Brainstem And Reward Circuits

Front 1

during starvation leptin levels____ and see increase in_____ and decrease in ______

Back 1

decrease,appetite,thermogenesis

Front 2

during feeding two things happen with leptin

Back 2

1)action of leptin is to decrease appetite and increase thermogenesis:this prevents obesity from happening viewed as "lean genotype"
2) leptin increases with increased feeding/fat stores but leptin can't rise farther due to leptin resistance

Front 3

primary role of leptin

Back 3

metabolic signal of energy sufficiency not excess

Front 4

excess energy stored as ___in___which expand until ___is used for fuel

Back 4

fat,adipocytes,fat

Front 5

increase in adipose tissue happens in two ways

Back 5

1)filling of existing cells with more fat ie:cell hypertrophy
2)increase in number of fat cells ie: cell hyperplasia

Front 6

white adipose tissue (4)

Back 6

-energy storage
-release of hormones/cytokines
-thermal insulator
-protect other organs

Front 7

more than __% of cell volume is fat

Back 7

85

Front 8

in mammals have both white and brown adipose tissue white is major one in mammals. The brown tissue found mainly in humans is important for

Back 8

regulation of body temp via non shivering thermogenesis

Front 9

pre-adipocytes

Back 9

cells found also in adipose tissue that are adipocytes without lipids

Front 10

adipose tissue contains (7)

Back 10

adipocytes,pre-adipocytes, nerve tissue,endothelial cells, fibroblasts, leukocytes, macrophages

Front 11

macrophages from adipose tissue derived from______ and the number of macrophages correlates directly with

Back 11

bone marrow,obesity (ie more macro the more obese tissue)

Front 12

we dont know why adipocytes get bigger but when they do they

Back 12

secrete factor attracting macrophages. macro release toxic factors like interleukin that promote insulin resistance and therefore type two diabetes

Front 13

individuals store fat either subcutaneously or viscerally. women more likely to have___than men and men more ___than women. Which fat is more insulin sensitive and what does this mean. abdominal obesity due to

Back 13

subcutaneous,visceral,subcutaneous, this means that it does not cause insulin resistance/type two diabetes, visceral inflammation (with abd obesity even if other measures say your fine you are still sick and at high risk for other diseases)

Front 14

which obesity sub or visceral is healthy and which is dysfunctional leading to accumulation of fat around muscle/heart/liver

Back 14

sub=healthy -->no ectopic fat -->normal metabolic state
visceral=dysfunctional --> get change in FFA metabolism/altered adipokine release

Front 15

NPY/AgRP neurons of hypo destroyed (ablated) by

Back 15

targeting human DTR cDNA to Agrp locus in embryonic stem cells

Front 16

Agrp DTR/DTR adult mice body weight/food intake

Back 16

decreases

Front 17

NPY/AgRP neurons essential for ______suggests that

Back 17

-adult mice but not neonates (newly born). in experiment feeding unaffected in neonates when NPY/AgRP ablated but in adult ablation=decrease weight/food intake
-suggests that in ablated NPY/AgRP neurons of neonate theres compensatory adaption

Front 18

NPY/AgRP neurons express

Back 18

GABA- main inhibitory neurotransmitter of mammals CNS

Front 19

bretazenil

Back 19

gaba receptor agonist

Front 20

in NPY/AgRp ablated neurons you can restore feeding behaviour and normal body weight by

Back 20

chronic activation of GABAa receptors

Front 21

CSF flows unidirectional from __to ___

Back 21

lateral ventricles thru 3V to 4th V

Front 22

3rd ventricle near the____while 4th nearer to___

Back 22

hypo,brainstem

Front 23

seen that if you give GABA agonist to___you restore body weight better than____

Back 23

4th ventricle,3rd ventricle

Front 24

giving too much gaba receptor agonist (bretazenil) ______________in selected regions of the mice brains when AgRP neurons ablated

Back 24

down-regulates FOS activation

Front 25

experiments show that GABAergic signalling to ___is sufficient enough to protect against starvation when AgRP neurons ablated in mice. And what does this mean

Back 25

PBN (parabrachial nucleus) of the brainstem. This means that GABAergic projection from NPY/AgRP neurons to PBN needed to maintain feeding behaviour

Front 26

NTS located along

Back 26

medulla, with small amount in lower pons

Front 27

different brain regions responsible for ___,___and___ of meals.

