Brain. Exam 1.

Front 1

How much of the body's neural tissue does the brain consist of?

Back 1

97%

Front 2

What are the four major regions of the brain?

Back 2

the cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brain stem

Front 3

What is the cerebrum divided into?

Back 3

two cerebral hemispheres

Front 4

What is the cerebral cortex?

Back 4

the superficial layer of gray matter covering the surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres

Front 5

What are the 5 functions of the cerebrum?

Back 5

-concious thought
-memory storage and processing
-sensory processing
-regulation of skeletal muscle contractions
-intellectual functions

Front 6

What are the three basic divisions of the cerebrum?

Back 6

1. outer cortex
2. internal white matter
3. basal nuclei

Front 7

What does the outer cortex of the cerebrum consist of? (cerebral cortex)

Back 7

gray matter-->neuron cell bodies, diendrites, unmyelinated axons, glia, blood vessels

Front 8

What is the function of the outer cortex of the cerebrum?

Back 8

site of information processing **gray matter!!

Front 9

What does the internal white matter of the cerbrum consist of?

Back 9

axons that travel together to shared targets as fiber bundles called tracts

Front 10

What is the function of the internal white matter of the cerebrum?

Back 10

information traveling

Front 11

In the cerebrum, what does the basal nuclei consist of?

Back 11

gray matter area deep within the white matter

Front 12

In the cerebrum, what occurs at the basal nuclei

Back 12

synapses occur

Front 13

What is the function of the diencephalon?

Back 13

it is the structural and functional link between the cerebral hemispheres and the rest of the CNS

Front 14

What are the three divisions of the diencephalon?

Back 14

thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

Front 15

What is the purpose of the thalamus?

Back 15

contains relay and processing centers for sensory info

Front 16

What is the purpose of the hypothalamus?

Back 16

contains centers involved in emoitoins, autonomic function, and hormone production

Front 17

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

Back 17

coordination and modulation of motor commands from the cerebral cortex

Front 18

What three parts make up the brain stem?

Back 18

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

Front 19

What is the midbrain's role?

Back 19

process visual and auditory information and control reflexes triggered by these stimuli; helps maintain conciousness

Front 20

What is the function of the pons?

Back 20

conects the cerebellum to the brain stem, functions in somatic and visceral motor control

Front 21

What is the role of the medulla oblongata?

Back 21

relay sensory information to ohter portions of the brain stem and thalamus, regulates autonomic function like heart rate and blood pressure

Front 22

What are ventricles?

Back 22

chambers formed due to the expansion of the neurocoel

Front 23

what are ventricles filled with?

Back 23

cerebrospinal fluid

Front 24

What are the four ventricles?

Back 24

two lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle

Front 25

What interconnects the two cerebral hemispheres?

Back 25

the corpus callosum

Front 26

What seperates the two lateral ventricles?

Back 26

the septum pellucidum

Front 27

What is the brain protected and supported by?

Back 27

the cranial meninges, bones of the cranium, and cerebrospinal fluid

Front 28

What is the neural tissue biochemically isolated from general circulation by?

Back 28

blood-brain barrier

Front 29

What are the three layers that make up the cranial meninges?

Back 29

dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

Front 30

How many layers of the dura mater are there and what do they consist of?

Back 30

two
-outer endosteal layer attached to the inside of the cranium
-inner meningeal layer that covers the brain

Front 31

Is there an epidural space

Back 31

NO

Front 32

What are the outer and inner layers of the dura mater seperated by?

Back 32

gap that contains tissue flids and blood vessels, several large dural sinuses

Front 33

What is the purpose of the dural folds?

Back 33

provide additional stabilization and support to the brain

Front 34

What are dural sinuses?

Back 34

large collecting veins located in the dural folds that drain venous blood to the internal jugular

Front 35

What are the three dural folds?

Back 35

1. falx cerebri
2. falx cerebelli
3. tentorium cerebelli

Front 36

Which dural fold seperates the two cerebral hemispheres?

