Breast And Axilla

Front 1

What are the four walls of the pyramidal space?

Back 1

anterior- pec major/minor & clavipectoral fascia
posterior-scapula and muscles attaching to it
medial-thoracic wall, ribs 1-4
lateral-intertubercular groove

Front 2

what is the cervico axillary canal?

Back 2

entrance from the neck into the axilla

Front 3

What region defines the apex of the pyramidal space?

Back 3

it is between the clavicle the first rib and
superior limit of the subscapularis muscle.

Front 4

What are the four walls of the axilla?

Back 4

posterior-subscapularis, latissimus dorsi tendon, teres major tendon
anterior- pec major and minor
medial- upper 4 ribs
intercostal muscle
serratus anterior
lateral wall- interbicular wall of humerus.

Front 5

what is the contents of the axillary sheath?

Back 5

axillary artery
lateral, medial, and posterior cord of the brachial plexus
axillary vein (actually outside the sheath)

Front 6

What are the contents of the axilla?

Back 6

a=axillary sheath
b=biceps (long and short heads)
c=coracobrachialis
& fat
*also lymph nodes

Front 7

How many parts are in the axillary artery? How many branches are in each part? What is each parts relation to the pectoralis minor muscle?

Back 7

Three parts
1st-one branch medial to pec mino
2nd- two branch deep to pec minor
3rd- 3 branches lateral to pec minor

Front 8

Where is the axillary vein formed? What other veins form it?

Back 8

Found at the lower border of the teres major
formed from the basilic vein and two brachial veins

Front 9

What other vein does the axillary vein receive blood from?

Back 9

the thoraco-epigastric vein

Front 10

What is the branch of the of the first part of the axillary artery?

Back 10

the superior/supreme thoracic

Front 11

What are the two branches of the 2nd part of the axillary artery?

Back 11

the thoracoacromial
the lateral thoracic

Front 12

What are the three branches of the 3rd part of the axillary artery?

Back 12

subscapular
anterior humeral circumflex
posterior humeral circumflex

Front 13

Which branch of the axillary artery is the largest in women?

Back 13

the lateral thoracic artery (branch of 2nd part of axillary artery)

Front 14

What is the subclavian artery a branch of? Where does it come out of? At what point does it change into the axillary nerve?

Back 14

branch of arch of aorta
comes out of thorax
when it crosses the 1st rib it changes its name to the axillary artery.

Front 15

Name the 5 groups of axillary lymph nodes?

Back 15

humeral (lateral) nodes
pectoral (anterior) nodes
subscapular (posterior) nodes
central node
subclavian (apical) node

Front 16

Where do all these nodes finally drain to?

Back 16

the subclavian lymphatic trunk

Front 17

What is the sequence of drainage?

Back 17

the humeral (lateral), pectoral (anterior) and subscapular (posterior) nodes drain to the central node
central node drains to subclavian (apical) node
this drains to the subclavian lymphatic trunk

Front 18

What trunks make up the right lymphatic duct?

Back 18

jugular
subclavian
thoracic

Front 19

What is another name for the interpectoral nodes? Where are they located?

Back 19

Rotter's nodes
between pec major and pec minor

Front 20

Where do the rotter's (interpectoral) nodes drain to?

Back 20

The subclavian (apical) nodes

Front 21

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain to?

Back 21

RT venous angle

Front 22

What is a mammary gland? Where does it lie?

Back 22

modified sweat gland
lies in the fatty part of the superficial fascia.

Front 23

What are the borders of the breast (mammary gland)?

Back 23

superior- rib 2
inferior-rib 6
medial- lateral border of the sternum
lateral- mid axillary line

Front 24

What two muscles do the breast sit on?

Back 24

the upper 4 digitations of the serratus anterior muscles
pec. major

Front 25

How many quadrants is the breast divided into?

Back 25

4:
upper inner
upper outer
lower inner
lower outer

Front 26

What tissue is mostly in the lower quadrants of the breast?

Back 26

the glandular tissue

Front 27

What artery supplies the breast

Back 27

lateral thoracic artery
also intercostal arteries

Front 28

What are the veins of the breast?

Back 28

axillary vein
internal intercostal

Front 29

What is the innervation of the breast?

Back 29

thoracodorsal nerve
long thoracic nerve
medial pectoral nerve

Front 30

What are intercalated disks? What are they made of?

Back 30

junctional regions link ends of muscle fivers together
desmosomes
fascia adherentes
gap jucntion

Front 31

Besides contractile function what else is the function of cardiac muscle?

Back 31

secret ANF(atrial natriuretic factor) and BNF (brain....)
so endocrine function

Front 32

What control is smooth muscle under?

Back 32

autonomic nervous system and endocrine control

Front 33

what are some characteristics of smooth muscle?

Back 33

fibers are branched and contain thin and thick filaments
unorganized Z disks
no NMJ
gap junction coordinate contraction

Front 34

What causes muscle hypertrophy?

Back 34

breaks in the Z disks
start with one myofibril with 2 sacromeres
end with two myofibrils with 2 sacromeres each

Front 35

what is sacropenia? How is it caused? Who does it affect?

Back 35

decrease in muscle
denervation and disuse atrophy
affects elderly men and women exercise more to slow it down.

Front 36

What are muscle spindles?

Back 36

Are special muscle cells enclosed within specialized endomesium that tell the brain the muscles state of contraction.

Front 37

What is the gamma motor nerve?

Back 37

Regulates the level of contraction of muscle. acts on intrafusal fibers of the muscle spindle.

Front 38

what are purkinje fibers?

Back 38

specialized muscle fibers that provide internal nervous system to the heart.

Front 39

where does smooth muscle originate from?

Back 39

muscle mesenchyme

Front 40

What are dense bodies?

Back 40

intermediate filaments in the smooth muscle that is equivalent to the Z disks

Front 41

What are caveolae?

Back 41

permanent sarcolemmal invagination (like t tubules in skeletal and cardiac muscle)