles II

Back 7

1660-1665 Stewart King invited back after the interregnum by Parliament, the Restoration.

Front 8

Claudius

Back 8

41-54, Conqueror of Britain, disabled physically, mentally very shrewd, crowned in Britain with Elephants in tow, in Camelodunium.

Front 9

Constantine I 

Back 9

306-337, Son of the Roman Emp, who died in York, Declared and crowned Emp in York, Accepted Christianity as state religion.

Front 10

Dafydd ap Gwilym

Back 10

1315-1350 Welsh Poet, transition from tribute poetry to emotive poetry

Front 11

Dafydd ap Llywelyn

Back 11

1240-1246 1st Prince of all Wales, Son of Llewellyn the Great and Joan , quarreled with H III about the Welsh kingdom, half brother of Gruffydd Llyw. Older son by another mother. Gruffydd was taken hostage by H III and died attempting an escape from the Tower.

Front 12

Edgar the Atheling

Back 12

1066 15 Oct- 10 Dec, Saxon Kg following Harold, he fled north and harassed Wm I, thus beginning the Harrying of the North, 150,000 killed and Wm killed and burned everything he could.

Front 13

Edmund Ironside

Back 13

1016 April-Nov Saxon, fended off Cnut until his death, then Cnut took England

Front 14

Edward I

Back 14

1272-1307 Plantagenet, Son of H III captured by Simon De., then he escapes and kills Simone De. Conquers Welsh, Hammer to the Scots. Love battle. Father to the first Norman "Prince of Wales"

Front 15

Edward II

Back 15

1307-1327 Plantagenet Does not hold that which his father gave him. Preferred Piers Gaveston over wife, wife and lover capture and kill him at Berkeley Castle. Buried at Gloucester Cathedral by son.

Front 16

Edward III

Back 16

1327-1377 Plantagenet Long Successful reign, Black Death, crowned at 14, Father of "The Black Prince of Wales," begins the 100 years war.

Front 17

Edward IV

Back 17

1461-70 1471-83 Plantagenet (York), Back and Forth with Henry VI as King, Oversaw the destruction of the House of Lancaster.

Front 18

Edward the Elder

Back 18

899-924 Saxon son of Alfred, increased the kingdom of Wessex

Front 19

Edward V

Back 19

1483 Apr- June Plant/York, King for two months, off to the tower, killed by Richard with his little brother. Possibly killed by Henry 7 after 1485.

Front 20

Edward VI

Back 20

1547-1553 Tudor, Governed by a Regency Council, Raised as a Protestant, Tutored by Cambridge radicals. Changes the church to be much more protestant. Son of Jane Seymour and H 8. Crowned at nine never rules in his own right.

Front 21

Edward VII

Back 21

1901-1910 Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Son of Victoria, period named after him.

Front 22

Edward VIII

Back 22

1936 Windsor, Ruled for 1 year, abdicated for Wallis Simpson, yes there were 200 post pillars.

Front 23

Elizabeth I

Back 23

1558-1603 Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn.

Front 24

Elizabeth II

Back 24

1952-2010 Windsor, current queen

Front 25

Ethelred the Unready

Back 25

978-1016 Saxon, lost the kingdom to the Vikings, then regained it after Sweyn

Front 26

George I

Back 26

1714-1727 1st Hanover, Born in Saxony, closer catholic relatives skipped to find a protestant, Catholic coups attempted. Died on a trip to Hanover. Parliament gains in power.

Front 27

George II

Back 27

1727-1760 Hanover, Born in Hanover, led army to battle, allow a shift of power to the Parliament

Front 28

George III

Back 28

1760-1820 Hanover, First H of H to speak English, Lost America and his mind, fought against Napoleon and won in 1815

Front 29

George IV

Back 29

1820-1830 Hanover Son of Geo III, style maker, creator of National gallery,

Front 30

George V

Back 30

1910-1936 Changed Saxe-Coburg-Gotha to Windsor, avid stamp collector, WWI was awkward,

Front 31

George VI

Back 31

1936-1952 Windsor, Father of QE II

Front 32

Gerald of Wales

Back 32

Historian documenting Medieval Wales, (c. 1146 – c. 1223)

Front 33

Gruffydd ap Llywelyn,

Back 33

1055-1063 great-great-grandson to Hywel Dda, ruler of all Wales,

Front 34

Hadrian

Back 34

117-138, Decided to protect the empire rather than expand it, built eponymous wall to separate Rome from Scots and Picts.