Back 36

falx cerebri

Front 37

Which dural fold sepereates teh cerebellum hemispheres?

Back 37

falx cerebelli

Front 38

What does the tentorium cerebelli seperate?

Back 38

the cerebrum from the cerebellum

Front 39

What is considered the "seatbelt for the brain because it provides stability?

Back 39

the dura mater

Front 40

What does the arachnoid mater consist of?

Back 40

arachnoid membrane and arachnoid trabeculae

Front 41

Which meningeal layer covers the brain with a smooth surface and doesnt follow any folds?

Back 41

arachnoid mater

Front 42

What does the subdural space contain?

Back 42

serous fluid

Front 43

What does the subarachnoid space contain

Back 43

weblike fibers that link to the pia mater, blood velssels and cerebral spinal fluid

Front 44

Where do the largest blood vessels travel in the brain?

Back 44

the subarachnoid space

Front 45

What lies between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater

Back 45

subarachnoid space

Front 46

Describe the pia mater

Back 46

sticks to the brain surface, into every fold, accompanies cerebral blood vessels into the brain, protects blood vessels

Front 47

What are the 3 functions of cerebrospinal fluid?

Back 47

1. protects physicallky by acting as a cussion and reducing weight of brain by 97%

2. protects cchemically by providing optimal chemical environment for accurate neuronal signaling

3. nourishes and removes waste by continuously circulating through cavities in the brain an dspinal cord in the subarachnoid space

Front 48

How is the cerebrospinal fluid able to continuously circulate?

Back 48

it is continuously made and drained through cavities/ventricles

Front 49

How many mL of cerebrospinal fluid are made per hour?

Back 49

20 mL

Front 50

What does cerebrospinal fluid contain?

Back 50

glucose, oxygen, white blood cells, proteins, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cl

Front 51

How many mL of cerebrospinal fluid are there in the average brain?

Back 51

80-100 mL in the average brain

Front 52

What is the significance of the choroid plexus?

Back 52

it is an area in each of the ventricles that has specialized ependymal cells and cappilaries that produce and maintain cerebrospinal fluid

Front 53

What is the function of ependymal cells

Back 53

form tight junctions and line blood vessels so nothing can go into or leave the blood unless its through the cell

Front 54

What creates the blood-CSF barrier?

Back 54

tight junctions

Front 55

What is the purpose of the blood-CSF barrier?

Back 55

it protects the CSF from harmful chemicals and processes of secretion, absorption, etc. with the plasma

Front 56

Where is cerebral spinal fluid formed?

Back 56

the choroid plexuses of the lateral, third and fourth ventricles

Front 57

How does cerebrospinal fluid circulate?

Back 57

lateral ventricles-->interventricular foramen-->third ventricle-->cerebral aqueduct-->fourth ventricle-->subarachnoid space and central canal-->reabsored into blood via arachnoid villi into dural venous sinuses-->venous blood-->heart and lungs-->back to ventricles

Front 58

What are the sites at chich cerebrospinal fluid is absorbed into venous circulation?

Back 58

arachnoid granulations

Front 59

Which area of the brain contains ascending and descending tracts that all info passed between the brain and spinal cord must pass through?

Back 59

the medulla oblongata

Front 60

Describe the medulla oblongata structurally.

Back 60

continuous with the superior part of the spinal cord, forms the inferior part of the brain stem, begins at foramen magnum to inferior border of pons

Front 61

What is the medulla oblongata composed of?

Back 61

white and gray matter

Front 62

What are the four categories of nuclei present in the medulla oblongata?

Back 62

cardiovascular center, respiratory center, reflex nuclei, 5 pairs of crania nerves

Front 63

In the medulla oblongata, what is the function of the cardiovascular center?

Back 63

regulates HB, BP, diameter of blood vessels and cell bodies, central to our survival

Front 64

In the medulla oblongata, what is the function of the respiratory center?

