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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The scala media of the cochlea is filled with what?
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Endolymph
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What species is concentrated in the endolymph?
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Potassium
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How many layers of inner and outer hair cells are in the organ of Corti and what is purpose of each?
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* One row of inner hair cells -- send afferent signals to CNS
* Three rows of outer hair cells -- efferent "tuning" signals from CNS |
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At which frequencies is the frequency preserved in the discharge pattern?
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Low frequencies
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What are the six major synaptic steps in the central auditory pathway?
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Hair cell, cochlear nuclei, superior olivary nucleus, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate, auditory cortex
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Where in auditory pathway do inhibitory processes first occur?
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Cochlear nuclei
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Where in auditory pathway do left and right ear input converge?
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Superior olivary nucleus
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If you remove the auditory cortex, what types of aural input can still be processed?
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Pure tones
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What artery supplies the majority of the lateral hemisphere of cortex?
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MCA
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What artery supplies the medial frontal lobe and deep structures of the cortex? (ie strip down middle of brain)
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ACA
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What artery supplies the inferior, medial cerebellum and lateral pons?
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AICA
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What artery supplies the rostral cerebellum?
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SCA
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What artery supplies the lateral medulla?
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PICA
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What are the major midline venous structures?
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Superior and inferior sagittal sinuses
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What motorneurons have the smallest innervation ratio in the body?
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Extraocular muscle motor neurons (final common pathway)
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What generates the pulse for horizontal eye movements?
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Paramedian pontine reticular formation (near abducens nucleus)
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What do hairs in semicircular sense? What do they signal?
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Sense acceleration but signal sent is proportional to velocity
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What does the VOR attempt to maintain?
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Gaze angle ( = eye angle + head angle)
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How many pigments are in rods and cones?
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Rods have only one pigment; Cones have three
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Are there more rods or cones in the fovea?
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ONLY cones in the fovea
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What happens when a photon hits a rhodopsin pigment molecule?
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Phosphodiesterase breaks down cGMP leading to hyperpolarization
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What kind of neurotransmitter is released by the photosensitive ganglion cells of the retina?
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Glutamate, which triggers OFF cells
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What cells in visual pathway CREATE action potentials?
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Ganglion Cells
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What type of cells project to the P layer of LGN and what layers are those?
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Midget cell or P cells; layers 3-6
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What type of cells project to the M layer of LGN and what layers are those?
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Parasol cells or M cells; layers 1-2; sensitive to motion
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Where do the optic radiations to the cortex come from?
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LGN of thalamus
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What layer of the cortex does the LGN project to?
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Layer 4-c
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Where does visual input become binocular?
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Layer 4b
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Where do P cells of optic circuit project to in cortex?
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4c-beta
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What part of cortex is "homonculus for motion"?
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Middle Temporal area (MT)
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What happens to vision if you lesion the optic chiasm?
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Lose both lateral fields ("bitemporal hemianopia")
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