Front 35

Harold Godwinson

Back 35

1066 Jan-Oct Last Saxon King, Defeats Viking claim at Stamford, Loses to Norman claim at Hastings.

Front 36

Harold Hardraada

Back 36

Leader of the Norse troops who attacked Harold Godwinson at Stamford Bridge near York, just before William attacked at Hastings.

Front 37

Harold Harefoot

Back 37

1035-1040 Dane 50 unable to extract column 2 from: , Son of Cnut, king of England, Denmark, Norway

Front 38

Harthacanute

Back 38

1040-1042 Dane 53 unable to extract column 2 from: , No children, half brother to Edward the Confessor.

Front 39

Henry I (Beauclerc)

Back 39

1100-1135 Norman Son of Wm I, 3rd son, given no land, but ends up with all. Kills Robert eldest Brother

Front 40

Henry II

Back 40

1154-1189 Plantagenet, Son to Mathilda, marries Eleanor of Aquitaine, Sons Richard and John are both Kings.

Front 41

Henry III

Back 41

1216-1272 Plantagenet, Son of John, Wm Marshall as regent. Begat Ed I, Captured by Simone De Montfort.

Front 42

Henry IV (Bolingbroke)

Back 42

1399-1413 Plantagenet (Lancaster) Son of John of Gaunt, G-son of Ed III, Fought Percy, Mortimer, and Glyn Dwr, and won

Front 43

Henry V

Back 43

1413-1422 Plantagenet (Lancaster) Born in Monmouth, Grew up wild, Fought well against Welsh and English rebels. Agincourt victor, Married Catherine of Valois (Who later helped start the Tudors)

Front 44

Henry VI

Back 44

1422-1461 and again in 1470-71 Plant Lanc, Pious man not a good king, kinda crazy, Kingdoms rules by Regents. War of the Roses begins.

Front 45

Henry VII

Back 45

1485-1509 Tudor, last ranking Lancastrian, lived in exile in Brittany, Battle Rich III at Bosworth, Wins with Welsh support. First Tudor

Front 46

Henry VII

Back 46

First of the Tudors, Grandson of Owen Tudor and Catherine of Valois H-V's widow, killed Richard @ Bosworth

Front 47

Henry VIII

Back 47

1509-1547 Tudor , first head of the C of E, Dissolution of the Monasteries, Act of union 1536, Wives include Catherine, Anne, Jane, Anne, Katharine, Catherine. Power consolidation in land, wealth and church.

Front 48

Horsa and Hengist

Back 48

450, Early Jutes who swapped military service and Rowena for Kent (the county of)

Front 49

Hywel Dda (Hywel the Good)

Back 49

905-909 King of Deheubarth, grandson of Rhodri Mawr, complied the Laws of Wales, minted coins, close with Athelstan of Wessex

Front 50

James I

Back 50

1603-1625 First of the Stewarts of England, 6th of this name in Scotland, Son of Mary Queen of Scots, Great-Grandson of Margaret, who was sister to H VII

Front 51

James II

Back 51

1685-1688 Stewart, last of that house, he was catholic and his too catholic son caused the Glorious Revolution bringing William and Mary to power,

Front 52

John

Back 52

1199-1216 Plantagenet, fifth son of H II, Signs and rejects Magna Carta, loses Crown Jewels in the Wash, Son of Henry II, Nemesis of Robin Hood.

Front 53

King Arthur

Back 53

450-550, mythical figure who rallied the British against the Saxons et al

Front 54

Llywelyn ap Gruffydd (Llywelyn the Last)

Back 54

1246-1282 fights with Edward I over Gwynedd, Ed wins and builds huge castles, Last King of Welsh.