Back 64

sets the pace of breathing rhythym

Front 65

In the medulla oblongata, what is the function of other reflex nuclei?

Back 65

controlling sneezing, coughing, hiccuping, swallowing, vomiting

Front 66

What are the five pairs of crania nerves that are associated with the medulla oblongata?

Back 66

vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, hypoglossal, accessory

Front 67

What do both the medulla oblongata and pons contain?

Back 67

autonomic reflex centers, relay stations, and ascending and descending tracts

Front 68

What is the purpose of the pons?

Back 68

bridge all areas of the brain so communication can occur to and from the cerebrum

Front 69

What deos the pons contain that is considered white matter

Back 69

-axons connecting the right and left sides of the cerebellum
-ascending sensory and descending motor tracts between the spinall cord and the cerebellum

Front 70

What nuclei are associated with the pons?

Back 70

pontine, pneumotaxic area, apneustic area, and 4 pairs of cranial nerves

Front 71

In the pons, what is the function of the pontine nuclie?

Back 71

a motor tract that sends voluntary movement signals from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum

Front 72

In the pons, what i the purpose of the apneustic and pneumotaxic centers?

Back 72

ajust activities of the respiratory rhythmicity centers in the medulla oblongata; helps to control our breathing

Front 73

What four pairs of cranial nerves are associated with the pons?

Back 73

vestibule, abducens, facial, trigeminal

Front 74

Does the midbrain contain gray or white matter?

Back 74

both

Front 75

What does the midbrain consist of for both sensory structures and motor structures?

Back 75

sensory:
1. corpora quadrigemina
-2 superior colliculus
-2 inferior colliculus

motor:
1. tegmentum and cerebral peduncles

Front 76

Which section is the most complex part of the brainstem?

Back 76

the midbrain

Front 77

What is the main functions of the midbrain?

Back 77

direct complex motor patterns at the subconscious level and influences level of activity in the entire nervous system

Front 78

In the midbrain, what does the corpora quadrigemina consist of and what are their functions?

Back 78

two superior colliculus which control reflex movements of eyes, head, and neck in response to visual stimuli and two inferior colliculus which control reflex movements of the head and neck in response to auditory stimuli

Front 79

In the midbrain, what controls the upper limb position/background muscle tone subconsciously?

Back 79

the tegmentum and cerebral peduncles

Front 80

Classify the tegmentum and cerebral peduncles as white or gray matter.

Back 80

tegmentum is gray matter and cerebral peduncles is white matter

Front 81

In the midbrain, what controls alertness?

Back 81

the Reticular Activating System RAS

Front 82

What does the reticular activating system do?

Back 82

makes you more alert and attentative

Front 83

In the midbrain, what two nuclei are present in the tegmentum?

Back 83

the red nucleus and substantia nigra

Front 84

In the midbrain, what are the red nucleus responsible for?

Back 84

areas of connection between the cerebrum and cerebellum to control muscle movements

Front 85

In the midbrain, what are substantia nigra responsible for?

Back 85

releasing the neurotransmitter dopamine to other brain nuclei

Front 86

What does the cerebellum monitor?

Back 86

propriocetive, visual, tactile, balance, and auditory sensations

Front 87

What are the two primary functions of the cerebellum?

Back 87

1. adjusts postural muscles of the body; balance

2. evaluate how well movement sinitiated by motor areas in the cerebrum are actually ccarried out

Front 88

How does the cerebellum make adjustments that help maintain balance and equilibrium?

Back 88

by modifying the activities of motor centers in the brain stem

Front 89

How does the cerebellum refine learned movement patterns indirectly?

Back 89

compares motor commands with proprioceptive information and makes any adjustments needed to make movements smooth

Front 90

What occurs when discrepancies are detected in the movements initiated by the cerebrum?

