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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is human breast milk made up of?
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Several solid components. The most abundant is lactose, a disaccharide that provides energy. After lactose comes lipids.
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Milk fat typically exists in globules. TRUE/FALSE
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TRUE. Globules exist in varying sizes that have a triacylglycerol core surrounded by a phospholipid membrane.
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Do these globules vary in size?
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Yes. The larger particles with a diameter of 5-10um do have spectra consistent with triglycerides and cholesterol surrounded by phospholipids.
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Smaller globules on the order of 1um or less, appear to contain few or no triglycerides. TRUE/FALSE
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TRUE.
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What is a lactosome?
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They are these small particles to distinguish them from the traditional characterization of milk fat globules. These lactosomes are formed differently.
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What does cow milk homogenization affect?
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This breaks down the native globules. If they were left intact, perhaps children and adults who drink milk would derive additional nutritional benefits.
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What is a third ingredient in breast milk?
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Oligosaccharides. These are composed of various linkages of 5 monosaccharide building blocks:
D-glucose D-galactose N-acetylglucosamine, L-fucose N-acetylneuroaminic acid. |
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In humans, the oligosaccharides secreted into milk vary> TRUE/FALSE
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TRUE. They depend on the mothers Lewis blood type, which is defined by the addition of fucose to specific polysaccharide chains of glycolipids and glycoproteins on red blood cells by varying fucosyltransferase enzymes.
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It has been found that humans actually put into milk only about 200 different, oligosaccharides that range in size from 2 to 32 residues. TRUE/FALSE
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TRUE
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Do sugars in human breast milk appeal to certain strains of bacteria?
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YES. Bifidobacteria, that can colonize the gut and appear to be important for the health of infants. These bacteria can prevent pathogens such as E. coli from getting a foothold.
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Where are glycans?
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The epithelial cells that line the intestine are decorated with glycans that mediate communication with the extracellular environment, facilitating cell-cell communication as well as binding to signaling agents. Intestinal pathogens frequently bind to those glycans as part of pathogenesis.
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It has been demonstrated that human milk oligosaccharides interfere with human immunodeficiency virus binding to dendritic cells, helping to explain why a majority of infants breast fed by HIV positive mothers do not develop the disease. TRUE/FALSE
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TRUE
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What is lactadeherin?
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It is a glycoprotein that inhibits the pathogenesis of rotavirus, which is a leading cause of severe diarrhea in young children.
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What is lactoferrin?
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It is a protein that varies over time. In a study of 5 mothers, lactoferrin was glycosylated for the first 10 days of lactation, and then the sugars mostly disappeared.
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Ten days is also the point at which bifidobacteria are generally well established in the intestines. TRUE/FALSE
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TRUE. The mother delivers glycosylated lactoferrin to play a protective role against pathogens while the infant builds up intestinal microbes.
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