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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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When was Churchill's government ? |
1951-55 |
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Why did Churchill think he was re-elected |
He thought it was a belated thank you for his war time efforts |
1939-1945 |
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Was Churchill a useful prime minister? |
He was too old and frail to be more then a figure head |
Age |
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When and why was Churchill out of action? |
1953 - was taken out of action for a few months by a stroke , though no one seemed to notice |
Old age |
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When was the Korean war ended? |
1953 under Churchill's government |
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When was the first atomic bomb tested? |
1952 - under Churchill's government |
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Name 4 key developments from 1951-55 |
Rationing was ended Steel industry denationalised Conservative party committed itself to building 300,000 houses a year Government continued with Keynesian policies Accession of queen Elizabeth II ushered in new Elizabethan age Britain detonated first atomic bomb in 1952 Korean war ended in 1953 |
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When was Butler passed over on becoming prime minister? |
1955, 1957 and 1963 |
3 occasions |
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What major offices did Butler hold and when? |
Chancellor of the exchequer in 1951-55; Home secretary 1957-62; Foreign secretary, 1962-64 |
3 different roles |
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What was Butler an influence in? |
Development of modern conservatism and pushing the party in a progressive direction |
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What did Butler do in 1944 and what did this result in for the conservative party? |
Education act of 1944 when he was minister of education. Indicated his concern for his social issues and became a plank conservatives would adopt in their political platform |
Still a conservative belief to this date |
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What happened in 1945? |
Conservative government suffered a catastrophic defeat |
Not WW2 ending |
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What Butler do to help the party after its defeat in 1945? |
Restored morale during Attlee years. Acted as a leading figure for a group of conservatives who were studying ways to in which they modernise the party policies to counter labour |
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Butler and his colleagues did what in 1947? |
Wrote a paper known as 'industrial charter'. |
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What did the industrial charter outline? |
Brtian should operate a mixed economy, containing private industry and state-directed concerns and I'm which the trade unions would have a legitimate role to play. |
To do with economy, trade unions etc. |
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What did Butler's policies between 1951-55 show? |
Showed he accepted new form of Keynesian economics adopted by the previous labour government. |
What did the previous labour government adopt? |
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What Labour government main aims did Butler adopt? |
1) trying to maintain full employment whilst maintaining economic growth 2) expanding the welfare state 3) keeping to Britain's heavily committed military defence programme 4) developing a nuclear weapons programme |
4 to do with welfare, nuclear weapons, employment an economic growth and military defence |
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Butler acknowledged that the deflationary policies of Labour had what benefits? |
Good short term the cost of goods fell and exports picked up. Also a major uplift in international economy of early 1950's |
PINTWC |
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What was Butler faced with in Churchill's government? |
Huge debts - wartime borrowing and and huge defence spending. |
He was Chancellor of the exchequer |
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What does Butskellism mean? |
Used in 1954 the economist joined Butler and Hugh Gaitskell's names together as the leaders of the labour right and conservative left met in the middle to form a consensus on economy, finance and welfare state. |
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What were the differences between Butler and Gaitskell ? |
Financial matters - Gaitskell favoured high direct taxation and greater government direction while Butler believed in economic control through interest rates |
To do with finance and monetary policy |
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When was Anthony Eden's government? |
1955-57 |
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How many seats did conservatives win in the 1955 election and what percentage of the vote? |
344 - 49.7% - 13,286,569 |
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How many seats did Labour win in the 1955 election and what percentage of the vote? |
277 - 46.4% - 12,404,970 |
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Did the fact Anthony Eden was succeeding Churchill negatively affect him in any way? |
Lived most of his career in Winston Churchill's shadow |
Shadow |
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What did the Tory Press criticise Anthony Eden for ? |
Domestic policies 'lacked the smack of firm government' |
Domestic policies |
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How did Eden plan on silencing critics ? |
He thought he had a talent for foreign affairs - so got involved in the Suez crisis |
Foreign affairs |
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What was Anthony Eden under Churchill's government and dates was he it for? |
Foreign secretary 1940-45 and 1951-55 Minister for war 1940
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Why was Eden's government so short lived? |
The 1956 suez crisis |
1956 |
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When was the Suez affair? |
1956 |
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How did the Suez affair begin? |
Colonel Nasser became president of the new Egyptian republic in 1952. Been promised British and American loans for construction of the Aswan Dam. USA withdrew offers after they found out he had approached Soviet bloc countries for aid. To raise money nationalised the Suez to raise money. Eden with the French began plotting ways to bring him down. |
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What did Eden say about Nasser after his nationalisation of the Suez? |
