Brain & Behavior Midterm

Front 1

Which one of these is not one of the "big ideas" of the course?

Back 1

The brain is composed of neurons.

Front 2

Frontotemporal dementia, Corticobasal degeneration, Alzheimer's and a growing list of other diseases appear to be caused by

Back 2

Genetic mutations

Front 3

Not recognizing part of your body as belonging to you is referred to as

Back 3

alien hand syndrome

Front 4

The neuroaxis refers to the same structures as

Back 4

The central nervous system

Front 5

Descartes was

Back 5

a dualist

Front 6

The neuroanatomical term synonymous with "towards the nose" is

Back 6

rostral

Front 7

The plane of section that divides the body into left and right halves is

Back 7

sagittal

Front 8

The pane of section that divides the body into top and bottom halves is

Back 8

horizontal

Front 9

Homo sapiens coexisted with

Back 9

neanderthals

Front 10

The hypothesis that the psyche is responsible for behavior was expounded by

Back 10

Aristotle

Front 11

The study of how genetic expression is related to the environment and experience is known as

Back 11

epigenetics

Front 12

Humans are most closely related to

Back 12

chimpanzees

Front 13

The radiator hypothesis is a theory relating to

Back 13

cooling of the brain by blood flow

Front 14

Which one of the following is not correlated with brain size?
health, cause of death, age, intelligence, body size

Back 14

intelligence

Front 15

Motor output signals are sent through layer(s) _______ of the cortex.

Back 15

V and VI

Front 16

If we are speaking of the brain, "dorsal" means

Back 16

toward the top of the skull

Front 17

The neuroanatomical direction that means "toward the middle" is

Back 17

medial

Front 18

The plane of the section the divides structures into front and back is

Back 18

coronal or frontal

Front 19

In the PNS, sensory nerves enter the spinal cord through the

Back 19

dorsal

Front 20

The part of the nervous system that rests, restores and rebuilds the body is the

Back 20

parasympathetic branch of the ANS

Front 21

The outermost of the three meninges is the

Back 21

dura mater

Front 22

Blood capillaries travel through the space beneath the

Back 22

arachnoid layer

Front 23

Arachnoid granulations allow the passage of

Back 23

cerebral spinal fluid

Front 24

A ridge of "up folding" of the cortical surface is called a

Back 24

gyrus

Front 25

A valley or "down folding" of the cortical surface is called a

Back 25

sulcus or fissure

Front 26

In most people, the ability for language is found

Back 26

in the left hemisphere

Front 27

The structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres is the

Back 27

corpus callosum

Front 28

The primary motor cortex is found in the

Back 28

frontal lobe

Front 29

The primary motor cortex is found on the

Back 29

pre-central gyrus

Front 30

Based on what you've read in the text and listened to in class, the "ghost" or "phantom" limb phenomenon is most probably caused by neurological activity in the

Back 30

parietal lobe

Front 31

The primary visual cortex is located in the

Back 31

occipital lobe

Front 32

The primary somtaosensory cortex is located in the

Back 32

parietal lobe

Front 33

Circuits in the fusiform gyrus are responsible for

Back 33

facial recognition

Front 34

In capgras delusion, a person

Back 34

thinks a familiar person or object has been replaced with an exact duplicate

Front 35

Parkinson's disease is caused by a lack of ________ input.

Back 35

dopaminergic

Front 36

The "starter/stopper" motor for movements is the

Back 36

basal ganglia

Front 37

The occipital lobe

Back 37

back of the brain

Front 38

The location of the primary motor cortex

Back 38

temporal lobe

Front 39

The cerebellum

Back 39

bottom of the brain

Front 40

The location of facial recognition

Back 40

temporal lobe

Front 41

The brain region that controls vomiting.

Back 41

area postrema

Front 42

The brain region that acts as a relay for sensory information coming form the periphery and heading on the primary sensory cortices.

Back 42

Thalamus

Front 43

the brain region that controls recognition of - and responses to - threatening or fearful stimuli

Back 43

amygdala

Front 44

The brain region that control autonomic functions such as osmotic balance and reproductive behaviors

Back 44

hypothalamus

Front 45

In the human brain the basal ganglia, limbic system, and olfactory bulbs are considered part of the...

Back 45

telencephalon

Front 46

the golgi stain made use of ______ to stain neurons so they could be viewed under a microscope.

