Brain, Cranial Nerves And Autonomic Nervous System

Front 1

What are the principal parts of the brain (4)?

Back 1

Cerebellum, Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Brainstem

Front 2

The thalamus and hypothalamus are located in which part of the brain?

Back 2

Diencephalon

Front 3

The medulla, pons and midbrain are located in which part of the brain?

Back 3

Brainstem

Front 4

What is the circle of Willis?

Back 4

where arterial blood supply branches in the base of the brain

Front 5

How much of the body's daily oxygen and gluclose supply does the brain use?

Back 5

20%

Front 6

How many minutes of blood flow interruption to the brain to distrupt neuronal function?

Back 6

1-2

Front 7

How many minutes of blood flow interruption to the brain to cause permanent injury due to lack of oxygen?

Back 7

4

Front 8

Why must the supply of gluclose to the brain be continuous?

Back 8

because carbohydrate storage in the brain is limited.

Front 9

What is hypoglycemia and what are the symptoms?

Back 9

Gluclose deficiency causes mental confusion, dizziness, convulsions, and unconciousness

Front 10

What makes up the blood brain barrier and what is the purpose?

Back 10

epithelian cells and astrocytes; protect brain cells from harmful substances and pathogens

Front 11

How does the blood brain barrier protect brain cells from harmful substances and pathogens?

Back 11

blocks passage of many substances from the blood into the brain tissue, tight junctions seal together epithelial cells and astrocyte processes cover capillaries.

Front 12

What are the 3 meninges that cover the brain?

Back 12

dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater

Front 13

What makes up cerebrospinal fluid?

Back 13

gluclose, proteins and ions.

Front 14

What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid?

Back 14

floats brain and softens impact, optimal ionic concentrations for action potentials, transports nutrients and waste products to and from bloodstream

Front 15

Name the ventricles of the brain (4).

Back 15

lateral (2), third, fourth

Front 16

Describe the lateral ventricles.

Back 16

locted in each hemisphere of the cerebrum

Front 17

What separates the lateral ventricles?

Back 17

septum pellucidum

Front 18

Describe the third ventricle.

Back 18

narrow cavity superior to the hypothalamus and between the right and left halves of the thalamus

Front 19

Describethe fourth ventricle.

Back 19

between the brain stem and the cerebellum.

Front 20

Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?

Back 20

choroid plexuses

Front 21

How is cerebrospinal fluid produced?

Back 21

made from blood plasma that leaks out of specialized, tiny blood vessels (capillaries) called choroid plexus and passes through ependymal cells into 4 ventricles.

Front 22

choroid plexuses

Back 22

located in roof of all four ventricles; consists of tiny capillaries which leak blood plasma into ventricles

Front 23

How is cerebrospial fluid reabsorbed?

Back 23

through arachnoid villi in the superior sagittal sinus and drains through a median aperture and 2 lateral apertures.

Front 24

What is hydrocephalus?

Back 24

blockage of drainage of CSF due to many different causes

Front 25

Describe the medulla oblongata. (8)

Back 25

continuation of spinal cord; ascending sensory tracts; descending motor tracts; nuclei of 5 cranial nerves; cardiovascular center; respiratory center; relays info in and out of cerebellum; reflex centers for coughing, sneezing, swallowig

Front 26

What is cranial nerve I?

Back 26

olfactory

Front 27

What is cranial nerve II?

Back 27

Optic

Front 28

What is cranial nerve III?

Back 28

Oculomotor

Front 29

What is cranial nerve IV?

Back 29

Trochlear

Front 30

What is cranial nerve V?

Back 30

Trigeminal

Front 31

What is cranial nerve VI?

Back 31

Abducens

Front 32

What is cranial nerve VII?

Back 32

Facial

Front 33

What is cranial nerve VIII?

Back 33

Vestibulocochlear

Front 34

What is cranial nerve IX?

Back 34

Glossopharyngeal

Front 35

What is cranial nerve X?

Back 35

Vagus

Front 36

What is cranial nerve XI?

Back 36

Accessory

Front 37

What is cranial nerve XII?

Back 37

Hypoglossal

Front 38

Where is the pons located?

Back 38

superior to the medulla

Front 39

What connects the spinal cord with the brain and links parts of the brain with one another via tracts..

Back 39

the pons

Front 40

What relays nerve impulses related to voluntary skeletal movements from the cerebral cortex to he cerebellum?

Back 40

the pons

Front 41

What contains the pneumotaxic and apneustic areas which help control respiration along with the respiratory center in the medulla?

Back 41

the pons

Front 42

What contains nuclei for cranial nerves V, VI, VII, part of VIII?

