Breathing And Respiration

Front 1

Minute Volume

Back 1

The amount of air moved into and out of the lungs per minute.

Minute Volume is calculated by multiplying the TIDAL volume and the RESPIRATORY rate.
(MV=TV*RR)

Front 2

Not all the air that we breather reaches the Alveoli, where does the extra air go to and what is it called?

Back 2

The remainder of the air occupies the Trachea, bronchioles and other parts of the airway, the area known as Dead Space Air.

Front 3

The Alveoli is the only place where what kind of gas exchange occurs?

Back 3

O2 and CO2 are exchanged in the bloodstream.

Front 4

Alveolar Ventilation

Back 4

is its how much air actually reaches the alveoli. The alveolar vent. depends on the tidal volume as well, changes in rate and in volume

Front 5

Diffusion

Back 5

The process by which molecules move from an area of high concentrationto an areaof low concentration.

Front 6

Pulmonary Respirations

Back 6

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the Alveoli and circulating blood in the pulmonary capillaries.

Front 7

Cellular Respirations

Back 7

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between cells and circulating blood.

Front 8

MECHANICS OF BREATHING DISRUPTED-
If the changes cannot create the necessary pressure changes, air cannot be moved in and out of the lungs. Breathing can be disrupted by a variety of causes, such as:

Back 8

A patient stabbed in the chest
A patient loses nervous control of respiration
A patient sustains painful chest wall injuries
A patient has airway problems such as Bronchoconstriction

Front 9

GAS EXCHANGE INTERRUPTED-
Sometimes the ability to diffuse O2 and CO2 in imipaired. Consider the following Exps.:

Back 9

Low O2 levels in the outside air such as ni confined space rescue situations.
Diffusion problems.

Front 10

CIRCULATION ISSUES-
There can be problems that prevent the blood from carrying enough O2 to the body's cells, such as:

Back 10

Not enough blood.
Hemoglobin problems.

Front 11

Hypoxia

Back 11

Insufficiency of oxygen in the body's tissues. When a person's cardiopulmonary system cannot keep up with the body's current demands, CO2 levels increase and Hypoxia occurs.

Front 12

Respiratory Distress

Back 12

Increased work of breathing; a sensation of shortness of breath. it is considered Adequate Breathing, the patient has a challenge, but the compensatory mechanisms the body is providing are meeting their increased demands.

Front 13

Respiratory Distress

Back 13

The reduction of breathing to the point where oxygen intake is not sufficient to support life. Hypoxia becomes profound, CO2 builds up to dangerous levels and muscles used for increased resp. become tired. The body's metabolic needs are not met.
Inadequate Breathing.

Front 14

Respiratory Arrest

Back 14

When breathing completely stops.

Front 15

Treatment for Adequate Breathing

Back 15

Oxygen by NRB mask or Nasal Cannula if patient cannot tolerate the mask.

Front 16

Treatment for Inadequate Braething

Back 16

Assited ventilations with a Pocket Face Mask, BVM or FROPVD.

*an NRB does not provide ventilation to a patient who is not breathing or who is not breathing inadequately.

Front 17

Treatment for Patient who is not Breathing

Back 17

Artificial ventilations with a Pocket Facemask, BVM, FROPVD, or ATV @ 10-12/Min for and adult 20/Min for an infant or child.

*DO NOT use oxygen powered ventilation devices on iinfants or children.

Front 18

Signs of Adequate Breathing

Back 18

Speaks full sentences;Alert and Calm.

Front 19

Increasing Respiratory Distress

Back 19

Visibly short of Breath; Speaking 3-4 word sentences; increasing anxiety.

Front 20

Severe Respiratory Distress

Back 20

Speaking only 1-2 word sentences, the patient is diaphoretic and has severe anxiety.

Front 21

As the respiratory distress increases...

Back 21

Patient starts to get sleepy and head-bobbing, becomes unarousable. as the distress continues the patient can go into Respiratory areest and the breathing seizes.

Front 22

Signs of Adequate Breathing- #1

Back 22

Look for adequate breathing & equal chest expansion oon both sides when the patient exhales.

Front 23

Signs of Adequate Breathing- #2

Back 23

Listen for air entering and leaving the nose, mouth, and chest. The breath sounds should be present and equal on both sides of chest.

Front 24

Signs of Adequate Breathing- #3

Back 24

Feel for air moving out of the nose or mouth.

Front 25

Signs of Adequate Breathing- #4

Back 25

Check for typical skin coloration. there should be no blue or gray colorations.

Front 26

Signs of Adequate Breathing- #5

Back 26

Note the rate, rhythm, quality, and depth of breathing typical for a person at rest.

Front 27

Artificial Ventilation

Back 27

Forcing air or oxygen into the Lungs when a patient has stopped breathing or has inadequate breathing.

*AKA Positive Pressure Ventilation.(PPV)

Front 28

Negative Side Effects of PPV

Back 28

Decreasing cardiac output/dropping Blodd Pressure
Gastric distention
Hyperventilation

Front 29

When ventilating a patient, the EMT must ensure that the patient is being adequately ventilated, they will determine this by-

Back 29

Watching the chest rise and fall with each ventilation.
Ensuring that the rate of ventilation is suffiecient- Approx. 10-12/Minute in Adults and 20/Minute in Infants and children.

Front 30

CPAP- Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

Back 30

Used with patients with sleep apnea.

Front 31

Cricoid Pressure(Sellick Manuever)

Back 31

Is performed by applying firm backward pressure on the cricoid ring in the patient's neck. This is used to minimize air entry into the esophagus and stomach during PPV.

Front 32

Flow Restricted, Oxygen Powered Ventilation Device(FROPVD)

Back 32

Manually Triggered ventilation device, it uses oxygen under pressure to deliver artificial ventilations through a mask placed over the patient's face.

Front 33

Recommended features for the FROPVD:

Back 33

Peak flow rate of 100% O2 at 40LPM
Inspiratory relief valve that opens approx. 60cm of water pressure.
Audible alarm whe the relief valve is activated.
A rugged design and construction.
A trigger that enables the rescuer to use both hands to maintain a mask seal while triggering the device.
Satisfactory operation in both ordinary and extreme enviromental conditions.

Front 34

Automatic Transport Ventilator(ATV)

Back 34

a device that provides positive pressure ventilations. Ventilations can be adjusted, as well as the rate and volume; is portable and is easily carried in the ambulance.

Front 35

Oxygen Cylanders commonly used in EMS are:

Back 35

D cylinder contains 350 L of O2
E cylinder contains 625 L of O2
M cylinder contains 3000 L of O2
G cylinder contains 5300 L of O2
H cylinder contains 6900 L of O2

Front 36

The safe residual for an O2 cylinder is when-

Back 36

the pressure gauge reads 200 psi or above.

Front 37

Hazards of O2 Therapy

Back 37

O2 toxicity or air sac collapse
Infant eye damage
Respiratory depression or Resp. Arrest

Front 38

Oxygen Delivery Device #1

Back 38

Nonrebreather Mask(NRB)
Flow Rate: 12-15 LPM
O2 Concentration:80-100%

For patients with signs of hypoxia, shortness of breath, suffering chest pain, severe injuries, or displaying altered mental status.