A man such as Nasser could not be allowed 'to leave his thumb on Britain's windpipe' a reference to oil shipments coming from the middle East to the UK |
To do with oil shipments |
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What non military action did Eden take initially after the nationalisation? |
Arab Nationalists in French Algeria joined Eden in anti Nasser moves. With the Americans and French formed Canal Users' Association. Nasser refused to budge. Referred issue to UN security council. Proved fruitless as Soviet Union used veto to block proposals to have Egypt condemned internationally. |
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What military plans and action did Eden make? |
Plans to attack were finalised in mid October 1956. Israel attacked over Sinai. Once they got to the canal British and French troops would attack from the North canal region. Under pretence of forcing Egypt and Israel to observe a ceasefire. |
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At what date did the Israelis attack the suez and the what about English and French? |
29 October 1956 Israel attacked across the Gaza strip 30 October Anglo-French ultimatum delivered and following day invasion commenced |
October Israel before UK and France |
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What did the UN do after the Suez invasion? |
UN entered an emergency state Americans were infuriated Britain has ignored them condemned all 3. Britain not backed by UN used its veto for first time to defeat UN resolution demanding a ceasefire . |
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What effects did the Suez invasion have for the Soviet union? |
Hungarian uprising in 1956. Russian tanks sent into Budapest. West did not intervene. Eden's invasion made it difficult for the West to adopt the moral high ground. In cold war atmosphere allowed Soviets to seize the initiative. |
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What did USSR threaten Britain with over the Suez crisis? |
1956 the 5th of November USSR threatened to use rockets against Western invaders |
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Why did Eden withdraw from Suez? |
Strength of opposition of British people President Eisenhower and the Americans over not being consulted Failure to gain International backing Condemnation of Britain at the United Nations The reluctance of all but a few Commonwealth countries to support Britain The run on sterling threatened economic collapse with little prospect of the USA of a bailout |
The British people The Americans International backing the United Nations the Commonwealth economy |
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Eden's personal role in Suez? And it's effects on him? |
He was tetchy and short tempered he did not hide his distaste for those who disagreed with him the strain of Suez wore him out because of ill health Eden had to step down as prime minister although if he had been fully fit he could not have carried on |
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What was the Americans standing on Suez as it occurred ? |
Eden short temper with Eisenhower was hardly likely to win American support furthermore the Americans had an election imminent and was simply not prepared to become embroiled in a costly military venture |
Election and annoyance with Eisenhower |
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Of what political significance was the Suez affair for Britain? |
It was the admission that in the post war World Britain could not act alone. It led a number of people in both parties to consider whether Britain should have closer Union with Europe. It was the throw of British imperialism. |
Post WW2 |
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When was Harold Macmillan's government? |
1957-63 |
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What did Harold Macmillan say in his rallying call? And when? |
3 January 1957 -admitted Suez had swollen Britain's debts by £564 million. Told colleagues like the retreat from Mons and Dunkirk it should prove the prelude to strategic victory |
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Why did Wilson respect the working class? |
His service record in the 1914 to 18 War and also his witnessing as MP for Durham constituency the Grim effects of the depression in the northeast of England. |
MP and war |
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What was Harold Macmillan book called and when did he write it? |
He wrote his book in 1938 the middle Way which may be regarded as an early appeal for consensus politics. |
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What issues did Wilson book press? |
He argues for the acceptance of keynesianism and Pressed the case for extending the directions by the state of a broad range of services. |
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What role did Wilson play in the Suez affair and what implications did this have for him? |
He was Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1956 he was not generally associated deeply in government failures at the time |
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What were some of Harold Wilson's foreign policies? |
First prime minister to commit Britain entering Europe Supporter of independence of African colonies |
EU, Africa |
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What did Wilson support Kennedy over? |
1962 Cuban missile crisis |
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What did Harold Wilson famously do to his cabinet in 1962? |
In the 'Night of the Long Knives' dismissed half his cabinet |
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How did Harold Macmillan become the conservative leader? |
Inner circle who took soundings from MP's and workers |
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Why was it important R.A Butler was made home secretary in 1957? |
Butler took liberal approach to legal and social issues. Show that Harold was prepared to modify social attitudes. |
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Example of one of Butler's 1957 reforms? |
1957 homicide act - which ended death penalty for most cases of murder |
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What were the conservative economic policies 1957-64? |
They continued Butler's main lines of policy Operate a mixed economy Follow loose form of Keynesianism |
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What are budget politics? |
Common criticism voiced by both parties when in the opposition was that budgets were too often used as short term measures to win votes. |
To get votes |
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How did Macmillan's government use budget politics for the 1964 election? |
Macmillan's government in 1963 returned to expansionary budget politics taxes and interest rates were lowered. This caused more spending so much that foreign goods had to be imported. By the end of 1964 deficit of over £800,000,000 million. |