Front 55

Llywelyn Fawr ap Iorwerth
(Llywelyn the Great)

Back 55

1195-1240 Ruled Wales for 40 years, Married King John's Daughter Joan, Allied with barons in 1215 Magna Charta

Front 56

Louis of England

Back 56

1216 One year, invited by Barons to be King of England, then kicked out by Barons at the end of the year, follows John, followed by Henry III

Front 57

Magnus Maximus

Back 57

383-388, Roman in charge of the Welsh, departed to take a Roman Empire on the continent, celebrated by Dafydd Iwan in "Yma O Hyd."

Front 58

Mary I

Back 58

1553-1558 Tudor, very Catholic, burns and beheads Protestants, Thomas Cramner burned in Oxford, for his role in Henry VIII divorce from Catherine.

Front 59

Mathilda

Back 59

1141 Norman Daughter to Henry I fights with Stephen for crown, her son is made king, H II

Front 60

Nero

Back 60

54-68, Roman Emp, wanted to crush Celtic tribal semi autonomy, lead to Boudicca's rebellion.

Front 61

Offa

Back 61

760 King of Mercia, builder of the dike, Most powerful king before Alfred.

Front 62

Oliver Cromwell

Back 62

1653-1658 took control of England after the decapitation of Charles I, Interregnum (between the Kings)

Front 64

Owain Glyndwr

Back 64

1400-1410 Rebels with Mortimer and Percy against Henry IV.
Rules Wales for 10 years. Never killed or captured.
His Banner is a symbol of Welsh Nationalists.

Front 65

Rhodri Mawr

Back 65

872-878 King of Gwynedd, fought the Vikings, took over most of Wales

Front 66

Richard Cromwell

Back 66

1658-1659 Oliver Crowell's son, attempt at setting up a new line of leadership, tumble down Dick, didn't last long.

Front 67

Richard I

Back 67

1189-1199 Plantagenet 88 unable to extract column 2 from: Spends but a little time in England, Crusades, ransomed at high price by John, killed in Germany.

Front 68

Richard II

Back 68

1377-1399 Plantagenet, Son of the Black Prince of Wales, Crowned at 10, Presents revolt w/ Tyler Wat, Lords Appellant, disinherits John of Gaunts son Henry (IV), who later kills him and take the crown.

Front 69

Richard III

Back 69

1483-1485 Plant/York Ed 4 younger brother, Killed at Bosworth by Henry (VII), last of three English Kings killed in battle (Post Wm I)

Front 70

Saint David

Back 70

5th Century Saint, vegan, water drinker, hard worker, founder of monasteries

Front 71

St. Edward the Confessor

Back 71

1042-1066 Saxon King, Marries a Godwinson and dies childless, perhaps on purpose.

Front 72

Stephen

Back 72

1135-1154 Norman King, Grandson of Wm I, cousin of Mathilda, civil war with her, Stephen wins, but has no children. Mathida's son Henry takes the throne.

Front 73

Sweyn Forkbeard

Back 73

1013-1014 Dane, founder of Swansea (or Sweyn's Eye), Father of Cnut the Great, first Danish King of England.

Front 74

Victoria

Back 74

1837-1901 Hanover Grandmother of Royal Europe, 9 children, 42 grandchildren all well married. 63 years as queen.

Front 75

Vortigern / Gwythern

Back 75

450 King of Britain following the Romans who invited the Saxons et al to be mercenaries for the Native Britain's against the Picts, Scots Irish…

Front 76

William I

Back 76

1066-1087 Norman 100 unable to extract column 2 from: known as conqueror, Duke of Normandy

Front 77

William II (Rufus)

Back 77

1087-1100 Norman, second son of Wm I, younger brother of the new duke of Normandy Robert (Who died in Cardiff Castle) Wm II died in New Forest in a hunting "accident"

Front 78

William III and Mary II

Back 78

1689-1702 King and Queen of England, House of Orange, unseated Stewarts because English would not have another Catholic. Followed by the Georges from the house of Hanover.