Back 46

silver nitrate

Front 47

The cell's soma

Back 47

the part with the nucleus, the head

Front 48

The place that acts as an "outlet strip" to allow more places for other neurons to "plug in" to the neuron

Back 48

dendrites

Front 49

The dendrites

Back 49

the long projections

Front 50

According to Professor Clark, social position in Europe during the Middle Ages was NOT strongly influenced by which of the following?

Back 50

race

Front 51

Spartacus was

Back 51

White

Front 52

Septimus Severus was

Back 52

black

Front 53

Egyptian tomb paintings are of interest to the discussion we have been having recently because

Back 53

there is no relationship between skin color and social position in the paintings

Front 54

The first use of the word "race" in English occurred

Back 54

Between Columbus' arrival on Hispanola and the American Revolutionin 1776

Front 55

The doctrine of discovery

Back 55

gave Papal blessing to making slaves of non-Christians and taking their land

Front 56

Professor Clark argued that the Jim Crow laws were created because of

Back 56

a desire to preserve cheap labor by denying Blacks opportunities to pursue better jobs

Front 57

According to Prof. clark, racism is just part of "human nature". T or F

Back 57

False

Front 58

Blacks have an extra muscle in their legs. T or F

Back 58

false

Front 59

According to Prof. Clark, BiDil, a drug for heart disease

Back 59

was originally prescribed for people of all races, but was reinvented as a "for-Blacks-only" when the original patent was about to expire.

Front 60

In the first half of the 20th century, many professional basketball players were

Back 60

Jewish

Front 61

Skin color, facial features, and hair color and texture are largely genetically determined. T or F

Back 61

True

Front 62

Polygenic inheritance for skin color means that people with dark skin have alleles that are not found in people with light skin. T or F

Back 62

False

Front 63

Over two hundred years of race science in the United State has produced a combination of genetic, physiological and anatomical traits that uniquely and conclusively identifies members of all racial groups. T or F

Back 63

False

Front 64

The reason race is not a biological concept is because race mixing over the last few centuries has diluted the original pure races. T or F

Back 64

False

Front 65

Physiological (Mechanism/ Causation)

Back 65

a behavior is related to brain activity and the reactions that occur there (example: certain chemical reactions allow hormones to influence brain activity) 

Front 66

Ontogenetic (Development)

Back 66

a behavior develops through the influence of genes, nutrition, experience, and other interactions (example: the ability to stop impulses develops from birth to adolescence, showing gradual maturation of the brain's frontal lobe)

Front 67

Biological explanations of behavior

Back 67

-physiological
-ontogenetic
-evolutionary
-functional

Front 68

Evolutionary (Phylogeny)

Back 68

a behavior or structure relates to its evolutionary history (example: goose bumps are now useless to humans because our arm hair is so short, but the behavior evolved from our ancient ancestors)

Front 69

Functional (Adaptation)

Back 69

the reason why a behavior or structure evolved as it did; identifies genetic advantage (example: certain animals use camouflage as protection against predators)

Front 70

Dualism

Back 70

-Descartes
-behavior is controlled by mind and body
-mind receives info from the body through the brain
-mind directs body through brain

Front 71

Rene Descartes

Back 71

-suggested that the mind works though the pineal body (now pineal gland)
-mind instructs the pineal body to direct fluid form the ventricles through nerves and into muscles
-fluid expands the muscles, the body moves

Front 72

Monism

Back 72

-only one kind of existence

Front 73

Genes

Back 73

-units of heredity that maintain structural identity from one generation to another
-segments of DNA that encode the synthesis of particular proteins

Front 74

Chromosomes

Back 74

-genes are inside chromosomes
-the double-helix structures that hold an organism's entire DNA sequence
-like blueprints
-contain thousands of gene

Front 75

DNA

Back 75

-template for RNA
-capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins

Front 76

Translation of RNA

Back 76

-structural proteins or enzymes
-DNA uncoils to expose a gene
-one strand of the gene serves as a template for transcribing a molecule of mRNA
-mRNA leaves the nucleus and comes in contact with ribosomes in the endoplasmic reticulum
-as a ribosome moves along the mRNA, it translates the bases into a specific amino acid chain, which forms the protein

Front 77

Homozygous

Back 77

-having two identical alleles for a trait

Front 78

Recessive

Back 78

-effects only in homozygous condition
-routinely unexpressed allele
-

Front 79

sex-linked

Back 79

-most sex-linked on X chromosome
-recessive gene for red-green color vision deficiency