Back 90

the cerebellum sends feedback signals to motor areas of the cerebral cortex through red nucleus and thalamus through the cerebellar peduncles. errors are then corrected, smooth movements are made, and coordinated complex sequences of muscle contraction occur

Front 91

What are the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum involved in?

Back 91

subconcious voluntary movement

Front 92

What is responsible for equilibrium imbalance in the cerebellum?

Back 92

flocculonodular lobe

Front 93

What does the cerebellar cortex contain?

Back 93

purkinje cells

Front 94

What is a functional unit in the cerebellum composed of?

Back 94

1 purkinje cell and 1 deep nuclear cell

Front 95

In the cerebellum, where does sensory information synapse?

Back 95

purkinje cells

Front 96

In the cerebellum, what are motor movements initiated by?

Back 96

the cerebellar cortex

Front 97

What is the function of purkinje cells?

Back 97

fine tune our motor movements

Front 98

In the cerebellum, what are folia?

Back 98

folds in the cerebellar cortex to increase the surface area

Front 99

In the cerebellum, what is arbor vitae?

Back 99

white matter that connects the cerebellasr cortex with the cerebellar peduncles, allows info to travel

Front 100

In the cerebellum, what is the function of cerebellar nuclei?

Back 100

give rise to axons carrying impulses to other brain centeres and spinal cord; ha sinvolumtary coordination and control of ongoing body movements

Front 101

What do the tracts that link the cerebellum with the brain stem, cerebrum, and spinal cord form?

Back 101

the cerebellar peduncles

Front 102

What is the function of the inferior peduncles?

Back 102

carry sensory info from the vestibular apparatus and proprioceptors throughout the body into the cerebellum

Front 103

What is the function of the middle peduncles?

Back 103

axons carry commands for voluntary movements from th cerebral cortex into the cerebellum

Front 104

What is the function of the superior peduncles?

Back 104

sensory info; sensory feedback control; axons extend from the cerebellum to tegmentum and red nuclei of the thalamus

Front 105

Which section is the ceter of the brain?

Back 105

diencephalon

Front 106

What is the largest area of the diencephalon?

Back 106

the thalamus

Front 107

What are the four major functions of the thalamus?

Back 107

1. major relay statiopn for most sensory impulses
2. contributes to motor function
3. relays impulses between areas of the cerebrum
4. distribution center: where synapses send info to the neuron to tell it where to go

Front 108

What does the thalamus act as for the cerebral cortex?

Back 108

A filter, only passing on a small portion o fthe arriving sensory info

Front 109

What are the 5 regions of the thalamus?

Back 109

Medial, posterior, ventral, anterior, and lateral

Front 110

What do each region of the thalamus contain?

Back 110

nuclei or groups of nuclei that connect to specific regions of the cerebral cortex

Front 111

In the thalamus, what is the function of the anterior nucleus?

Back 111

regulates alertness and attention and involved in acquiring memory

Front 112

In the thalamus, what is the function of the medial nuclei?

Back 112

emotional awareness, learning, memory, cognition

Front 113

In the thalamus, what is the function of the lateral group?

Back 113

emotional expressioin, integration oof sensory info

Front 114

In the thalamus, what is the function of the ventral group

Back 114

contributes to motor function, relays touch, pressure, proprioception, vibration, heat, cold, and pain

Front 115

In the thalamus, what is the function of the posterior group?

Back 115

Integrates sensory info for projection to cortex, relays visual and auditory impulses

Front 116

What are the six functions of the hypothalamus?

Back 116

1. control of ANS
2. production of hormones
3. regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns (along with the limbic system)
4. regulation of eating and drinking
5. body temp control
6. regulation of circadian rhythyms and consciousness

Front 117

What are the three possible stimulations of the hypothalamus?

Back 117

1. sensory info from the cerebrum, brain stem, spinal cord
2. changes in the composition of the CSF and interstitial fluid
3. chemical stimuli in the circulating blood that rapidly enter the hypothalamus bc ths regiion lacks a blood brain barrier

Front 118

What does the epithalamus consist of?

