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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Relief of Scotland
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Divided in low mountains in the center (Highlands) and other mountains in the south of Scotland (Southern Uplands)
Loch Ness near Inverness |
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Cities of Scotland
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Edinburgh : capital city of Scotland, 7th largest town and 2nd most visited town in the UK
Glasgow : built in the 18th century (industrial revolution) and developed during the 19th. It is the 3rd most visited town in the UK. |
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Wars of Scottish Independence : leaders
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(approximately 1290-1363)
Leaders were *Sir William Wallace -Scottish hero- (1270-1305): He won the Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297. He was defeated at the battle of Falkirk in 1298. *Robert the Bruce (1274-1329) Crowned as King Robert I in 1306, won a decisive victory over the English at the battle of Bannockburn in 1314 |
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Union of Scotland
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1603: Scottish King James VI became James I of England.
1707: The Acts of Union: the kingdom of Scotland and the kingdom of England merged, creating the Kingdom of Great Britain. 1715 and 1745 : Jacobite rebellions 1801: Scotland became part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Since 1922 : One of the 4 constituent nations of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1997: The people voted to have a Scottish Parliament, subsequently established by the UK government under the Scotland Act 1998 => devolution process |
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Traditional Economy of Scotland (4)
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- Agriculture and forestry are important rural employers
- Fishing (and fish-farming), finance, textiles, hydro-electricity and nuclear power all play a significant role. Another key export being whisky. - The discovery of the North Sea oil and natural gas started in the late 70s (the harbour being in Aberdeen) - Tourism also plays a major part in Scotland's economy (cities and landscapes, and also Loch Ness) |
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New Technologies in Scotland
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Silicon Glen phenomenon.
Boom started in the 1990s. Biotechnology, artificial intelligence, software design and digital media. ex: Dolly the sheep (an ewe, female sheep), first cloned mammal from an adult cell Roslin Institute, south of Edinburgh Want of 40% electricity generation from renewable sources by 2020 |
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Culture and Identity in Scotland
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*Literature:
Robert Burns (Second half of 18th century): National poet of Scotland: "Auld Lang Syne" Sir Walter Scott: Father of historical fiction: Waverley, Rob Roy, Ivanhoe Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859-1930): creator of Sherlock Holmes *Whisky more than 100 distilleries in Scotland |
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Wales/Cymru meanings
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Wales : anglo-saxon origin, meaning stranger or foreigner
Cymru : Welsh word for Wales, Celtic for "our country" |
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Geography of Wales: cities
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Main towns mainly in the south
Cardiff : 350 000 inhabitants (twice the size of Brest). 2h distance from London thanks to the M4 motorway Swansea : twin city of Brest Newport (~Landerneau) Aberystwyth : most important university in Wales, holds the national library of Wales |
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History of Wales, first part
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Remained a Celtic nation in spite of Roman invasion and Anglo Saxon attacks.
Christian nation from the 6th century (St David) St David's Cathedral in St David. Conquest of Wales complete in 1282. King Edward I constructed a series of great stone castles in order to keep the Welsh under control. The best known are at Caernarfon, Conwy, Harlech Wales was legally annexed by the Act of Union 1536 in during the reign of Henry VIII |
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History of Wales, second part
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In later centuries, parles of Wales became heavily industrialized. It led to bitter social conflicts between Welsh workers and English factory owners.