Front 79

William IV

Back 79

1830-1837 Hanover, Uncle to Q Victoria, younger brother to the former king, last of the H Kings, Loads of illegitimate children, none to inherit

Front 80

William Williams, Pantycelyn

Back 80

Welsh Hymn writer, Guide me, O Thou Great Jehovah, usually sung to John Hughes' Cwm Rhondda

Front 81

Stonehenge, Henge or ditch

Back 81

3100 bc

Front 82

Grooved Ware Pottry

Back 82

4000 bc

Front 83

Beaker Pottery

Back 83

2400 – 1800 BC

Front 84

Scara Brae Village

Back 84

3180 BC–2500 BC

Front 85

Tinkinswood Quoit

Back 85

4000 bc

Front 86

Tin and Copper combined for new metal

Back 86

Bronze age 3300-1200

Front 87

Bryn Celli Ddu, Henge and stone circle

Back 87

Neolithic period

Front 88

Bryn Celli Ddu, Burial Mound and chamber

Back 88

Bronze age

Front 89

Stonehenge Sarsen stone

Back 89

2600-2400 BC

Front 90

Blue Stone Circles, final arraignment of this stone ring brought in from Wales.

Back 90

1900 BC

Front 91

Uffington White Horse

Back 91

1400-600 BC Bronze Age

Front 92

Immigration of Celts to Britain

Back 92

6th century BC beginning of the Iron Age

Front 93

Carn Euny

Back 93

200 bc Iron Age

Front 94

British Camp

Back 94

2nd century, Iron age with a bit of a Norman Castle, and a site for the early LDS church leaders meeting.

Front 95

Ceasar's Gaulic Wars

Back 95

History of Cesar's wars against the celts of France (Gaul) and Britain (Book V) 1 century.

Front 96

Legion forts of Caerleon, Chester and York.

Back 96

75-300 ad

Front 97

Hadrian's Wall

Back 97

122 AD

Front 98

Bath, Thermae, balneae, balineae, balneum and balineum

Back 98

70-370 AD

Front 99

Claudius

Back 99

43 AD Romans invade Britain with huge force, Claudius accepts gift from Celtic Kings at Camulodunum (modern Colchester). He came with an entourage of Elephants.

Front 100

Vortigern
Welsh: Gwrtheyrn;
Old English: Wyrtgeorn

Back 100

5th-century warlord in Britain, a leading ruler among the Britons

Front 101

Horsa and Hengist

Back 101

Hengist and Horsa arrived in Britain as mercenaries serving Vortigern, King of the Britons.

Front 102

Constantine

Back 102

306 Crowned Emperor in York. Later converted to Christianity and converted the Empire.

Front 103

St David and St Patrick

Back 103

500-589 AD and 387–493 AD Both of Welsh origin, spreading Christianity.

Front 104

Taliesin and Aneirin

Back 104

5th century British poets

Front 105

Venerable Bede

Back 105

author and scholar, "The Father of English History". most famous work, Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (The Ecclesiastical History of the English People)

Front 106

Beowulf creation

Back 106

Created orally 600 AD

Front 107

Offa's Dyke

Back 107

8th Century created by Offa King of Mercia.

Front 108

King Arthur

Back 108

Mythical King of the Britons, brought the Celts together to battle the Anglo-Saxons.

Front 109

Rhodri Mawr

Back 109

820 – 878 was King of Gwynedd from 844. United most of Wales and fought against the Vikings, more successfully than the English.

Front 110

Old Sarum

Back 110

Iron age hill fort, used by the Romans, becoming the town of Sorviodunum. Saxons stronghold against Vikings.
Normans built a stone curtain wall. Doomsday book given to William the Conqueror, here.

Front 111

Alfred the Great

Back 111

849 – 899, King of Wessex 871- 899. Pushed the Vikings back from deep in the southwest to the Danelaw. Created England, the first king of the English.