Back 118

pineal gland and habenular nuclei

Front 119

In the epithalamus, what is the function of the pineal gland

Back 119

secretes melatonin; sets the biological pattern for sleeping. melatonin release increases when it is dark and decreases when it is light

Front 120

In the epithalamus, what is the function of the habenular nuclei?

Back 120

olfaction and emotional responses to odors (the smell of crayons brings you back to kindergarten

Front 121

What type of group is the limbic system?

Back 121

functional rather than anatomical

Front 122

What are the functions of the limbic system?

Back 122

1. establish emotional states
2. doesnt use reason
3. facilitating memory storage and retrieval
4. gut reactions

Front 123

Where is the limbic system located?

Back 123

it is part of the cerebrum, areas of the cortex, deep nuclei in the forebrain and temporal lobe

Front 124

Are humans limbic or cortex driven?

Back 124

cortex

Front 125

What is the function of the hippocampus?

Back 125

learning, in storage and retrieval of long term memories

Front 126

What is the function of the amygdaloid body?

Back 126

regulation of heart rate, control of fight or flight response, linking emotions with specific memories

Front 127

What is the significance of the limbic system?

Back 127

While the sensory, motor, and assocaition areas of the cerebral cortex enable you to perform complex tasks, it is the limbic system that makes you want to do them

Front 128

In the cerebrum, what is the function of the basal nuclei?

Back 128

1. regulate initiation and termination of movements
2. controls subconscious contractions of skeletal muscle
3. cognitive processes (attention, memory, planning) and emotional behaviors (working with the limbic system)
4. integrates info and communates back to the cortex via thalamus

Front 129

Where does the basal nuclei of the cerebrum recieve input from?

Back 129

the entire cortex and other subcortical nuclei

Front 130

What are the three basal nuclei deep within the cerebral hemisphere?

Back 130

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

Front 131

How is information carried in the cerebral hemispheres?

Back 131

each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory info from and sends motor commands to the opposite side of the body

Front 132

Where does the crossing over of info from one cerebral hemisphere to the other occur?

Back 132

in the brain stem an dspinal cord

Front 133

Is the correspondence between a specific function and region of the cerebral cortex precise?

Back 133

no, cortical functions such as consciousness cannot easily be assigned to any specific region

Front 134

What is the function of the primary motor cortex?

Back 134

issue voluntary commands to skeletal muscles

Front 135

What is the function of the primary sensory cortex?

Back 135

receive general somatic sensory info

Front 136

What is hemispheric lateralization?

Back 136

the conept that the two cerebral hemispheres are responsible for specific function that re not ordinarily performed by the opposite hemisphere; both recieve the same information but process it differently

Front 137

How does the right brain interpret information?

Back 137

-musicla and artistic awareness
-spatial and pattern perception
-recognition of faces
-emotional content of speech

Front 138

How does the left brain interpret information?

Back 138

-spoken and written language
-numerical and scientific skills
-reasoning

Front 139

What are the two cerebral hemispheres seperated by?

Back 139

longitudinal fissure

Front 140

What are gyri?

Back 140

folds in the cerbral cortex that increase its surface area

Front 141

What are sulci?

Back 141

depressions in the cerebral cortex that separate adjacent gyri

Front 142

What ae the 5 lobes of the cerebrum cortex

Back 142

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula

Front 143

What seperates the cerebral hemisphere from the cerebellum?

Back 143

the transverse fissure

Front 144

What side of the brain does white matter share info with?

Back 144

both

Front 145

What are the three generalized functional areas of the cerebral cortex?

Back 145

1. sensory areas (sense heat, pressure)
2. association areas (complex, understanding, memory, reason, emotion, personality
3. motor areas (control function of voluntary movement

Front 146

What type of information does the parietal lobe handle?

Back 146

sensory

Front 147

What are the two components of the sensory cortex in the parietal lobe?