Back 42

the pons

Front 43

What does pneumotaxic and apneustic areas in the pons help control?

Back 43

breathing

Front 44

Where does the middle cerebellar peduncles of the pons carry sensory info to?

Back 44

the cerebellum

Front 45

What cranial nerves are located in the pons?

Back 45

5-7 and vestibular branch of 8

Front 46

What extends from pons to diencephalon?

Back 46

Midbrain

Front 47

Where is the cerebral aqueduct located?

Back 47

midbrain

Front 48

What does the cerebral aqueduct connect?

Back 48

third and fourth ventricles

Front 49

What are cerebral peduncles and where are they located?

Back 49

clusters of motor and sensory white fibers which connect the lower and upper brain areas; midbrain

Front 50

What is substantia nigra and where is it located?

Back 50

helps control subconsious muscle activity located in the midbrain

Front 51

What is the red nucleus and where is it located?

Back 51

rich blood supply and iron containing pigment located in the mid brain; cortex and cerebellum coordinate muscular movements by sending information here

Front 52

What is the corpora quadrigemina and where is it located?

Back 52

located on the dorsal surface of the midbrain; coordinates eye movements with visual stimuli and coordinates head movemnts with auditor stimuli

Front 53

What formation has scattered nuclei in medulla, pons and midbrain?

Back 53

reticular formation

Front 54

What is the reticular activating system?

Back 54

alerts cerebral cortex to sensory signals to awaken you from sleep (alarms, etc); maintains conciousness & helps keep you awake with stimuli from ears, eyes etc.

Front 55

What composes the cerebellum?

Back 55

2 serebellar hemispheres and vermis

Front 56

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Back 56

corrects voluntary muscle contraction and posture, sense of equillibrium

Front 57

What is the arbor vitae and where is it located?

Back 57

white matter; in cerebellum

Front 58

What does the diencephalon surround?

Back 58

the third ventricle

Front 59

What part of the brain are the thalamus and hypothalamus located?

Back 59

diencephalon

Front 60

What is a 1 inch long mass of gray matter in each half of the brain?

Back 60

Thalamus

Front 61

What contains nuclei that serve as relay stations for all sensory impulses,except smell, to the cerebral cortex>

Back 61

thalamus

Front 62

What registes conscious recognition of pain and temperature and some crude awarenss of light touch and pressure?

Back 62

thalamus

Front 63

What essential role does the thalamus play?

Back 63

Awareness and acquisition of knowledge

Front 64

What different roles do the nuclei (regions) of thalamus play?

Back 64

relay auditory and visual impulses, taste, somatic sensations; receive impulses from cerebellum or basal ganglia; anterior nucleus concerned with emotions, memory and acquisition of knowledge.

Front 65

What is inferior to the thalamus and has four major regions?

Back 65

hypothalamus

Front 66

What are the four regions of the hypothalamus?

Back 66

mammillary, tuberal, supraoptic, preoptic

Front 67

What controls many body activities and is one of the major regulators of homeostasis?

Back 67

hypothalamus

Front 68

What controls the ANS?

Back 68

hypothalamus

Front 69

What produces hormones but is not an endocine gland?

Back 69

hypothalamus

Front 70

Hypothalamus

Back 70

controls ANS; produces hormones; functions in regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns; regulates eating/drinking through feeding center, satiety center and thirst center; aids in controlling body temp; regulates circadian rhythms and states of conciousness

Front 71

What receives somatic and visceral input and is a major regulator of homeostasis?

Back 71

hypothalamus

Front 72

Where is the pineal gland and habenular nuclei located?

Back 72

Epithalamus

Front 73

What is the function of the pineal gland and where is it located?

Back 73

secretes melatonin during darkness and promotes sleepiness and sets biological clock; located in epithalamus

Front 74

What is the function of the habenular nuclei and where is it located?

Back 74

emotional response to odors; located in the epithalamus

Front 75

What does the corpora quadrigemina consist of?

Back 75

superior and inferior colliculi

Front 76

Superior colliculi

Back 76

reflex center involved in eye, head and neck movements with visual stimulation; part of the corpora quadrigemina

Front 77

Inferior colliculi

Back 77

reflex center involved in head and trunk movements with auditory stimuli; part of the corpora quadrigemina

Front 78

What partof the brain is the largest nd the "thinking" part?

Back 78

cerebrum

Front 79

What is the gray matter of the cerebrum called?

Back 79

cerebral cortex

Front 80

This contains billions of cells and is 2-4 mm thick. (cerebrum)

Back 80

cerebral cortex

Front 81

Contains gyr and sulci.