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Why did the terms stop-go and stagflation arise? |
Denote the failure of the government to develop policies that encouraged a consistently performing economy. |
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What does stop-go mean? |
When consumption and prices rise to quickly the government increase taxes and interest. When production exports declined the government cut taxes and lower interest making it easier to borrow money. |
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What does stagflation mean? |
Where industry declines and inflation still occurs. |
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During 1951 to 64 how did the UK's GDP growth rate compared to that of Italy Germany and France? |
Much lower at 2.3% (UK) 4.3% France 5.6% Italy 5.1% Germany |
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Why was Britain's GDP growth rate so low during 51 to 64? |
Because of large defence expenditure costly military and naval bases around the world and expensive nuclear Arms development programme. |
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How much money was great spending on its defence 51 to 64? |
1.7 billion or 10% of GDP |
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How much research and development did the UK spend on defence compared to Italy and Japan 63-4? |
Japan 0.9% Italy 2.6% |
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What did Harold Wilson say that came to be regarded as a representative description of the character of his Administration from 57 to 63? |
Most of our people have never had it so good |
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How did wages Rise under the conservative government? |
Wages Rise faster than prices the average working wage for the adult male increased from £8 6 shillings in 1951 to 18 pounds 7 shillings n 1964 |
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How did credit change under the conservative government? |
People could borrow English larger sums of money with more years to pay back so could buy items previously could not afford. |
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What was the conservative housing policy? |
The best of the Labour Party the conservative planned to build 300000 houses annually Macmillan and housing Minister between 51 and 54 achieve the target although the pace slowed after that the Conservatives built 1.7 million homes by 64 |
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When was the rent act and what did it do? |
1957 the bonus trend controls 26 main properties in the market however rents Rose considerably which major school for tenants at lower end of the scale 2 afford leases |
Conservative gov, rent control |
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What is a property owning democracy? |
A society in which is many people as possible are encourage to become homeowners as property is an essential component of democracy |
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Why did the conservatives call it a property owning democracy? |
Because of the housing explosion which was because money can be borrowed and paid over long periods of time encourage by government banks and building societies advance the capital in the form of mortgages |
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What was unemployment like when the Conservatives were in office? |
The lowest figure was well over a quarter of a million in the mid 1950s in 1959 was 621,000 and 63 was 878,000 when Harold Wilson's time in gov ended |
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What was the controversy over State Schooling between the major parties |
The central disagreements between those who wish to and separate three tier schooling and replace it with a system of comprehensive schools |
Grammar school |
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What were the main arguments for the comprehensive system? |
The selection process for the 11 plus was unreliable Socially divisive separated groups of children |
Selection process and socially |
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Main arguments against the comprehensive system? |
Comprehensive schools have denied able children from disadvantaged backgrounds chance to benefit from specialist schools
Quality of schools depend on the area maybe no alternative in poor catchment area |
Area quality and able children |
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Who was Edward Boyle and what did he do? |
1962-64 Minister of education pushed for abolition of 11 plus which was conservative party line |
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What was the Robbins report? |
Written in 1963 by Edward Boyle Bessie as an attempt to extend the comprehensive principle into higher education such as expansion of existing universities |
Higher education |
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What did r a butler claim conservatism was doing for class differences? |
He claims modern conservatism was ending class differences. He did this in a speech in 1960. |
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What did supporters of macmillans policies say? |
Material quality of life was improving for everybody although the gap between rich and poor was Rising |
Improvement for all |
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What did critics of macmillans policies say? |
You stop go Tactics to prevent economy swinging between deflation and inflation They had used budget and tax adjustments to buy votes Failure to invest in industrial research and development the diff lead to stagflation by mid 1960s |
Stop-go , votes, industrial |
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Initially why were there social tensions to do immigration under macmillans government |
Some believed newcomers retracted to Britain for generous welfare benefits. Immigrants had to live in poorer areas added to existing housing shortage. Those who could not get work blamed immigrants |
Not get work, housing shortage , welfare benefits |
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What happened in 1958 to do with immigration? |
1958-9 riots |
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Why did the rioting of 58-9 occur? |
Sexual jealousy, black people taking low wages, rise in rents |
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What was the salmon report? |
To examine the underlying reasons for the riots |
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Who were the teddy boys? |
Young men of 1950s usually resorted to violence when in numbers. |
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What did the government do about the race riots? |
Interpreted it as controlled immigrant numbers introduced commonwealth immigrants act in 1962 |