It even led to a armed uprising in the 1830s, it's a hotbed of socialism in the UK Movement for national autonomy began in the 1880s and 1890s Wales was officially de-annexed from England within the UK in 1955, with the term "England" being replaced by "England and Wales". First Parliamentary seat of political party Plaid Cymru in 1966 National Assembly for Wales established in 1998 |
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Welsh Economy
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Due to the chilly climate, most of Wales is unsuitable for crop-growing => livestock farming has been the focus of the agriculture
Some parts of Wales are heavily industrialized since the 18th century. Mining of coal, copper, iron, gold, which led to the development of valleys North of Wales Light engineering : important activity in main population area in the South and extreme North-East. Economy is now focused on the service industry; tourism is vital for rural areas (3 National Parks and unique Welsh culture) |
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Economic figures in Wales
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Gross Domestic Product (=PIB) per head is inferior in Wales to what it is in England
SMEs (Small and medium-sized enterprises) are the backbone of the Welsh economy |
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Welsh migration movements
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*Emigration: Welsh people emigrated to the US (Pennsylvania), Canada (Labrador), Patagonia (famously, 19th century)
why? = Religious reasons 17th century : Quaker and Baptist emigration Industrial emigration in the 19th century, to work in English factories *Immigration: because of the ironworks and tinplate works North of Cardiff, during the 19th century. In 2001, 25% of Welsh residents were born outside Wales => effect on the language |
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Famous Welsh natives
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Henry V
Poet Dylan Thomas Anthony Hopkins Tom Jones |
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Welsh language
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20,5% of the population of Wales can speak Welsh
As a first language, it is largely concentrated in the less urban North and West of Wales Government of Wales Act of 1998 provides that the Welsh and English languages should be treated on a base of equality |
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Ulster/Northern Ireland
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Ulster isn't synonymous with Northern Ireland.
Ulster = Northern Ireland+Cavan+Donegal+Monaghan Ulster has a long history Northern Ireland was created in 1921 |
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a Drumlin
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A Drumlin is a relief in the shape of a whale
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Lough Neagh
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Lake in the middle of Northern Ireland.
Biggest lake in the UK. Convenient for the agriculture |
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Weather in Northern Ireland
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Maritime, mild cloudy weather
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History of Northern Ireland
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The all-island kingdom of Ireland (1541-1801) was incorporated in the UK in 1801
In the early 20th century, Unionists opposed the introduction of Home Rule in Ireland. They were a minority on the island as a whole, but were a majority in the Northern province of Ulster Ireland was separated into 2 countries in 1921 => Northern Ireland and Irish Free State From 1921 to 1972, Northern Ireland had a Parliament, abolished for security reasons 1973 : plebiscite on whether joining the Republic of Ireland or not. They refused 1998 : devolution process: the Northern Ireland Assembly was elected after a referendum |
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Economy of Northern Ireland
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Northern Ireland benefits from the strength of the UK economy and its low-interest rate, low-inflation climate.
Export sales in manufacturing companies in Northern Ireland grew by almost 30% in the five years 1998-2003 GDP: Northern Ireland has the highest GDP of all the UK regions (richest region) Northern Ireland's flourishing service sector contributes almost 70% to the GDP Sexual segregation : it's easier for women to find a job Religious segregation : 4% higher unemployment rate for Catholics |
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Famous people in Northern Ireland
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Seamus Heaney : catholic poet, nobel prize of literature in 95
Derek Mahon : protestant poet Kenneth Brannagh Liam Neeson James Galway (traditional flute) Gary Moore (guitarist Collosseum) George Ivan Morris |
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Nationalists
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Want the Northern Ireland to leave the UK and become a part of Ireland
They are mainly Catholic Colour green |
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Unionists
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They are satisfied in the current situation, being part of the United Kingdom
They are mainly Protestants Colour orange |
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Actions and Murals of Unionists
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The Orange Order organises provocative parades through Catholic neighbourhood, which sometimes result in violence and riots
Their murals feature : - William of Orange (William III) ; reminder of the Protestantism. Battle of the Boyne 1690 - Murals in the memory of the soldiers who died in WWI, 36th Ulster division, 1916. - Military groups of men fighting for their ideas : UDA (Ulster Defense Association), UVF (Ulster Volunteer Force), UFF (Ulster Freedom Fighters) Men in black with guns - Writing on walls : "Londonderry West Bank Loyalists still under siege, no surrender" Colours of the Union Jack on the sidewalk. |
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Actions and Murals of Nationalists/Republicans
