Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
178 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Difference between gilt & sow?
Boar/barrow/stag? |
gilt = female pig until she has her first litter & becomes a sow
boar = sexy 6mo old. barrow = never got to be a sexy 6mo old stag = no more sex for you |
|
|
How long do pigs lactate for?
How big are weanlings when they enter the nursery? |
2-3 weeks
12# |
|
|
How big are nursery pigs?
|
12-40/60#....or 8 weeks old
|
|
|
T/F All finishers are growers, but not all growers are finishers.
|
true
|
|
|
How long is gestation in swine?
In horses? |
114 (3 mos, 3 wk, 3 days)
340 in horses |
|
|
When does the CL regress during gestation?
How many litters per year do sows have? |
hopefully never (it's required for progesterone production throughout the entire length of pregnancy)
2.5 litters/year (ew i'm so glad i'm a human) |
|
|
When does this little piggy go to market?
|
>220# (mmmm baconnnn)
|
|
|
What is piglet mortality rate?
|
11% (the highest of the production units = in farrowing units)
10-11 are born/litter, but only 9 make it to the nursery |
|
|
T/F All sows & gilts are washed prior to entering the farrowing house.
|
true. makes sense. (PS what a terrible job to have)
|
|
|
What diet transition is occurring in the nursery?
|
from milk to grain
|
|
|
When do maternal Ab wane?
|
prob around 8 weeks?
|
|
|
How many piggies die in the nursery?
|
4-5%
|
|
|
How many big pigs die (ie the growers & finishers)?
What causes the major production losses in this unit? |
5-6%
diseases causing decreased production |
|
|
Are multi-site systems common in grower/finisher stages?
|
yes.
i literally have no idea what that means. |
|
|
Death losses...list the different ages in order from most to least
|
farrowing
grower/finishers nursery breeding (death by f*cking not common.) |
|
|
What are "trends" in the swine industry? There are 4.
|
increased farm size w/ multiple sites
vertical integration pork market is cyclical ....& volatile GAY |
|
|
T/F Irradiation of pork is illegal, as per the USDA & FSIS.
|
false.
We irradiate pork to kill Trichinella |
|
|
What is the PQA?
|
Pork Quality Assurance Program, a voluntary (technically) program to ensure animal welfare & food safety.
|
|
|
What do the marks on the left vs right ear mean?
|
longer word, longer word
shorter word, shorter word right = litter # left = pig # |
|
|
What are examples of temporary & permanent tags?
|
temp = ear tags or pain markers
permanent = tattoo or notches |
|
|
What's the fertilization rate in pigs?
What % of litters are lost during gestation? What % of embryos are lost? When is it commonest? |
90% of ova are fertilized
5% of litters are aborted 40% of embryos are lost, most in the 1st half of gestation |
|
|
What occurs under 35 days? Over 35 days?
|
EED < 35 days < mummies
|
|
|
T/F With mummification, you have death prior to calcification, so there is complete resorption of the fetus by the sow.
|
False. That is true for EED.
Fetus >35 days old have a calcified skeleton so when they die they become mummies & are not completely resorbed. |
|
|
T/F Most fetal deaths are due to infectious diseases.
|
False. non-infectious (70% of them are)
|
|
|
What are non-infectious causes of fetal death?
|
old/fat sow
anemia heat stress seasonal infertility CO over or underfeeding mineral or vitamin deficiencies mycotoxins |
|
|
What are the 5 porcine reproductive diseases?
|
Parvo
PRRS Lepto Pseudorabies (the herp) Brucellosis suis |
|
|
Who is porcine PARVO more likely to occur in--a young gilt or an old sow?
|
young gilt aka naive dam
|
|
|
What is the most commonly diagnosed infectious cause of repro failure in swine?
2nd most common? |
PRRS
PPV |
|
|
What is vertical integration again?
|
it's one big company monopolzing the pig industry...they own the production units, processing plants, feed plants etc.
This is actually an important concept. Know it. |
|
|
Back to porcine parvo...is it endemic in most herds?
|
yes, with subclinical disease being most common
|
|
|
T/F Porcine parvo causes widespread disease, including respiratory, neuro, & abortion.
|
All of that is false.
Parvo causes infertility, EED, stillbirths &mummification. no abortion, no respiratory, no neuro. |
|
|
What's the history on a gilt that makes you suspect & test for parvo?
What are your testing options? |
EED &/or fetal death
If her fetuses are around, you can send in pieces of their tiny lungs for IFA....otherwise you can do serology (acute & convalescent titers)....this will at least R/O PPV if she has negative titers (most swine have positive titiers for Parvo) |
|
|
Is there a vx for Parvo? Yes, a killed one (so her feti don't get killed). When/how do you give it?
|
2 times, 2 weeks apart, several weeks before breeding.