Front 80

sex-limited

Back 80

-genes activated by sex hormones

Front 81

autosomal genes

Back 81

-contain the genes that contribute most to our physical appearance and behavioral functions

Front 82

X chromosome

Back 82

-genes for 1500 proteins

Front 83

Y chromosome

Back 83

-genes for only 27 proteins
-some sites influence genes on other chromosomes

Front 84

Monozygotic

Back 84

-from one egg
-identical twins

Front 85

Dizygotic

Back 85

-from two eggs
-fraternal twins

Front 86

Adopted children

Back 86

-resemblance to biological parents suggest high heritability

Front 87

A notochord is

Back 87

a longitudinal flexible rod in the back

Front 88

A person who can display some rudimentary behaviors such as smiling or blinking but is otherwise not conscious is described as being

Back 88

in a minimally conscious state

Front 89

All the nerve processes radiating out beyond the brain and spinal cord as well as all the neuronsoutside the brain and spinal cord constitute the

Back 89

peripheral nervous system

Front 90

Dunbar proposed that group sizes of about _____ tend to be correlated with increased brain size in primates.

Back 90

150

Front 91

Homo sapiens coexisted with

Back 91

Neanderthals

Front 92

Humans are most closely related to

Back 92

chimpanzees

Front 93

Humans, monkeys, Neanderthals, and chimpanzees all belong to the same

Back 93

order

Front 94

Insects have

Back 94

enough ganglia to be called a brain

Front 95

Modern humans appeared approximately

Back 95

200,000 years ago

Front 96

More advanced nervous systems often have similar structures on the left and right sides (e.g., theleft and right hemispheres of the brain). This concept is known as

Back 96

bilateral symmetry

Front 97

Of the 100,000 people in the United States who may become comatose in a given year, how manyrecover consciousness?

Back 97

20 percent

Front 98

Other than humans, which chordate has the largest forebrain?

Back 98

birds

Front 99

Our small face, vaulted cranium, upright mobility, and distribution of hair are features that link us with juvenile chimps. This illustrates

Back 99

neoteny

Front 100

Potts proposed that climate change may have placed pressure on apes to adapt to their environment.Specifically, he proposed that apes that lived in _____ climates may have begun to walk upright.

Back 100

drier

Front 101

The _____ is a nonmaterial entity that is responsible for intelligence, attention, awareness, and consciousness.

Back 101

mind

Front 102

The brain uses ____ of the body’s oxygen and _____ of the body’s glucose.

Back 102

25 percent; 70 percent

Front 103

The correct order of the evolution of nervous systems from simple to complex is

Back 103

nerve net, segmentation, ganglia, spinal cord, brain

Front 104

The first primate to walk upright similar to humans was

Back 104

Australopithecus

Front 105

The human spinal cord is a great example of the concept of

Back 105

segmentation

Front 106

The notion that all behavior can be explained by the workings of the brain is commonly referred to as

Back 106

materialism

Front 107

The notion that the mind resides in the pineal body comes from

Back 107

Descartes

Front 108

The notion that the movements we make and the movements we perceive in others are central to communication with one another is called the theory of

Back 108

embodied language

Front 109

The oldest fossils that have been identified as human are approximately

Back 109

2 million years old

Front 110

The postulation that we make subliminal movements of our larynx and muscles when we imaginewas expounded by

Back 110

Edmond Jacobson

Front 111

The study of how genetic expression is related to the environment and experience is known as

Back 111

epigenetics

Front 112

Vegetation eaters have

Back 112

smaller brains than fruit eaters

Front 113

Which of the following is a conclusion that is necessitated by materialism?


. Because all animal species are related, their brains must also be related.
. Because all animal species are related, their behavior must also be related.
. The brains of complex organisms like humans evolved from the brains of simpler organisms.
. All of the answers are correct.

Back 113

All of the answers are correct.

Front 114

Which of the following is not correlated with brain size?


. health
. cause of death
. age
. intelligence

Back 114

intelligence

Front 115

Which of the following statements is most accurate?


. Nonhuman animals have mostly inherited behavior and are little influenced by learning.
. Humans share many inherited behaviors but are mostly influenced by learning.
. Unlike nonhuman animals, humans share very few inherited behaviors and are mostlyinfluenced by learning.
. Unlike nonhuman animals, humans’ behavior is totally learned.

Back 115

Humans share many inherited behaviors but are mostly influenced by learning.