Back 81

cerebral cortex

Front 82

Gyri

Back 82

folds of the cerebral cortex as a result of quick growth

Front 83

Sulci

Back 83

grooves of the cerebral cortex

Front 84

What separates the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex?

Back 84

longitudial fissure

Front 85

What connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres?

Back 85

corpus callosum

Front 86

What is the corpus callosum?

Back 86

band of white matter connecting left and right cerebral hemispheres

Front 87

What are the four lobes of each cerebral hemisphere?

Back 87

frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital

Front 88

This is the fifth part of the cerebrum, but is not a lobe.

Back 88

insula

Front 89

this lies deep to the parietal, frontal and temporal lobes and cannot be seen in an external view of the brain.

Back 89

insula

Front 90

What are association fibers in the white matter under the cortex?

Back 90

they connect and transmit nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere.

Front 91

What are commissural fibers in the white matter under the cortex?

Back 91

they connect gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to the corresponding gyri in the opposite hemisphere.

Front 92

What are projection fibers in the white matter under the cortex?

Back 92

they form ascending and descending tracts that transmit impulses from the cerebrum to other parts of the bran and spinal cord.

Front 93

What does the white matter in the cerebrum consist of?

Back 93

myelinated axons running in three directions; association fibers, commissural fibers, projection fibers

Front 94

What is the basal ganglia and where is it located?

Back 94

paired masses of gray matter located in each cerebral hemisphere.

Front 95

What controls large automatic movements of skeletal muscles ad serves as input/output to/from cerebral cortex, thalamus and hypothalamus?

Back 95

basal ganglia

Front 96

Where is the limbic system located?

Back 96

in the cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon

Front 97

What is the limbic system?

Back 97

emotional brain; functions in emotional aspects of behavior and memory; strong emotions can strenghten memory

Front 98

Is the cerebral cortex white or gray matter?

Back 98

gray

Front 99

What are the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex concerned with?

Back 99

reception and interpretation of sensory impulses.

Front 100

What are some important sensory areas of the cerebral cortex (4)?

Back 100

primary.....somatosensory (touch), visual, auditory and gustatory (taste) areas

Front 101

What are the important motor areas of the cerebral cortex (2)?

Back 101

primary motor area, Broca's speech area

Front 102

What are the association areas of the cerebral cortex concerned with?

Back 102

complex integrative functions such as memory, emotions, reasoning, will, judgement, personality traits, and intelligence

Front 103

Somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex

Back 103

integrate and interpret touch

Front 104

Visual association area of the cerebral cortex

Back 104

recognize and evaluate visual info

Front 105

Auditory association area of cerebral cortex (Wernicke's)

Back 105

words become speech

Front 106

Gnostic area of cerebral cortex

Back 106

integrates all senses and responds

Front 107

Premotor area of cerebral cortex

Back 107

learned skilled movements such as typing

Front 108

Frontal Eye Field area of cerebral cortex

Back 108

scanning eye movements such as a phone book

Front 109

Where are lanquage areas located in the brain?

Back 109

in the left cerebral hemisphere of most people

Front 110

Aphasia

Back 110

inability to use or comprehend words

Front 111

nonfluent aphasia

Back 111

inability to properly form words due to damage in broca's speech area (stroke)

Front 112

fluent aphasia

Back 112

faulty understanding of spoken or writte words due to damage to common integrative area or auditory association area

Front 113

word deafness

Back 113

an inabiity to understand a spoken word due to damage to commaon integrative area or auditory association area

Front 114

word blindness

Back 114

an inability to understand written words due to damage to common integrative area or auditory association area

Front 115

Which hemisphere is more important for right handed control, spoken and written language and numerical and scientific skills?

Back 115

Left hemisphere

Front 116

Which hemisphere is more important for left handed control, musical and artistic awarenss, space and pattern perception, insight, imagination, and generating mental images of the senses?

Back 116

Right hemisphere

Front 117

Damage to which hemisphere causes aphasia?

Back 117

Left hemisphere

Front 118

Damage to which hemisphere causes speech with little emotional inflection?

Back 118

Right hemisphere

Front 119

What is a tracing of electrical impulses of the brain?

Back 119

EEG - electroencephalogram

Front 120

What s the criterion in confirming brain death?

Back 120

complete absence of brain waves in two EEG's taken 24 hours apart

Front 121

What are brain waves?

Back 121

millions of nerve action potentials in cerebral cortex

Front 122

What do the four lines in the EEG represent?