Parvo vx is NOT given during gestation. |
|
|
T/F Parvo is endemic and causes subclinical dz in everyone but naive gilts, so it's prob a good idea to expose seronegative stock to a herd that is seropositive.
|
I guess true.
|
|
|
Is there an effective treatment for Parvo?
|
nope
|
|
|
PRRS is an RNA virus (R is in the name, so you can remember this one)
Why is it nicknamed Blue Ear Dz? |
cause nursery & growers get respiratory dz --> hypoxemia & cyanosis
|
|
|
PRRS causes unthrifty young'ns with respiratory disease...what does PRRS do to the moms & aunts?
|
late term abortion
(premature farrowing) (mummies/stillbirths) |
|
|
Is PRRS associated w/ a high pre-weaning mortality rate?
|
yeah, they must suffocate on the teat or something
|
|
|
Gestation length in pigs?
Horses? |
114
340 |
|
|
History of porcine parvo patient = EED & fetal death..
What's the health records of a PRRS farm look like? |
respiratory dz & repro failure (lol makes sense)
|
|
|
T/F PRRS makes babies suffocate on the teat (aka they die of respiratory dz before they're even weaned)
|
true
|
|
|
There is a killed vx for Parvo. Is there a vx for PRRS?
|
yes, a MLV. The problem is the virus has so much variation that the vx isnt' always that effective.
|
|
|
T/F We don't expose naive gilts to seropositive Parvo or PRRS herds.
|
FALSE, we expose them to both to maintain an immune breeding herd.
|
|
|
What distinguishes PRRS from parvo?
|
it causes abortion & respiratory dz (esp in younger pigs, ie growers & finishers)
|
|
|
T/F Older sows don't develop immunity to PRRS.
|
False, they do...the "Disease" (showing CS) affects young gilts.
|
|
|
Compare & contrast Parvo & PRRS
1. vx 2. age affected 3. signs shown |
parvo = killed vx, only shows repro signs (minus abortion)
PRRS = MLV, shows resp & repro signs (including abortion) Both affect gilts! & are endemic. |
|
|
What are the 5 diseases causing reproductive failure in swine?
|
Parvo
PRRS Lepto Pseudorabies Brucella |
|
|
Which 2 Lepto serovars are most important in swine?
|
pomona & bratislava
(P for pigs, & bratislava = bratwurst = yum) |
|
|
Where does Lepto localize in the body?
|
kidney or uterus (hence the repro problems)
|
|
|
T/F Lepto bratislava can only localize in gravid uteruses.
|
False. It can localize in the repro tract of nonpreg sows & boars.
|
|
|
T/F Porcine parvo causes widespread disease, including respiratory, neuro, & abortion.
|
All of that is false.
Parvo causes infertility, EED, stillbirths &mummification. no abortion, no respiratory, no neuro. |
|
|
What's the history on a gilt that makes you suspect & test for parvo?
What are your testing options? |
EED &/or fetal death
If her fetuses are around, you can send in pieces of their tiny lungs for IFA....otherwise you can do serology (acute & convalescent titers)....this will at least R/O PPV if she has negative titers (most swine have positive titiers for Parvo) |
|
|
Is there a vx for Parvo? Yes, a killed one (so her feti don't get killed). When/how do you give it?
|
2 times, 2 weeks apart, several weeks before breeding.
Parvo vx is NOT given during gestation. |
|
|
T/F Parvo is endemic and causes subclinical dz in everyone but naive gilts, so it's prob a good idea to expose seronegative stock to a herd that is seropositive.
|
I guess true.
|
|
|
Is there an effective treatment for Parvo?
|
nope
|
|
|
PRRS is an RNA virus (R is in the name, so you can remember this one)
Why is it nicknamed Blue Ear Dz? |
cause nursery & growers get respiratory dz --> hypoxemia & cyanosis
|
|
|
PRRS causes unthrifty young'ns with respiratory disease...what does PRRS do to the moms & aunts?
|
late term abortion
(premature farrowing) (mummies/stillbirths) |
|
|
Is PRRS associated w/ a high pre-weaning mortality rate?
|
yeah, they must suffocate on the teat or something
|
|
|
Gestation length in pigs?
Horses? |
114
340 |
|
|
History of porcine parvo patient = EED & fetal death..
What's the health records of a PRRS farm look like? |
respiratory dz & repro failure (lol makes sense)
|
|
|
When does Lepto cause abortion?
|
late term (sucks for the producer)
|
|
|
What are the PM lesions you see on Lepto aborted fetuses?
|
trick question. The lesions are non-specific.
|
|
|
Lepto = Late term abortion.