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What did the Commonwealth immigration act do? |
Placed restrictions on would be entrants according to their ethnic origin and whether they had jobs to go to. |
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When was India granted independence? |
1947 |
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Who's government started the end of the empire? |
Attlee government |
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What did Macmillan do in 1960? |
He made his winds Of Change speech |
Speech |
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Why was McMillan dismantling the empire |
No longer acceptable for any nation to impose itself on another against the People's free will especially after two world wars |
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What happened between 1957 and 68? |
All remaining African colonies granted independance. |
Africa |
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Effect on Britain over loss of empire? |
Suffered serious economical loss through huge grants. Never got much money from colonies anyway. Britain only took 1% of India GDP. Britain in the end gave up empire because it was too costly. |
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When was the EEC created? |
Signing of the treaty of Rome by the 6 |
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Key terms of the EEC? |
Establishment of a common market Adoption of Common agricultural policy Protectionist policy against non member countries |
Market, agricultural policy,non member countries |
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What was the common agricultural policy? |
Poor areas subsidised by rich areas .The subsidy meant high prices for Farmers but also led to higher food prices. |
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What was Britain's attitude towards the EU? |
When pressed to join the schuman plan in 1950 actually rejected it Harold Macmillan echoed Attlee and rejected it Gaitskell in 1962 also rejected it |
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What was the EFTA and what happened to it? |
Set up in 1959 as a free trade counter to the EEC it was never able to match the influence of the EEC by 1972 most of its members had joined the EEC |
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What shifts on international front for Britain? |
Suez affair 1956 had put up question mark against Britain's status as a world power raised out about Anglo American special relationship and outmoded nuclear power made City orientated managerial element becoming more Pro EU |
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Who was appointed minister for EU application negotiations |
Edward Heath |
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What did Macmillan say about joining the EU? |
1961 Macmillan declared government was considering applying to join the EEC and Britain would only join if commonwealth and efta interests were protected |
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When and why did France Vito Britain's application to join the EEC? |
1963 De Gaulle use the French veto to block Britain's first formal application because still had efta and Commonwealth trade deals De Gaule also felt humiliated because of 1940 and should make itself pre-eminent in a that was independent of Britain America |
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Who was Hugh Gaitskell? |
He was one of the most gifted politicians of the day. His death in 1963 meant he never became prime minister greatest political triumph was how he destroyed Eden's attempt to justify occupation of the canal zone. |
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Who were the Bevanites |
Followers of Aneurin Bevin 40 thought he was a hero of the left Bevan was not always as radical as his followers at the 1957 Labour Party Conference he rejected unilateralism |
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What was bevanites train of thought? |
The bevanites wanted large trade unions which they believe spoke for the working class and well led by committed left wingers |
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what are unilateralists? |
Those who believe that Britain should give up its atomic weapons without waiting for multilateral agreement between other countries |
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Why were there so many unilateralists? |
Many of the left were unilateralist this is because they did not want Britain to burn itself with colossal expense of nuclear Arms production which diverted resources away from providing for the needy and underprivileged |
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How did Gaitskell react to the unilateralist and bevanites views? |
As Party leader he resisted both trade union domination and the left drive towards unilateralism his 1955 leadership victory over Bevan made him believe he had the authority to steer the party away from policies that would alienated it from the electorate |
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What happened in the 1959 election? |
Since it was the first election after the Suez affair many thought Labour would win. However due to a period of economic recovery and Macmillan's policies the conservatives won a large majority. |
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What slogan did the conservatives use in run up to the 1959 election ? How did Labour try to counter it? |
'Life is better with the conservatives. Don't let Labour ruin it' Labour tried to counter it with a larger state pensions and same taxation but we're questioned on how they would raise money for it. |
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What percentage of vote did the conservatives get and how many seats in 1959? |
365 - 49.4% |
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What percentage of vote did the labour get and how many seats in 1959? |
258 - 43.8% |
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Reasons for Labour party defeat in 1959? |
Splits over unilateralism Uncertainty over joining EEC Division over nationalisation |
3 reasons EEC Unilateralism Nationalism |
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What was Labours reaction to the 1959 defeat? |
Gaitskell accused left of weakening party with unlateralism. Left accused him of betrayal of dropping it as a goal. |
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What was the CDS? |
Campaign for Democratic socialism - formed to defend Gaitskell in 59 after defeat. Argued that it was undemocratic and improper for left to use their influence wig larger trade unions to foist their extremist views on the rest of the labour party. |
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Who was the key figure in Churchill's 1951-55 government? |
Not the prime minister but R.A. Butler - Chancellor of the exchequer |
To do with money |