Back 122

Alpha - awake and resting
Beta - mental activity
Theta - emotional stress
Delta - deep sleep

Front 123

Olfactory Nerve I

Back 123

sense of smell; sits in cribaform plate

Front 124

Optic Nerve II

Back 124

connects to retina; vision

Front 125

Oculomotor Nerve III

Back 125

controls muscles that move eyelids and eyeballs, controls accomodation for near vision, constricts pupil

Front 126

Trochlear Nerve IV

Back 126

controls superior oblique eye muscles

Front 127

Trigeminal Nerve V

Back 127

motor portion controls muscles of mastication (chewing); sensory portion touch, pain, temp receptors of the face

Front 128

Abducens Nerve VI

Back 128

controls lateal rectus eye muscles

Front 129

Facial Nerve VII

Back 129

motor portion controls facial muscles, salivary, nasal, and oral mucous glands and tears; sensory porton taste buds on anterior of tongue

Front 130

Vestibulocochlear Nerve VIII

Back 130

enables hearing; has two branches= cochlear and vestibular

Front 131

Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX

Back 131

activates the muscle that lifts throat during swallowing, activates secretios of parotid gland, taste on posterior of tongue

Front 132

Vagus Nerve X

Back 132

receives sensations for viscera, controls cardiac and smooth muscle; controls secretion of digestive fluids

Front 133

Spinal Accessory Nerve XI

Back 133

has two portions = cranial and spinal; activates skeletal muscles of throat and soft palate; activates sternocleidomastoid and trap muscles

Front 134

Hypoglossal Nerve XII

Back 134

controls muscles of tongue during seech and swallowing

Front 135

What happens to our nervous system as we age?

Back 135

brain weight declines, # of synaptic contacts decline, diminished info processing, conduction velocity decreases, voluntary motor movements and reflexes slow down,

Front 136

CVA

Back 136

cerebrovascular accident or stroke

Front 137

Two classifications of CVA's

Back 137

ischemic - decreased blood supply to brain
hemorrhagic - burst blood vessel in brain

Front 138

t-PA

Back 138

tissue plasminogen activator - used within 3 hrs of ischemic CVA onset can decrease permanent disability

Front 139

TIA

Back 139

transient ishemic attack = temporary cerebral dysfunction

Front 140

Alzheimers Disease (AD)

Back 140

a form of dementia; great loss of neurons in specific regions like hippocampus and cerebral cortex, loss of neurons that release aCH, amyloid plaques, tangled protein filaents develop within neurons and destroy them, no cure

Front 141

Concusion

Back 141

temporary loss of conciousness

Front 142

Contusion

Back 142

brusing of the brain, > 5 min unconciousness but blood in CSF

Front 143

Alzheimers Disease (AD)

Back 143

a form of dementia; great loss of neurons in specific regions like hippocampus and cerebral cortex, loss of neurons that release aCH, amyloid plaques, tangled protein filaents develop within neurons and destroy them, no cure

Front 144

Concusion

Back 144

temporary loss of conciousness

Front 145

Contusion

Back 145

brusing of the brain, > 5 min unconciousness but blood in CSF

Front 146

The autonomic motor pathways consist of what?

Back 146

2 motor neurons that communicate at the autonomic ganglion

Front 147

Describe the preganglionic neuron of the ANS

Back 147

it has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord and is myelinated

Front 148

Describe the postganglionic neuron of the ANS

Back 148

is has it cell body outside the CNS and is unmyelinated and terminates in a muscle or a gland (visceral effector)

Front 149

What are the 2 major divisions of the ANS?

Back 149

sypathetic or parasympathetic

Front 150

Sympathetic Division of ANS

Back 150

"fight or flight"; speeds organs up

Front 151

Parasympathetic Division of ANS

Back 151

"rest and digest"; decreases heart rate

Front 152

Contains vital centers that regulate heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, vomitting, coughing?

Back 152

Medulla Oblongata

Front 153

Smoothes and coordinates skilled skeletal muscle movement; also posture and balance or equilibrium?

Back 153

cerebellum

Front 154

Controls and integrates the autonomic nervous system, regulates hormones, emotional behavior, temp, eating & drinking behavior?

Back 154

hypothalamus

Front 155

interprets sensory input, controls skilled skeletal muscle movements and is involved in emotional and intellectual processes?

Back 155

cerebral cortex

Front 156

Helps control breathing; conducts impulses to and from the cerebellum, midbrain, and medulla

Back 156

pons

Front 157

Relays all sensory iput to the cerebral cortex; involved in skeletal muscle actions and memory processing?

Back 157

thalamus

Front 158

Coordinates visual and auditory reflexes?

Back 158

Corpora Quadrigemina

Front 159

Coordinates gross, automatic muscle movements; also involved in the limbic system?