What are 2 other effects of this bacteria? |
renal failure
hemolysis --> icterus |
|
|
Lepto causes renal failure (we know this). What lesions do you see on the kidneys @ slaughter?
|
white foci
|
|
|
How can you protect your herd from Lepto?
|
prevent exposure by testing incoming pigs
put tetracycline in their feed vx |
|
|
Do vx & antibiotics clear the Lepto carrier status?
|
nope
|
|
|
With Parvo & PRRS you can run acute & convalescent Ab titers. Can you do this for Lepto?
What can interfere w/ your interpretation of these results? |
yes
Lepto vx confuses the results...you don't know if the Ab are from exposure to the virus or from the vx-induced immunity |
|
|
What kind of test can you do on urine to look for Lepto?
|
dark-field microscopy
|
|
|
Which species does Pseudorabies (THE HERP) infect?
|
all...but it doesn't cause the fatal neuro disease in cows?
|
|
|
T/F All US herds are naive to The Herp.
|
true...
|
|
|
T/F With Parvo, PRRS, & Lepto, we can run acute & convalescent (later) Ab titers to see if they have disease.
Which of these diseases will have confounding results if they were vaccinated? |
Lepto...can't distinguish Ab @ wild type vs vx
|
|
|
When they talk about acute & convalescent samples, which is taken when the animal is sick? When is the next sample drawn?
|
acute = sick
convalescent = 10-14 days later or so |
|
|
Do we expose gilts to seropositive older sows to make them immune to Parvo & PRRS?
|
yep, this creates an immune breeding herd =)
|
|
|
How & who can you detect PRRS virus in?
|
serum samples from younger pigs
|
|
|
Compare & contrast Parvo & PRRS.
1. vx 2. who is affected 3. CS 4. endemic? 5. testing? |
Parvo = killed vx; repro signs only (minus abortion)
PRRS = MLV; resp & repro (including abortions) Both are endemic. You can run titers on both. You also expose naive gilts to older sows to create an immune breeding herd. |
|
|
T/F Older sows develop strain-specific immunity to PRRS.
|
True.
|
|
|
Two major differences between Parvo & PRRS?
|
PRRS causes abortion & respiratory disease.
|
|
|
What are the 3 results of Lepto in pigs?
|
1. Late abortion
2. Kidney failure (white foci) 3. Hemolysis --> icterus |
|
|
What are the 2 important Lepto serovars in pigs?
|
Pomona & Bratislava
(P is for Pig...Bratwurst = yummy) |
|
|
T/F L. bratislava can only localize in a gravid uterus.
|
False. It can localize in the repro tract of males or females (and she doesn't have to be pregnant).
|
|
|
How does an animal get infected with Lepto?
|
it penetrates mucous membranes or skin wounds
|
|
|
Lepto --> leptospiremia --> localization in which 2 organ systems?
|
kidney & repro tract
|
|
|
Like Parvo, and PRRS, we can run acute & convalescent Ab titers to look for Lepto Ab...what confounds these results?
|
if she was vx @ Lepto, we can't tell if the Ab are from exposure to wild type or vx
|
|
|
What test can we run on urine to look for Lepto?
|
dark field microscopy
|
|
|
For PRRS isolation, we can look in the serum of younger pigs.
How do we detect Lepto in aborted fetuses? |
IFA on fetal fluids & kidneys
|
|
|
What are your 4 CS/lesions caused by Lepto?
|
1. Late term abortion
2. White foci on kidneys (seen @ slaughter, not on aborted feti) 3. Renal failure 4. Hemolysis --> icterus |
|
|
How do you prevent Lepto from entering your herd?
|
test incoming pigs
|
|
|
How can you prevent Lepto from causing major disease in your pigs?
Does this eliminate carrier states?? |
vx & feed tetracyclines
No, you cannot eliminate Lepto carrier state.. |
|
|
What's The Herp in the pig world?
|
Pseudorabies
|
|
|
What 3 problems does The Herp cause?
|
1. Repro problems @ any stage
2. Neuro (the itch is fatal) 3. Resp (rhinitis, tonsillitis) |
|
|
What are the 5 repro diseases in swine?
|
parvo
PRRS Lepto Pseudorabies brucella |
|
|
Which 2 repro diseases in swine also cause respiratory disease?
|
PRRS & Pseudorabies
|
|
|
What is the reservoir for pseudorabies?