Front 116

“Behavior consists of patterns in time” is a definition of behavior expounded by

Back 116

Edmond Jacobson

Front 117

A hemorrhagic stoke is caused by

Back 117

a ruptured blood vessel

Front 118

Awaking from sleep is a function of

Back 118

the reticular formation

Front 119

Cortical regions

Back 119

have different specific chemical characteristics

Front 120

Fiorito and Scotto (1992) attempted to train an octopus to associate a red ball with a reward and a white ball with a mild electric shock. Results of this study demonstrated that

Back 120

the octopus quickly learned to distinguish between the two colored balls, and another octopus was able to learn the same association though observation

Front 121

If a tree falls in the forest, does it make a sound if no one is present?

Back 121

No, because sound is a fabrication of your brain

Front 122

In the human brain the basal ganglia, limbic system, and olfactory bulbs are considered part of the

Back 122

telencephalon

Front 123

In the human brain the mesencephalon contains:

Back 123

tectum and tegmentum

Front 124

Ipsilateral is to contralateral as:

Back 124

same is to opposite.

Front 125

Ischemic stroke is caused by:

Back 125

a clot

Front 126

Language is usually localized in:

Back 126

the left hemisphere.

Front 127

Motor output signals are sent through layer(s) _____ of the cortex.

Back 127

V and VI

Front 128

Parkinson's disease and Tourette's syndrome are neurological diseases associated with the:

Back 128

basal ganglia

Front 129

Rostral is to caudal as:

Back 129

anterior is to posterior

Front 130

Sensory inputs are transmitted through layer(s) ______ of the cortex.

Back 130

IV

Front 131

The _____ nervous system works to help us "rest and digest," whereas the _____ nervous system helps initiate fight-or-flight responses.

Back 131

parasympathetic; sympathetic

Front 132

The basal ganglia primarily control:

Back 132

voluntary movement.

Front 133

The functions of the temporal lobes are mainly:

Back 133

hearing, language, and music.

Front 134

The hippocampus and the amygdala are part of:

Back 134

the limbic system

Front 135

The hippocampus and the cingulate cortex have been implicated in;

Back 135

memory

Front 136

The hypothalamus is not primarily involved in:

Back 136

sensory input

Front 137

The lateral geniculate nucleus deals with:

Back 137

vision

Front 138

The law of Bell and Magendie states:

Back 138

the dorsal spinal cord is sensory and the ventral is motor.

Front 139

The left hemisphere primarily controls functions on the _____ side of the body.

Back 139

contralateral

Front 140

The primary function of the thalamus is:

Back 140

transmission of sensory inputs to the cortex.

Front 141

The thalamus and hypothalamus are considered part of the:

Back 141

diencephalon

Front 142

The vagus, facial, and oculomotor nerves are the primary component of:

Back 142

the parasympathetic nervous system.

Front 143

There are _____ pairs of cranial nerves.

Back 143

12

Front 144

Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is effective for treating:

Back 144

ischemic stroke.

Front 145

Which of the following is not part of the forebrain?

Back 145

the tectum

Front 146

______ refers to the nervous system's ability to change and adapt to compensate for injury.

Back 146

Neuroplasticity

Front 147

Based on their observations of stained neurons, Golgi put forward the ______ hypothesis, whereas
Cajal proposed the ______ hypothesis.

Back 147

nerve net; neuron

Front 148

Because the gene that leads to Huntington’s disease is dominant, a child who has one parent with
Huntington’s disease has a _____ chance of developing the disorder.

Back 148

50%

Front 149

Chris has been feeling very ill lately. He has had a severe headache for a week now and has been
vomiting, has had trouble concentrating, and has started losing some of his vision. This morning he
had a seizure. You tell Chris he should go to the hospital immediately because he probably has:

Back 149

a brain tumor

Front 150

Greg accidentally cuts his fingertip with a knife. The next day he notices that his fingertip seems
numb to the touch. Greg is very concerned about this, but you tell him not to worry because:

Back 150

nerves in the PNS regenerate thanks to Schwann cells.

Front 151

Melissa, a 23-year-old female living in Alaska, has been having tingling sensations in her right arm
and leg for a few weeks. Today when she woke up she realized that she could barely move her
right arm. She had a similar set of symptoms a couple of years ago, but they went away, so she
thought everything was fine. Your advice to Melissa is to go to the doctor because:

Back 151

she may have multiple sclerosis.

Front 152

The notion that two individuals with the exact same genes could end up developing differently is
explained by:

Back 152

phenotypic plasticity.

Front 153

Which of the following is not one of the ways in which epigenetic mechanisms can influence the
expression of a particular gene?