Front 112

Hywel Dda

Back 112

880 – 950, compiled Welsh laws, controlled most of Wales.

Front 113

William the Conqueror

Back 113

1066 Took England. Began the European connection which would last until 1558

Front 114

Thomas Beckett

Back 114

1118 - 1170 Archbishop of Canterbury conflict with Henry II of England led to his murder in Canterbury Cathedral.

Front 115

Thomas Woolsey
Thomas More
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cramner

Back 115

Chancellor and Cardinal under H VIII Chancellor after Woolsey
Chancellor after More
Archbishop of Canterbury,
Burned by Mary

Front 116

Mabinogion or Mabinogi

Back 116

Early Welsh Mythology recorded in the White Book of Rhydderch 1375
Red Book of Hergest 1400
dates of first writing about 1100

Front 117

Magna Carta

Back 117

1215 Signed by King John, force by Barrons at Runnymede.

Front 118

Provisions of Oxford

Back 118

1258 Signed by Henry III forwarded by Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, the most English Frenchman ever, married the kings sister. Then killed in battle by the Prince.

Front 119

Black Death

Back 119

1348 and for many years thereafter, killing 50% or more of the population, and continuing off and on until 1665

Front 120

Murderholes

Back 120

The Missiles dropped from 'Murder Holes' included heavy stones, hot sand, molten lead, boiling water and boiling tar or pitch. Also any rotting materials such as dung or dead bodies.

Front 121

Portcullis

Back 121

The Portcullis was a heavy grilled door that was suspended from the Barbican or gatehouse. ceiling.Meaning of the word 'Portcullis' derives from the Old French words 'porte coleice' meaning sliding door.

Front 122

Machicolations

Back 122

The Machicolations are projecting parapets or platforms situated at the top of a castle wall.

Front 123

Merlon

Back 123

The high segment of the alternating high and low battlement

Front 124

Moat

Back 124

a deep trench dug around the castle to prevent access from the surrounding land, could be either dry or filled with water

Front 125

Mortar

Back 125

A mixture of sand, water, and lime used to bind stones together permanently

Front 126

Outer Curtain

Back 126

The wall that encloses the outer ward

Front 127

Outer Ward

Back 127

The area around the outside of and adjacent to the inner curtain

Front 128

Palisade

Back 128

A sturdy wooden fence usually built to enclose a site until a permanent stone wall can be constructed

Front 129

Portcullis

Back 129

A heavy timber grille that could be raised or lowered between the towers of each gatehouse to open or close the passage

Front 130

Postern Gate

Back 130

a side or less important gate into the castle

Front 131

Putlog Hole

Back 131

a hole intentionally left in the surface of a wall for the insertion of a horizontal pole

Front 132

Rubble

Back 132

a random mixture of rocks and mortar

Front 133

Scaffolding

Back 133

The temporary wooden frame work built next to a wall to support both workers and materials

Front 134

Siege

Back 134

The military tactic that involves the surrounding and isolation of a castle town or army by another army until the trapped forces are starved into surrender

Front 135

Steward

Back 135

The man responsible for running the day-to-day affairs of the castle in the absence of the lord

Front 136

Truss

Back 136

One of the timber frames built to support the roof over the great hall

Front 137

Turret

Back 137

A small tower rising above and resting on one of the main towers usually used as a lookout point

Front 138

Wall Walk

Back 138

The area along the tops of the wall from which soldiers defended both castle and town

Front 139

Wattle

Back 139

A mat of woven sticks and weeds

Front 140

Arrow Loop

Back 140

A narrow vertical slit cut into a wall through which arrows could be fired from the inside

Front 141

Battlement

Back 141

A narrow wall built along the outer edge of the wall walk to protect the soldiers against attack.