Do any US herds have pseudorabies? |
feral pigs
no, US herds are all declared "naive" to pseudorabies |
|
|
T/F Porcine herpes virus (Pseudorabies) causes a fatal neuro disease in cows.
|
False. Cows are the only species that don't get the fatal neuro form of the herp...?
|
|
|
What are other names for Pseudorabies (besides The Herp, that's just what I call it)
|
Mad Itch
Audjesky's |
|
|
What CS indicates pseudorabies infection?
|
they're itchy.
What if they're dead & you can't watch them scratch? You see evidence of self mutilation. |
|
|
How common is Brucella in the states?
|
not.
|
|
|
****What is important to know about Brucellosis?****
|
it's zoonotic
|
|
|
T/F Brucella survives everything...except disinfectants & UV light.
|
true (it's not killed by desiccation, freezing, or near-freezing temperatures for over 2 years)
|
|
|
What are the first signs of Brucellosis in swine?
|
infertility (takes them 30-45 days to return to estrus?)
|
|
|
What can Brucellosis cause in Boys?
|
lameness & orchitis (poor ballies.)
|
|
|
What does Brucellosis cause in sows & gilts?
|
abortions & placentitis
|
|
|
If a sow has Brucellosis, will she ever be able to have a normal litter again?
|
yes...no long term effects
|
|
|
What is the reservoir for Pseudorabies & Brucella?
|
feral swine
|
|
|
How do Lepto & Brucella enter the body?
|
penetrate mucous membranes
(Lepto can also penetrate the skin if they have an open wound) |
|
|
How can you culture Brucella from a pig?
|
culture the vaginal discharge or aborted fetus or aborted placenta
|
|
|
Can you run serology on all the repro diseases of the pig?
|
he didn't say anything about testing for pseudorabies, but the other 4 yes, you can look for Ab @ the disease.
|
|
|
In which disease is the first sign of disease "infertility?"
|
brucellosis
|
|
|
In which disease is "late term abortion" often the first sign?
|
PRRS
|
|
|
Which 2 diseases cause late term abortion in pigs?
|
PRRS & Lepto
|
|
|
T/F Pseudorabies can cause abortion at any stage...including late term abortion.
|
True, but I didn't want to include that in the previous card.
|
|
|
Which repro disease of swine --> colonization of LN (lymph or macrophages)?
|
brucellosis
|
|
|
T/F Brucellosis causes a very brief period of bacteremia.
|
False. Long continuous periods...or intermittent periods of bacteremia
|
|
|
What is the only effective way to control Brucella?
|
DEPOPULATE the facility for at least 2 mos!
Holy crapppp |
|
|
Ooooh great slide on top of pg7....
Which repro disease affects boars? |
brucellosis
|
|
|
Which repro diseases affect just gilts?
|
parvo & PRRS
|
|
|
Which repro diseases affect all ages?
|
Lepto & Pseudoabies
|
|
|
Which repro disease also affects the respiratory system?
|
PRRS & Pseudorabies
|
|
|
Which repro disease causes hemolysis & icterus?
|
lepto
|
|
|
Which repro disease causes renal disease?
|
lepto
|
|
|
Which repro disease causes neuro dysfunction?
|
Pseudorabies
|
|
|
You have SICK SOWS w/ repro problems. What are your 2 (maybe 3) differentials?
|
PRRS & Pseudorabies
(maybe Lepto) |
|
|
You have repro problems on a facility in which the sows are all healthy. What are your rule outs?
|
Parvo, Brucellosis (maybe Lepto)
|
|
|
Which repro disease does NOT cause abortion?
|
Parvo
|
|
|
Can we come to an agreement htat Pseudorabies can cause any & all repro signs at any stage of gestation? This way I don't have to keep retyping it..
|
Pseudorabies causes ALL repro problems @ ANY stage...it's included in the following questions
|
|
|
2 diseases stillbirths & mummies
|
Parvo & PRRS
|
|
|
Infertility & EED?
|
Parvo
|
|
|
Abortion?
|
everything but Parvo
|
|
|
Premature farrowing?
|
PRRS
|
|
|
Late term abortion?
|
Lepto, PRRS
|
|
|
When do the majority of sows farrow?
|
60% in the dark
|
|
|
How long is it ok for a gilt (or sow..) to be in active labor for?
|
3-5 hours
|
|
|
T/F Piglets are always born in anterior presentation or there will be a dystocia.
|
Nope, they come out any which way
|
|
|
Should you cut the umbilical cord?
|
no
|
|
|
When is a sow at increased risk for dystocia?
|
>120 days gestation (=almost a week late!)
|
|
|
T/F RP = retained placenta = retained piglet
|
yes...?
|
|
|
What is the main cause of dystocia?