Back 147

1. primary somatosensory cortex
2. somatosensory association cortex

Front 148

What is the function of the primary sensory cortex?

Back 148

receives somatic sensory info from receptors for touch, pressure, pain, vibrations, taste, or temp

Front 149

What is the purpose of the somatosensory assoication cortex?

Back 149

interpreation of senstations that arrive in the primary sensory cortex, sorts out the sensations recieved by the body

Front 150

What cortex is responsible for recognizing the shape and texture of an object or relationship of body parts?

Back 150

somatosensory association cortex

Front 151

What are the components of the occipital lobe?

Back 151

the primary visual cortex and visual association cortex

Front 152

What is the function of the primary visual cortex?

Back 152

receive visual info relayed from teh eyes

Front 153

What are the three functions of the visual assoication cortex?

Back 153

1. recognition and interpretation of visual info
2. comparison of past visual experiences
3. storage of visual memories

Front 154

What are the componeents of the temporal lobe?

Back 154

the primary auditory cortex and the auditory association cortex

Front 155

What is the function of the primary auditory cortex?

Back 155

it receives sound information, sorts and sorts it by frequency pitch and rhythm

Front 156

What is the function of the auditory association cortex?

Back 156

sorts sounds into speech, music and tones

Front 157

Where is Wernickes area?

Back 157

in the left hemisphere, partially in the parietal and temporal lobes

Front 158

What is the function of Wernickes area?

Back 158

processes speech into meaning

MAKES WORDS

Front 159

What does the central sulcus do?

Back 159

seperates the front and back brain

Front 160

When do all areas of our brain communicate?

Back 160

ALWAYS

Front 161

What does the prefrontal cortex do?

Back 161

1. collects information from every part of the brain, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum

2. coordinates info and plans behavioral response

Front 162

What part of the brain decides how we are going to act and makes predictions?

Back 162

prefrontal cortex

Front 163

Can we see, hear, and live without this area?

Back 163

yes

Front 164

What happens without the prefrontal cortex?

Back 164

you can no longer execute actions, resond to senses, cant decide, make meaning, no desire

Front 165

What is the function of the somatic motor association cortex (premotor cortex)?

Back 165

-stores learned motor activities
-directs neurons in the primary motor cortex (makes the plan)
-frontal eye fields
-Broca's speech area

Front 166

Where is Broca's speech area located and what is its function?

Back 166

left hemisphere, sequences muscles that move the mouth, tongue, and throat for speech

Front 167

Where are behaviors initiated?

Back 167

the prefrontal cortex

Front 168

Where are movements sequenced?

Back 168

the premotor cortex

Front 169

Where are individual muscles activated?

Back 169

the primary motor cortex

Front 170

What are the functions of the primary motor cortex?

Back 170

brings neurons with axons to the brainstem and spinal cord to direct direct voluntary muscles

Front 171

What interconnects the cerebral hemispheres, lobes of each hemisphere, and links the cerebrum with the rest of the brain?

Back 171

white matter

Front 172

What are the three groups of white matter?

Back 172

-association tracts
-commissural tracts
-projection tracts

Front 173

What do association fibers interconnect?

Back 173

areas of the neural cortex within a single cerebral hemisphere

Front 174

How do association fibers function?

Back 174

axons conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphereq

Front 175

What do commissural fibers interconnect?

Back 175

cerebral hemispheres

Front 176

How do commssural fibers function?

Back 176

axons conduct nerve impulses from gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the other cerebral hemisphere

Front 177

What type of tract are teh corpus acallosum and anterior commissure?

Back 177

commissural tracts

Front 178

What do projection fibers interconnect?

Back 178

the cerebral cortex to the diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum, and spinal cord

Front 179

Ho do projection fibers function?

Back 179

axons conduct nerve impulses from the cerebrum to lower parts of the CNS or from lower parts to the cerebrum

Front 180

What is the internal capsule?

Back 180

the mass of ascending and descending fibers of the projection fibers