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Provocative road signs "You are now entering Free Derry" "No talking? No Walking!", and military action from the IRA
Their murals feature: * historical references - 1916: first failed attempt at creating the Republic of Ireland. The leaders were killed. - 1969: Battle of the Bogside. Picture of a boy fighting to defend Catholic rights, wearing a gas mask and holding a molotov cocktail. - 1972: Catholics called for a large peaceful march (for both catholics and protestants). London was afraid they were going to start a revolution. Soldiers started firing and killed people (Bloody Sunday) * International solidarity with revolutionary movements - Mandela - PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) fighting Israël * Means of actions - Bobby Sands: hunger strike - referendum in 1998 - IRA fighting, terrorism |
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Generalities on England
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130 423 km²
English Red Cross Rose London Land of Hope and Glory |
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Generalities on Wales
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20 766 km²
English/Welsh (20,5%) Flag is white/green/red dragon Leek St David Cardiff Land of my Fathers |
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Generalities on Scotland
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77 000 km²
English/Scottish Gaelic (1%) White cross on blue (St Andrew's cross) St Andrew Thistle Edinburgh Flower of Scotland |
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Generalities on Ireland
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84 400 km²
English/Gaelic Green/white/orange (= catholic/peace/protestant) Shamrock St Patrick Dublin The Soldier's song |
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Agriculture and Fishing in the UK
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-Pastoral farming in the North North-West : grass pasture for livestock (cows, sheep) rearing
-Arable farming: south-east (=the use of land that can be ploughed to grow crops -wheat, barley, maize, sugar beat) - 250 000 farms / 600 000 people - British agriculture provides 2/3 of Britain's food needs. It is more than the average in Europe. - Problems appeared recently because of the ban on British beef in 1996. - Britain is one of Europe's leading fishing nations - employment in fishing and income from fishing have declined in recent years - Fish farming (salmon, trout and shellfish) is expanding more and more in Scotland |
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Energy resources in the UK
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* Coal
- coal mining developed from the 17th century - coal industry boomed in the 19th century with the expansion of industry - at the end of the 1960s, many coal users turned to other forms of energy (gas, oil) - objections to coal are cost and pollution * Gas and Oil - North Sea oil and gas make an essential contribution to the British economy * Electricity - Electricity generation is mainly provided by coal, gas and oil-fired power stations (hence the massive imports) - 13 nuclear power stations were developed and now produce 27% of the electricity in the UK - a small amount of hydro-electricity is mainly produced in Scotland and Ireland - Solar energy, wind energy, wave power |
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Industry in the UK: Transports
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*Roads
- with 25 million vehicles, Britain has one of the highest densities of road traffic in the world - long distance express coach services attract increasing numbers of passengers (cheaper than railways) - with the introduction of the London Congestion charge, London buses are becoming fashionable again. Pollution went down 20% *Railways - a fast inter-city network linking all the main British centres - Privatisation was thought to be the solution to problems (delays), but is it really? - the Channel Tunnel opened in 1994 *Shipping - 77% of Britain's overseas trade is still carried by sea - Passenger mileage had been much reduced, because of the competition of the English Channel and of the low-cost airline companies. |
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Administrative regions in England
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They are called "counties; word created by the Normans
Administered by county council, which takes care of education, transport and social services |
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Economy in England
(Agriculture-fishing/Industry/Service/Unemployment/Richest-poorest regions) |
- Agriculture is highly mechanised and intensive
60% of food needs with 1% of the work force World's leading fishing nation (Kingston) - One of the world's most industrialised countries sewing needles/shipbuilding/textiles/chemical products/automobiles/locomotives/aircraft - The service sector is now the largest sector in England Includes the financial services (City of London) : banks, insurance companies Tourism is the 5th largest industry in England : employs 2 million people, largest centre being London - There was a peak in unemployment during the Thatcher years August 2007 : 3,1% Officially, 2 million people are unemployed in December 2008 (6%) - London : richest region in Europe Oxfordshire in top 10 Cornwall: one of the poorest regions in Europe |
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Devolution in England
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England's Parliament is the parliament of the UK
Movement calling for devolution exists in Cornwall, and to a limited extent in other English regions such as Wessex. Generally fails. Idea that devolution is not popular amongst the public, in spite of senses of identity (Liverpudlians, Mancunians) Greater London has a degree of devolved power, with an elected mayor and the London Assembly. Created with the devolution movement |
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London
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Largest city in Europe
Shows the wounds of history : Fire of London in 1666 Ancient place of power & modernity |