|
exhaustion/uterine inertia
fetal oversize |
|
|
Does fetal oversize occur in cows? Pigs? Horses?
|
fetal oversize in a problem in cows & pigs, but not horses.
|
|
|
What is the definition of dystocia?
|
>1 hour of active (unproductive) labor
|
|
|
T/F We give sows in dystocia oxytocin & do vaginal exploration
|
true
|
|
|
What is an important periparturient problem in pigs?
|
MMA Syndrome
(mastitis, metritis, agalactia) |
|
|
How do we treat MMA Syndrome?
|
antibiotics
NSAIDs Prostaglandin |
|
|
What are 3 periparturient problems in pigs?
|
MMA
Constipation (give em laxatives & exercise) Savaging...EATING HER BABIES?!!?!? |
|
|
What do we give to newborn piglets?
|
iron injections @ 1-2 days old?
|
|
|
Why do we cross-foster piglets?
|
to equalize litters whatever that means
|
|
|
What are the "important swine diseases" that don't fit well anywhere else, lol
|
FACCE
FMD African Classic Circo Erysipelas |
|
|
omg i wanna cry i'm so tired
|
poor laura =(
|
|
|
Do we have Hog Cholera in the US?
|
no it was eradicated in the 70s
|
|
|
Hog Cholera is a ________ related to BVD & Border Disease.
|
pestivirus.....pigs are pests....this class is a pest
|
|
|
T/F Virulence decreases as it passes thru the pig.
|
false. Virulence of Hog Cholera increases with a single passage thru pigs.
|
|
|
Does Hog Cholera cause HL paresis?
|
of course it does
|
|
|
Hog Cholera causes a high fever. What behavior is evidence of this?
|
they pile up on each other to try to stay warm i guess
|
|
|
Is Hog Cholera reportable?
|
def, it was eradicated from the US so any suspected case needs to be reported
|
|
|
Animals with Hog Cholera show CS of which 2 organ systems?
|
GI & CNS...they reel when they're forced to walk. What does reeling mean? I looked up a pic & found a pig couch. I officially hate this class.
|
|
|
What are the 3 CNS signs pig couches with Hog Cholera show?
|
reeling when forced to walk
HL paresis convulsions |
|
|
Where does replication of hog cholera (pig couch) take place?
|
lymphoid tissues...it spreads there from the tonsils after the virus is ingested
pig couch |
|
|
Oops, whats a nice sign of Hog Cholera that we don't see in anything else?
|
straight tail!
|
|
|
Hog Cholera =
|
garbage
|
|
|
Is there a vx for Hog cholera?
|
sure. do we give it? idk
|
|
|
What do you do if you have a hog cholera outbreak?
|
slaughter (& destroy)
leave facility empty for a long time...forever? |
|
|
Hog Cholera has 100% M/M.
|
true
|
|
|
What are the 5 "other swine diseases?"
|
FACCE
FMD African Classical Circo Erysipelas |
|
|
Like Classic, African has 100% M/M. Unlike Classic, there is no vx.
|
true
|
|
|
Which virus persists in pork for long periods of time?
|
African
|
|
|
How is African transmitted?
|
ticks, direct secretions, or fomites
|
|
|
T/F Only Classic invades the tonsils.
|
False, so does African
|
|
|
What are the main target cells of African?
|
what isn't....
monocytes macrophages (100% M/M) RE, Endothelial Platelets (random one) |
|
|
How can African cause ataxia?
|
meningoencephalitis
|
|
|
Which is worse--acute or subacute/chronic African outbreaks?
|
acute --> high fever, bleeding, & 100% die within a week
|
|
|
What's the deal with subacute or chronic African?
|
resp, abortion
(low mortality) |
|
|
Do vaccines work for ASF?
|
no!
|
|
|
If we find African in the US what are we going to do?
|
slaughter (& destroy) everyoneeeee
|
|
|
How do we diagnose Classic & African swine fever?
|
some bullshit
|
|
|
There is a vx @ circovirus. When do we give it?
|
idk but they're infected at a young age so hopefully before then (2-4mos)
|
|
|
Is porcine circo RNA or DNA?
|
DNA, Dumb. (circo is dumb, not you)
|
|
|
UM..........what are the two types of circo?! I need to pay better attention in class...
|
PCV1 (doesnt cause disease)
PCV2 |
|
|
What 2 diseases are caused by PCV2?
|
PCVAD & PCVD....
the "A" stands for associated |
|
|
If you have Ab @ PCV1 will you be protected from PCV2?
|
nope, the Ab between the two types have low cross-reactivity, so they don't protect against each other
|