Back 153

ribosome modification

Front 154

______ is a term that means having two different alleles for the same trait.

Back 154

Heterozygous

Front 155

A chain of amino acids forms a:

Back 155

protein

Front 156

A child who has seizures, blindness, and degenerating motor and mental ability and who dies at an
early age most likely has:

Back 156

Tay-Sachs disease.

Front 157

According to the text, which of the following statements is correct?
about glial cells and neurons cells

Back 157

Both some new neurons and many new glial cells are formed throughout life.

Front 158

An analogous term for receptor is:

Back 158

keyhole

Front 159

Astroglia are not associated with:

Back 159

removal of dead tissue

Front 160

Brain tumors often result from the unregulated growth of:

Back 160

glial cells

Front 161

Golgi bodies package ______ and ship them to other parts of the neuron via ______.

Back 161

proteins; microtubules.

Front 162

Hydrocephalus is usually caused by blockage at:

Back 162

the fourth ventricle

Front 163

In ______, an allele’s own trait and that of the other allele in the gene pair are expressed
completely.

Back 163

codominance

Front 164

In the central nervous system there are approximately:

Back 164

100 billion neurons

Front 165

Membranes of a cell are made of special molecules called:

Back 165

phospholipids

Front 166

Microglia originate in:

Back 166

the blood

Front 167

Multiple sclerosis symptoms are caused by:

Back 167

loss of myelin on axons.

Front 168

Neurons

Back 168

have only one axon

Front 169

Proteins are assembled in:

Back 169

the endoplasmic reticulum

Front 170

Since the mutation that leads to Tay-Sachs disease is recessive, the probability that a child of two
parents who both carry the recessive Tay-Sachs allele will later develop Tay-Sachs disease is:

Back 170

25%

Front 171

The Golgi stain made use of ______ to stain neurons so they could be viewed under a microscope.

Back 171

silver nitrate

Front 172

The blood-brain barrier is made up of ___ attached to neurons and blood vessels.

Back 172

astrocytes

Front 173

The cell membrane is important because:

Back 173

it controls the amount of water in the cell and regulates the concentration of salts on two sides of the membrane.

Front 174

The gene that is most common in a population is called a:

Back 174

wild-type gene

Front 175

The place where protein packages are wrapped and shipped in a cell is called:

Back 175

golgi body

Front 176

The simplest neuron is a(n):

Back 176

bipolar neuron

Front 177

Which glial cells operate as part of the brain's immune system?

Back 177

microglia

Front 178

Which of the following glial cells are responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

Back 178

ependymal cells

Front 179

______ are known for having the largest cell bodies and the longest axons.

Back 179

motor neurons

Front 180

______ is a structure that gathers, stores, and releases energy.

Back 180

the mitochondrion

Front 181

Heterozygous

Back 181

-having two different alleles for the same trait

Front 182

Dominant

Back 182

-routinely expressed as a trait

Front 183

cerebrum (forebrain)

Back 183

-major structure of the forebrain that consists of two virtually identical hemispheres
-conscious behavior

Front 184

brainstem

Back 184

-central structure of the brain responsible for most unconscious behavior

Front 185

cerebellum

Back 185

-major structure of brainstem
-specialized for coordinating and learning skilled movements

Front 186

neuron

Back 186

-specialized nerve cell engaged in information processing

Front 187

spinal cord

Back 187

-part of CNS
-provides most of the connections between the brain and rest of body

Front 188

CNS

Back 188

-brain and spinal cord that together mediate behavior

Front 189

PNS

Back 189

-all the neurons in the body located outside the brain and spinal cord
-provides sensory and motor connections to and from the CNS

Front 190

embodied language

Back 190

-hypothesis that the movements we make and the movements we perceive in others are central to communication with others

Front 191

psyche

Back 191

-an entity once proposed to be the source of human behavior

Front 192

mind

Back 192

-proposed nonmaterial entity responsible for intelligence, attention, awareness, and consciousness

Front 193

mentalism

Back 193

-explanation of behavior as a function of the nonmaterial mind

Front 194

dualism

Back 194

-philosophical position that holds that both a nonmaterial mind and material body contribute to behavior

Front 195

materialism

Back 195

-behavior can be explained as a function of the brain and the rest of the nervous system without explanatory recourse to the mind