Back 159

Basal Nuclei

Front 160

White fiber tracts communicating between hemi-spheres?

Back 160

Corpus Callosum

Front 161

The components of the autonomic reflex arc are:

Back 161

sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, 2 motor neurons, effector

Front 162

The components of the somatic reflex arc are:

Back 162

sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, 1 motor neurons, effector

Front 163

Where are the autonomic integrating centers?

Back 163

The hypothalamus and lateral gray horn of spinal cord.

Front 164

Are the autonomic integrating centers polysynaptic or monosynaptic?

Back 164

Polysynaptic

Front 165

Where are the cell bodies for the sympathetic preganglionic neurons located?

Back 165

in the gray matter of the 12 thoracic and first three lumbar segments of the spinal cord

Front 166

Where are the cell bodies for the postganglionic neurons located?

Back 166

in the sympathetic trunks or vertical chains along both sides of vertebral column or are bundled in collateral ganglia that lie anterior to the spinal column and close to large abdominal arteries

Front 167

Name the postganglionic neurons.

Back 167

Celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric

Front 168

Where is the cell body in the preganglionic neuron located?
Is it myelinated or unmyelinated?

Back 168

in th brain or spinal cord; myelinated

Front 169

Where is the cel body in th postganglionic neuron located? Is it myelinated or unmyelinted?

Back 169

outside of the CNS and it terminates in visceral effector (muscle or gland)

Front 170

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Back 170

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Front 171

Sympathetic Division

Back 171

fight or flght; speeds up organs

Front 172

Parasympathetic Division

Back 172

rest and digest; slows organs down

Front 173

What are the sympathetic trunk ganglia functions?

Back 173

innervate organs above diaphragm (pineal glad, lacramal glands, salivary glands, mucosa of the nose and palate, eyes, heart, lungs

Front 174

What are the collateral ganglia functions?

Back 174

celiac ganglion, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric

Front 175

Celiac ganglion are connected to........

Back 175

liver, stomach, adrenals

Front 176

Superior Mesenteric ganglion are connected to.........

Back 176

small itesting, ascending and transverse colon

Front 177

Inferior Mesenteric ganglion are connected to.........

Back 177

descending colon, kidney, bladder, reproductive organs

Front 178

Divergence

Back 178

many organs can get turned on at once; each preganglionic cell synapses on many postganglionic cells that go to effectors; multiple organs fet the message at the same time

Front 179

Adrenal glands

Back 179

What are modified clusters of postganglionic cell bodies that release epinephrine and norepinephrine into blood.

Front 180

Preganglionic cell bodies in thoracic and first 3 lumbar segments of spinal cord
Postganglionic cell bodies (ganglia)
- sympathetic trunk ganglia chain near vertebral column
- prevertebral ganglia near large blood vessel in gut (celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric)

Back 180

Sympathetic Division

Front 181

- Preganglionic cell bodies in nuclei of 4 cranial nerves and the sacral spinal cord
Postganglionic cell bodies
(ganglia)
- very near or in wall of organ

Back 181

Parasympathetic Division

Front 182

What are autonomic plexes?

Back 182

tangled networks of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons which lie along major arteries

Front 183

What are the two classifications for ANS neurons? Why are they classified this way?

Back 183

Cholinergic or Adrenergic
based on neurotransmitter they release.

Front 184

Adrenergic Neurons release what and from where?

Back 184

They release Norepinephrine from postganglionic sympathetic neurons.

Front 185

Adrenergic Receptors accept what?

Back 185

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

Front 186

Adrenergic receptors on effectors are what based on what?

Back 186

excited or inhibited based on what type of receptor the organ has

Front 187

What are the main types of adrenergic receptors?

Back 187

Alpha 1 and Beta 1 - excite effector

Alpha 2 and Beta 2 - inhibit effector

Front 188

What does cholinergic neurons release?

Back 188

aCH

Front 189

Do cholinergic neurons excite or inhibit?

Back 189

depends on type of receptor the effector organ has

Front 190

What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?

Back 190

Nicotinic and Muscarinic

Front 191

Activation of nicotinic receptors cause what?

Back 191

excitation of postsynaptic cell

Front 192

Activation of muscarinic receptors causes what?

Back 192

either excitation or inhibition depending on the cells receptors

Front 193

Agonist

Back 193

is a substance that binds to and activates a receptor, mimicking the effect of a natural neurotransmitter or hormone

Front 194

Antagonist

Back 194

is a substance that binds to and blocks a receptor, preventing a natural neurotransmitter or hormon from exerting its effect.

Front 195

SLUDD

Back 195

salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion and defacation = maintained by parasympathetic system