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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Lateral Pathways
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-Involved in voluntary movement of the distal musculature under direct cortical control
-Limbs, fine motor skills |
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Ventromedial pathways
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-posture
-movement -brain stem control |
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Corticospinal tract
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-most important part of lateral pathway
-begins in neocortex, longest -aka pyramidal tract |
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Motor Cortex
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-Areas 4 and 6
-central sulcus/precentral gyrus |
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Pyramidal tract
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-synonym for corticospinal tract
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Rubrospinal tract
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-Originates in red nucleus
-Smaller component of lateral pathway |
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Vestibulospinal tracts
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-Also tectospinal
-Originate in vestibular nuclei |
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Tectospinal tract
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-originates in the superior colliculus of the midbrain (which receives direct input from the retina
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Reticular formation
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-The reticulospinal tracs arise mainly from here
-brain stem -runs the length of the brain stem at its core, just under the cerebral aqueduct and fourth ventricle. -2 parts - pontine and medullary tract |
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Pontine Reticulospinal tract
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-enchances antigravity reflexes of the spinal cord
-maintain standing posture |
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Medullary reticulospinal tract
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-liberates antigravity muscles from reflex control.
-required for movements like pitching etc. |
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M1
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-primary motor cortex
-area 4 |
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PMA and SMA
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-premotor area = connects with reticulospinal neurons that innervate proximal motor units.
-supplementary motor area: sends axons that innervate distal motor units |
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Ventral lateral (VL) nucleus
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-nucleus of the dorsal thalamus
-where major subcortical input to area 6 arises -the input to this part of the VL, called VLo, arises from the basal ganglia. |
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Basal ganglia
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-telencephalon
-where input to VL nucleus arises -targets of cerebral cortex -loop where information cycles from the cortex thru the BG and thalamus and then back to cortex (particularly in the SMA) |
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What structures make up the basal ganglia?
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Substantia nigra, putamen, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus
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What structures make up the striatum?
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The caudate nucleus and the putamen
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Parkinson's disease
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-hypokinesia
-degeneration of substantia nigra inputs into the striatum (dopamine) |
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Huntingdon's disease
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-hyperkinesia
-dyskinesias -dementia -chorea = spontaneous, uncontrollable, purposeless movements |
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Ballism
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-violent, flinging motions of the extremities
-one side of body = hemiballismus |
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Motor strip
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-Ribbon of cortex that stretches the full length of the precentral gyrus
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Cerebellum
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-Sequence of movements
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Ataxia
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-Condition of the cerebellum where movements become uncoordinated and inaccurate.
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Dysynergia
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-Decomposition of synergistic multijoint movement
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Vermis
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-bump on the midline of the cerebellum
-separates two cerebellar hemispheres |
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Pontine nuclei
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-frontal areas 4 & 6, somatosensory areas on the postcentral gyrus, posterior parietal areas
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