Front 196

species

Back 196

-group of organisms that can interbreed

Front 197

phenotype

Back 197

-individual characteristics that can be seen or measured

Front 198

genotype

Back 198

-particular genetic makeup of an individual

Front 199

epigenetics

Back 199

-differences in gene expression related to environment and experience

Front 200

Minimally Conscious State (MCS)

Back 200

-condition in which a person can display some rudimentary behaviors, such as smiling or uttering a few words, but otherwise is not conscious

Front 201

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

Back 201

-wound to the brain that results from a blow to the head

Front 202

Persistent Vegetative State (PVS)

Back 202

-condition in which a person is alive but unable to communicate or to function independently at even the most basic level

Front 203

Clinical trial

Back 203

-consensual experiment directed toward developing a treatment

Front 204

Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

Back 204

-neurosurgery in which electrodes implanted in the brain stimulate a targeted area with a low-voltage electrical current to facilitate behavior

Front 205

Common ancestor

Back 205

-fore bearer from which two or more lineages or family groups arise and so is ancestral to both groups

Front 206

nerve net

Back 206

-simple nervous system that has no brain or spinal cord but consists of neurons that receive sensory information and connect directly to other neurons that move muscles

Front 207

bilateral symmetry

Back 207

-body plan in which organs or parts present on both sides of the body are mirror images in appearance. ex. hands are bilaterally symmetrical whereas the heart is not

Front 208

segmentation

Back 208

-division into a number of parts that are similar; refers to the idea that many animals, including vertebrates, are composed of similarly organized body segments

Front 209

ganglia

Back 209

-collection of nerve cells that function somewhat like a brain

Front 210

chordate

Back 210

-animal that has both a brain and a spinal cord

Front 211

cladogram

Back 211

-phylogenetic tree that branches repeatedly, suggesting a taxonomy of organisms based on the time sequence in which evolutionary branches arise

Front 212

hominid

Back 212

-general term referring to primates that walk upright, including all forms of humans, living and extinct

Front 213

Encephalization quotient (EQ)

Back 213

-Jerison's quantitative measure of brain size obtained from the ratio of actual brain size to expected brain size, according to the principle of proper mass, for an animal of a particular body size

Front 214

apraxia

Back 214

-difficulty in movements

Front 215

aphasia

Back 215

-verbal problems

Front 216

radiator hypothesis

Back 216

-idea that selection for improved brain cooling through increased blood circulation in the brains of early hominids enabled the brain to grow larger

Front 217

neoteny

Back 217

-process in which maturation is delayed and so an adult retains infant characteristics; ideas derived from the observation that newly evolved species resemble the young of their common ancestors

Front 218

species-typical behavior

Back 218

-behavior that is characteristic of all members of a species

Front 219

culture

Back 219

-learned behaviors that are passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and experience

Front 220

What is the brain's primary function?

Back 220

produce behavior or movement

Front 221

stimulation

Back 221

the brain needs stimulation in order to orient and direct the body to produce an appropriate response

Front 222

perception

Back 222

subjective experiences of reality

Front 223

brain is plastic

Back 223

neural tissue has the capacity to adapt to the world by changing how its functions are organized; connections among neurons in a given functional system are constantly changing in response to experience

Front 224

neuroplasticity

Back 224

the nervous system's potential for physical or chemical change that enhances its adaptability to environmental change and its ability to compensate for injury; basis for change in the nervous system

Front 225

phenotypic plasticity

Back 225

an individual's capacity to develop into more than one phenotype; an individual's genotype interacts with the environment to elicit a specific phenotype from a large genetic repertoire of possibilities

Front 226

somatic nervous system

Back 226

part of the PNS that includes the cranial and spinal nerves to and from the muscles, joints, and skin that produce movement, transmit incoming sensory input, and inform the CNS about the position and movement of body parts

Front 227

autonomic nervous system

Back 227

part of the PNS that regulates the functioning of internal organs and glands

Front 228

afferent

Back 228

-conducting toward a central nervous system structure
-toward

Front 229

efferent

Back 229

-conducting away from a central nervous system structure

Front 230

meninges

Back 230

-three layers of protective tissue that encase the brain and spinal cord
-dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater

Front 231

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Back 231

-clear solution of NaCl that fills the ventricles inside the brain and circulates around the brain and spinal cord beneath the arachnoid layer in the subarachnoid space

Front 232

cerebral cortex

Back 232

-thin, heavily folded film of nerve tissue composed of neurons that is the outer layer of the forebrain
-neocortex

Front 233

temporal lobe

Back 233

-part of the cerebral cortex that functions in connection with hearing, language, and musical abilities
-lies below the lateral fissure
-beneath temporal lobe

