Brain Review

Front 1

Frontal lobe

Back 1

controls emotions, judgments, controls motor aspects of speech,
primary motor cortex for voluntary muscle activation

Front 2

Parietal lobe

Back 2

receives fibers with sensory information about touch,
proprioception, temperature, and pain from the other side of the body

Front 3

Temporal lobe-

Back 3

auditory information, and language
comprehension

Front 4

Occipital lobe

Back 4

visual information

Front 5

Cerebellum

Back 5

coordination of muscle function

Front 6

Brainstem - (midbrain, pons, and medulla)-

Back 6

respiratory and cardiac center, nerve
pathways to the brain

Front 7

Diencephalon

Back 7

(thalamus, subthalamus, and hypothalamus)

Front 8

Thalamus

Back 8

Integrate & relay sensory information from the face, retina, cochlea,taste recept. (Interprets sens of touch, pain and temperature)

Front 9

Hypothalamus

Back 9

1. Controls the autonomic nervous system and the neuroendocrine systems.
2. Maintains body homeostasis
3. Helps regulate body temperature

Front 10

Hypothalamus cont

Back 10

4. Helps regulate appetite control
5. Thirst Center
6. Sleeping Cycle
7. Control of Hormone secretion

Front 11

Glascow Coma Scale

Back 11

+Eye Opening
+Best Motor Response
+Best Verbal Response
Total (3-15 Score Range) A score of 1 in each category indicates no
performance of skill.

Front 12

Sympathetic (Fight or Flight):

Back 12

1. Dilated pupils
2. Elevates heart rate and respiratory rate
3. Sweating
4. Epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted
5. Increased blood pressure
6. Constriction of skin and abdominal arterioles

Front 13

Parasympathetic:

Back 13

1. Constricted pupils
2. Lowers heart rate and respiratory rate
3. Increased peristalsis
4. Acetylcholine secreted
5. Decreases blood pressure
6. Relaxation of skin and abdominal arterioles

Front 14

Decorticate Rigidity

Back 14

Decorticate posturing-Upper limbs in flexion and the lower limbs in extension

Front 15

Decerebrate Rigidity

Back 15

Decerebrate posturing- Increased tone with all limbs in a position of extension

Front 16

Apraxia

Back 16

Inability to perform purposeful movements

Front 17

Agnosia

Back 17

Inability to recognize familiar objects by the various senses

Front 18

Spasticity

Back 18

increased tone, hyperactive reflexes, clonus,+Babinski

Front 19

Ataxia

Back 19

general term used to describe uncoordinated movement; may influence
gait, posture, and patterns of movements

Front 20

Chorea

Back 20

involuntary, rapid, irregular, jerky movements, clinical feature of Huntington's Disease

Front 21

Expressive Aphasia

Back 21

inability to speak or difficulty speaking

Front 22

Receptive Aphasia

Back 22

inability to understand verbal speech, inability to receive
information

Front 23

Anterior cerebral stroke:

Back 23

lower extremity more involved than upper extremity,
contralateral hemiparesis and sensory deficits

Front 24

Posterior cerebral stroke:

Back 24

contralateral sensory loss, transient contralateral hemiparesis

Front 25

Middle cerebral artery stroke:

Back 25

upper extremity more involved than the lower
extremity, contralateral sensory loss

Front 26

Risk Factors for Stroke

Back 26

1. Diabetes
2. Atherosclerosis
3. Hypertension
4. Cardiac disease
5. Transient ischemic attacks

Front 27

Aneurysm Precautions

Back 27

1. Avoid rectal temperatures
2. Limit visitors
3. Avoid Valsalva’s maneuver
4. Head of bed should be between 30-45 degrees

Front 28

Valsalva’s maneuver

Back 28

occurs when attempting to forcibly exhale with the glottis,
mouth and nose closed. It causes an increase in intrathoracic pressure with an
accompanying collapse of the vein of the chest wall.

Front 29

Results of Valsalva Maneuver

Back 29

1. Slowing of the pulse
2. Decreased return of blood to the heart
3. Increased intrathoracic pressure

Front 30

Elevated Intracranial Pressure
In most cases you should do

Back 30

1. Maintain proper fluid volumes
2. quiet environment for minimal sensory stimulation
3. Elevate HOB (head of bed) to approximately 30 degrees
4. Limit suctioning performed

Front 31

Horner’s Syndrome

Back 31

Sympathetic innervation to face interrupted by brain stem lesion resulting in pupillary constriction, dry and red face w/no
sweat, ptosis-Mueller’s muscle, prob loc in symp ascending fibers

Front 32

Autonomic Dysreflexia

Back 32

a lesion in the high thoracic or cervical cord.
Severe hypertension, sweating and headaches noted. May occur with a
blockage in a urine catheter

Front 33

Autonomic Dysreflexia symptoms

Back 33

1. Bradycardia
2. Headache
3. Increased parasympathetic activity
4. Excessive perspiration

Front 34

Autonomic Dysreflexia symptoms cont.

Back 34

5. Excessive sympathetic response
6. Elevated blood pressure
7. Stimulation of baroreceptors in aortic arch and caroticd sinus

Front 35

Parkinson’s Disease

Back 35

a degenerative disease with primary involvement of the
basal ganglia;

Front 36

Parkinson's Disease Sx

Back 36

1. Bradykinesia
2. Resting tremor
3. Impaired postural reflexes
4. Rigidity

Front 37

Parkinson's Disease Sx Cont.

Back 37

5. Loss of inhibitory dopamine
6. Mask like affect
7. Emotional lability

Front 38

Multiple Sclerosis

Back 38

progressive demyelinating disease of the central nervous
system affecting mostly young adults
Cause unknown, most likely viral.

Front 39

MS Sx

Back 39

1. Fluctuating exacerbations
2. Demyelinating lesions limit neural transmission
3. Confirmed with lumbar puncture, elevated gamma globulin, CT/MRI,
myelogram, EEG.
4. Mild to moderate impaired cognition common

Front 40

MS Sx cont.

Back 40

5. Sensory Deficits
6. Bowel and Bladder Deficits
7. Spasticity common
8. Ataxic gait

Front 41

Myasthenia gravis

Back 41

neuromuscular disease characterized by fatigue of skeletal
muscles and muscular weakness.

Front 42

differentiation between MG and a cholinergic crisis,

Back 42

using Tensilon Test. A cholinergic crisis may have hypotension, bradycardia vs.
myasthenia gravis.

Front 43

MG Sx

Back 43

1. Progressive involvement
2. Decreased muscle membrane acetylcholine receptors
3. Severe weakness (proximal more than distal muscles)

Front 44

MG Sx cont.

Back 44

4. Facial, ocular and bulbar weakness
5. Possible life-threatening respiratory muscle weakness
6. Probable use of anticholinesterase drugs for treatment

Front 45

Guillain-Barre’ Syndrome

Back 45

polyneuropathy with progressive muscular weakness