Front 142

Cesspit

Back 142

the opening in a wall in which the waste from one or more garderobes was collected

Front 143

Corbel

Back 143

A projecting block f stone built into a wall during construction

Front 144

Crenelation

Back 144

Battlement

Front 145

Daub

Back 145

a mud or clay mixture applied over wattle to strengthen and seal it

Front 146

Drawbridge

Back 146

a heavy timber platform built to span a moat between the gatehouse and surrounding land that could be raised when required to block the entrance

Front 147

Dungeon

Back 147

The jail, usually located in a tower

Front 148

Embrasure

Back 148

the low segment of the alternating high and low segments of the battlement

Front 149

Finial

Back 149

a slender vertical piece of stone used to decorate the tops of merlons

Front 150

Foundations

Back 150

the underground construction required to prevent the uneven settlement of a wall when bedrock is too far below the surface.

Front 151

Garderobe

Back 151

a small latrine or toilet either built into the thickness of the wall or projected out of it

Front 152

Gatehouse

Back 152

The complex of towers, bridges, and barriers built to protect each entrance through a castle or town wall

Front 153

Great Hall

Back 153

The building in the inner ward that housed the main meeting and dining area for the castles residents

Front 154

Half-Timber

Back 154

The most common form of medieval construction in which walls were made of a wood frame structure filled with wattle and daub.

Front 155

Hoarding

Back 155

A temporary wooden balcony suspended from the tops of walls and towers before a battle, from which missiles and arrows could be dropped and fired accurately toward the bases of the walls

Front 156

Inner Curtain

Back 156

The high wall that surrounds the inner ward

Front 157

Inner Ward

Back 157

The open area in the center of a castle

Front 158

Aisle

Back 158

The part of a church that runs parallel tot he main areas-- nave, choir and transept-- and is separated from them by an arcade

Front 159

Apse

Back 159

The circular or angular end of a church, usually the east end

Front 160

Buttress

Back 160

The large stone pier that rises across the aisle from the pier and is connected to the pier by a flying buttress

Front 161

Capital

Back 161

The form that supplies the visual transition between the top of a column and whatever the column supports

Front 162

Cathedral

Back 162

A church of any size that contains the Cathedra or bishops chair

Front 163

Choir

Back 163

The section of the church east of the transept that is sometimes raised above the level of the nave. It is called the choir because traditionally this is where the choir stands to sing during the service

Front 164

Clerestory

Back 164

The topmost part of the church building whose windows illuminate the central portion of the interior space

Front 165

Crown

Back 165

The highest part of the arch, where the keystone is located

Front 166

Crypt

Back 166

a lower level, usually below ground, that is used for burial or as a chapel

Front 167

Flying Buttress

Back 167

A stone arch that carries the thrust of the vault to the buttress

Front 168

Gothic architecture

Back 168

1150-1400, architectural style consisting of less stone, more glass, pointed arches and vaults and the feeling of great height

Front 169

Keystone

Back 169

the central locking stone at the top of an arch

Front 170

Lagging

Back 170

temporary wooden planks or frames used to support the courses or layers of webbing stone until the mortar is dry

Front 171

Mortice and tenon

Back 171

A method of fixing one piece of wood to another. A mortice or square hole is cut into one piece of wood while a tenon or projection the same size as the hole is cut on the end of the other piece.

Front 172

Mullion

Back 172

The narrow upright stone pier used to divide the panels of glass in a window

Front 173

Nave

Back 173

The central area of a church where the congregation usually stands

Front 174

Pier

Back 174

The pillar or column that supports an arch

Front 175

Rib

Back 175

The stone arch that supports and strengthens the vault

Front 176

Romanesque Architecture

Back 176

End of Roman-1100 AD, architectural style characterized by round arches and vaults

Front 177

Tracery

Back 177

The decorative carved stonework of a medieval church window

Front 178

Transcept

Back 178

In a Latin cross plan, the section that crosses the Nave, usually separating the nave and the choir

Front 179

Triforium

Back 179

the arcaded story between the nave arcade and the clerestory

Front 180

Tympanum

Back 180

The sculptural area enclosed by the arch above the doors of a cathedral

Front 181

Vault

Back 181

The form of construction, usually of brick or stone that is based on the shape of the arch, used for the most part as a ceiling or roof