Front 234

frontal lobe

Back 234

-"executive" functions
-decision making
-lies anterior to the central sulcus

Front 235

parietal lobe

Back 235

-direct movements toward a goal or to perform a task
-posterior to the central sulcus

Front 236

occipital lobe

Back 236

-visual processes
-back of the brain

Front 237

stroke

Back 237

-sudden appearance of neurological symptoms as a result of severely interrupted blood flow

Front 238

gray matter

Back 238

-areas of the nervous system composed of cell bodies and capillary blood vessels that function to either collect and modify info or to support this activity

Front 239

white matter

Back 239

-rich in fat-sheathed neural axons that form the connections between brain cells

Front 240

ventricle

Back 240

-one of four cavities in brain
-contain CSF
-cushions brain

Front 241

corpus callosum

Back 241

-band of white matter containing 200 million nerve fibers
-connects 2 hemispheres
-provide a route for direct communication between them

Front 242

brainstem

Back 242

-central structures of the brain
-hindbrain, midbrain, thalamus, hypothalamus
-responsible for most unconscious behavior

Front 243

hindbrain

Back 243

-pons, medulla, reticular formation, cerebellum
-coordinate and control most voluntary and involuntary movements

Front 244

reticular formation

Back 244

-midbrain area in which nuclei and fiber pathways are mixed
-sleep-wake behavior and behavioral arousal

Front 245

midbrain

Back 245

-central part of the brain
-contains neural circuits for hearing and seeing
-orients movements

Front 246

tectum

Back 246

-roof of midbrain
-sensory processing
-visual, auditory and production of orienting movements

Front 247

tegmentum

Back 247

-floor of midbrain
-collection of nuclei
-movement-related, species-specific, and pain-perception functions

Front 248

orienting movement

Back 248

-movement related to sensory inputs
-turning head to see source of sound

Front 249

diencephalon

Back 249

-"between brain"
-integrates sensory and motor information on its way to the cerebral cortex

Front 250

basal ganglia

Back 250

-subcortical forebrain nuclei that coordinate voluntary movements of the limbs and body
-connected to thalamus and midbrain

Front 251

Parkinson's Disease

Back 251

-disorder of motor system
-loss of dopamine
-tremors, muscular rigidity, and a reduction in voluntary movement

Front 252

Tourette's syndrome

Back 252

-disorder of basal ganglia
-tics, involuntary vocalizations

Front 253

limbic system

Back 253

-cingulate cortex, amygdala, hippocampus
-motivated behaviors, memory

Front 254

cranial nerve

Back 254

-control sensory and motor functions of the head, neck, and internal organs

Front 255

vertebrae

Back 255

-bones that form spinal column

Front 256

dermatome

Back 256

-body segment corresponding to a segment of the spinal cord

Front 257

Reasons for animal research

Back 257

i. Similar mechanisms of behavior and ease of studying animals
ii. Curiosity about animals
iii. Clues to human evolution
iv. Can’t experiment on humans (but should we be experimenting on animals?)

Front 258

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

Back 258

a pioneer of neuroscience

Front 259

The structures of an animal cell

Back 259

1. membrane
a. Two layers of fat molecules
b. Proteins
i. Recognition proteins
ii. Receptors
iii. Ion channels
2. nucleus
3. mitochondrion
4. ribosomes
5. endoplasmic reticulum

Front 260

receptor proteins

Back 260

-"keyhole"
-protein molecule has a groove
o Key in a lock
o Receptor protein = lock
o Neurotransmitter = key
o Drugs impersonate as a neurotransmitter
o Chemical recognition

Front 261

ion channels

Back 261

-way through the semipermeable membrane

Front 262

Why we need a blood-brain barrier

Back 262

1. virus-infected non-neural cells: targeted for destruction
2. virus-infected cells in nervous system: virus particles remain
3. area postrema: monitors blood chemicals that cannot enter other brain areas

Front 263

ii. How the blood-brain barrier works

Back 263

1. endothelial cells of capillaries
2. small uncharged molecules cross freely
3. fat-soluble molecules
4. active transport system
5. Alzheimer’s disease impairs blood-brain barrier
6. Prevents many medications from entering brain

Front 264

active transport system

Back 264

a. moves some chemicals from blood to brain
i. glucose
ii. amino acids
iii. purines, choline, and iron
iv. certain vitamins and hormones