Back 27

initiation,size,freq

Front 28

meal initiation not well understood but suggested that before meal __levels increase therefore maybe responsible for meal initiation

Back 28

ghrelin

Front 29

the 2 signals causing control of meals size

Back 29

satiation and adiposity signals

Front 30

explain satiation signals

Back 30

-sensory signals due to GI tract interacting with food like mechanical distension, nutrient stim, intestinal hormone release.
-signals activate receptors on vagal afferent neurons
-these neurons central processes terminate on neurons of NTS.
-NTS neurons project other places like hypo

Front 31

meal size also affected by other signals like

Back 31

metabolic signals like circulating levels of nutrients

Front 32

adiposity signals

Back 32

control meal size by correlates of stored energy (leptin,insulin)

Front 33

NTS contains ___responsive neurons

Back 33

leptin

Front 34

volume of gastric intake determines

Back 34

magnitude of food intake, more distension less intake

Front 35

P-STAT3 readout for___signaling while cFOS readout for____.

Back 35

leptin,gastric distension

Front 36

some_____ cells also respond to gastric distension

Back 36

leptin responsive

Front 37

leptin__NTS responses to gastic loads while NPY____ the potency /efficacy with which gastric loads activated NTS neurons

Back 37

increased,reduced

Front 38

leptin given specifically to_____is sufficient to potentiate intake-suppressive effects of an otherwise ineffective volume of distension

Back 38

brainstem ie this is where leptin signaling mediates amplified responses of leptin/NPY to NTS due to gastic loads

Front 39

leptin receptor expressed in regions involved in _____this shows a link between

Back 39

reward processing,homeostatic and hedonic control of food intake

Front 40

common drugs of abuse work by___and food and other rewards stimulate similar responses

Back 40

increasing dopaminergic transmission from nerve terminals in VTA onto neurons in nucleus accumbens

Front 41

VTA,Nucleus accumbens,lateral hypo,arc nucleus all express

Back 41

leptin receptors

Front 42

palatable food increases

Back 42

dopamine in nucleus accumbens

Front 43

leptin given to VTA=

Back 43

decrease in food intake

Front 44

VTA regulation important part of

Back 44

leptins ability to regulate food intake

Front 45

how does leptin action on VTA dopamine neurons modulate food intake

Back 45

it alters motivation to consume or reward value of palatable food

Front 46

vta knock down of leptin receptors causes increased

Back 46

sensitivity to palatable food

Front 47

are taste receptors needed to stimulate dopamine signalling

Back 47

no

Front 48

TRPM5 ion channel expressed in____and needed for ___. TRPM5 knockout mice briefly____but long term___. When given sucralose a non caloric sweetener number of lick in KO

Back 48

taste receptor cells,sweet taste signalling,lick for sucrose less than WT, still develop preference to sucrose ie lick more for sucrose than water, sucrolose licks less than water,

Front 49

obese people show more activation than control to ___foods

Back 49

high calorie

Front 50

___regulates brain responses to food images. so deficient in this see___in activation of nucleus accumbens/caudate while in__treatment activation is________

Back 50

leptin,increase,leptin,normalized

Front 51

ghrelin increased food intake when injected in VTA of rats, it also increased response to

Back 51

food pictures in many brain regions involved in hedonic behavior

Front 52

ghrelin favors eating by enhancing

Back 52

hedonic responses to food related cues, involves limbic system

Front 53

VTA responsible for___system
Hypothalamus responsible for ___system

Back 53

hedonic,homeostatic