Front 265

The nourishment of vertebrate neurons

Back 265

i. Dependence on glucose and oxygen
1. due to blood-brain barrier
2. ketones
3. liver: converts carbohydrates, amino acids, and glycerol into glucose
ii. Requirement for thiamine (vitamin B1)
1. Deficiency leads to Korsakoff’s syndrome

Front 266

somatosensory cortex

Back 266

-

Front 267

arcuate nucleus

Back 267

-

Front 268

paraventricular nucleus

Back 268

-

Front 269

lateral hypothalamic area

Back 269

-

Front 270

perifornical area

Back 270

-

Front 271

multiplier effect

Back 271

-environment magnifies early tendencies

Front 272

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Back 272

a. Inability to metabolize phenylalanine
b. Brain malformations, mental retardation, irritability
c. Modified by low phenylalanine diet
d. “Heritable” not equal to “unmodifiable”
e. Diet difficult to follow

Front 273

How genes affect behavior

Back 273

1. Increasing production of a protein
2. Indirect effects
3. Proteins affected by environmental factors

Front 274

Evolution

Back 274

change over generations in frequencies of various genes in a population

Front 275

Does evolution mean improvement?

Back 275

a. Fitness: number of copies of genes that endure in later generations
b. Current genes evolved because they were fit for previous generations

Front 276

Does evolution benefit individual or species?

Back 276

neither, genes

Front 277

axon hillock

Back 277

-juncture of soma and axon where the action potential begins

Front 278

myelin sheath

Back 278

-an insulating layer that forms around nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord. It is made up of protein and fatty substances.
-allow impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells
-Makes it more efficient

Front 279

node of ranvier

Back 279

-gap in the insulating sheath (myelin) on the axon of certain neurons that serves to facilitate the rapid conduction of nerve impulses

Front 280

presynaptic terminal

Back 280

end bulb = axon terminal = synaptic button

Front 281

interneuron

Back 281

-association neuron interposed between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron

Front 282

astrocytes

Back 282

a. encircle several presynaptic terminals
b. take up, store and transfer chemicals
c. help synchronize activity of axons
d. remove waster
e. help control blood flow
i. increase blood flow to areas experiencing heightened activity

Front 283

microglia

Back 283

-remove wastes, viruses, fungi
o Small glial cells
o Housekeepers of cells
o Clean up dead, dying, diseased tissue
o Phagocytes – consume/engulf the dead cells/tissue

Front 284

oligodendrocytes (brain & spinal cord) and Schwann cells (pheriphery)

Back 284

a. form myelin sheaths
b. surround and insulate vertebrate axons
o Few branches
o Makes multiple pieces of myelin
o provide support to axons and to produce the Myelin sheath, which insulates axons

Front 285

Radial glia (type of astrocytes)

Back 285

-guide migrating neurons, growing axons and dendrites during development
a. following development, most differentiate into neurons

Front 286

motor neuron

Back 286

-neuron that carries info form the brain and spinal cord to make muscles contract

Front 287

pyramidal cell

Back 287

-distinctive interneuron found in the cerebral cortex

Front 288

purkinje cell

Back 288

-distinctive interneuron found in cerebellum

Front 289

Sodium-potassium pump

Back 289

Requires energy
Pumps out 3 NA+
Pumps in 2 K+
Which gives an overall negative charge inside

Front 290

Polarization

Back 290

towards the poles

Front 291

membrane potential

Back 291

-away from a membrane potential of zero
-uneven distribution of ions between the inside and outside of the neuron

Front 292

hyperpolarization

Back 292

-expanded the difference between the inside and outside

Front 293

depolarization

Back 293

bring them closer to the middle

Front 294

resistance

Back 294

farther down the axon the stimulus becomes less

Front 295

voltage-gated

Back 295

opened because the voltage has changed

Front 296

chemical-gated

Back 296

open because chemically bonded

Front 297

voltage

Back 297

ability to do work

Front 298

phospholipid bilayer

Back 298

o 2 layers
o Lipid=fat
o Inside is lipids, so fat
o Inside and outside is fluid
o Cytoplasm is on the inside (intracellular fluid)
o Extracellular fluid is outside
• Hydrophilic head
• Love water
• Attracted to water
• Hydrophobic tail
• Middle of the cell
• “afraid” of water

Front 299

cholesterol

Back 299

-stabilizes cell membranes
-use for steroid hormones

Front 300

recognition protein

Back 300

-has carbohydrate stuck on end of it
-recognize when it is bumped up against another cell