Brain And Cranial Nerves

Front 1

Brain stem

Back 1

mid brain, pons, medulla

Front 2

Diencephalon

Back 2

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus

- Extends from brain stem to cerebrum
- Surrounds 3rd ventricle

Front 3

Protective coverings

Back 3

cranial bones, meninges (dura, arachnoid and pia)

Front 4

Dura mater

Back 4

Double layered, tough outer layer.
Encloses dual (venous) sinus
Contains sagittal sinus

Front 5

Arachnoid

Back 5

web like inner layer

Front 6

Pia mater

Back 6

Vascular inner layer

Front 7

What are the 3 extensions of dura mater?

Back 7

falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, and tentorium cerebelli

Front 8

Where does blood from the brain drain through

Back 8

sagittal sinuses

Front 9

Cerebral cortex

Back 9

- Arranged in folds called gyri/convolutions
- Separated by shallow grooves (sulci)
- Deeper grooves called fissures
- outer rim of Grey matter
- Contains primary sensory and motor

Front 10

Which fissure separates the right and left hemispheres?

Back 10

longitudinal fissure

Front 11

Blood brain barrier

Back 11

- Protects brain cells from harmful pathogens
- Consists of tightly knit endothelial cells and brain capillaries
- Astrocytes secrete chemicals to maintain permeability characteristics

Front 12

Cerebral Spinal fluid (CSF)

Back 12

- Mechanical and chemical protection
- Circulation

Front 13

Formation of CSF

Back 13

Choroid plexuses (where CSF is made)
Networks of capillaries in walls of ventricles (ependymal cells)
- 80-150mls of spinal fluid

Front 14

Ventricles

Back 14

Has an area where CSF drips down from

Front 15

Lateral ventricles

Back 15

Lie in each cerebral hemisphere and below corpus callosum

Front 16

Flow of CSF

Back 16

Starts in lateral ventricles --> interventricular foramen --> 3rd ventricle --> cerebral aqueduct--> 4th ventricle --> median aperture (of magendie) and lateral aperture (of lushka) --> subarachnoid space and central canal --> arachnoid villi --> superior sagittal sinus (large vein)

Front 17

Medulla oblongata

Back 17

Decussation of pyramids
- Where the cross over happens (left brain controls right side of body)
- Has a cardiovascular center and medullary arrhythmic center to assist in breathing along with pons

Front 18

Pons

Back 18

Contains pneumotaxic and apneustic area
- Helps control breathing

Front 19

What passes through the mid brain

Back 19

Cerebral aqueduct passes through midbrain

Front 20

Which ventricles does the cerebral aqueduct connect?

Back 20

3rd and 4th

Front 21

What is the Cerebellum separated from the cerebrum by?

Back 21

Terntoium cerebelli

Front 22

Cerebellum

Back 22

2 hemispheres and central constricted area called vermis

Coordinates movements and helps regular posture and balance

Front 23

Hypothalamus

Back 23

Regulates homeostasis, controls the activities of the ANS, controls pituitary, controls emotions, controls eating and drinking

Front 24

What is the master gland?

Back 24

pituitary gland

Front 25

Cerebrum

Back 25

Forms the bulk of the brain
- contains the cerebral cortex
- "seat of intelligence"
- 2 hemispheres separated by longitudinal fissures

Front 26

Internally, what are the two hemispheres connected by?

Back 26

corpus callosum (band of white matter)

Front 27

Which lobes are each hemisphere divided into? (5)

Back 27

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
insula (deep)

Front 28

Basal ganglia

Back 28

Function: receive input and output to cerebral cortex thalamus and hypothalamus

Regulate: movement

- True laughter

Front 29

Limbic system

Back 29

- Encircles upper part of brain stem and corpus callosum
- Functions in emotional aspects of behaviour and memory
- "emotional brain"

Front 30

Cranial nerves

Back 30

12 pairs
part of the PNS

Front 31

Where do vertebral arteries pass through

Back 31

up the neck through the transverse foramina

Front 32

Veins/sinuses of the head

Back 32

- Deep veins
- Return blood from brain
- Sinuses of dura mater

Front 33

What is the venous sinus formed from

Back 33

Layers of dura mater

Front 34

Veins/sinuses: names (5)

Back 34

Superior sagittal sinus
Inferior sagittal sinus
Straight sinus
Transverse sinus
Sigmoid sinus

Front 35

where is the venous blood collected

Back 35

Venous blood collected into channels called venous sinus

Front 36

Are epidural arterial or venous?

Back 36

arterial

Front 37

Are subdural arterial or venous?

Back 37

venous

Front 38

CN1

Back 38

conveys smell
Fingers that go through cranial part
Olfactory
- Axon extends through cribriform plate of ethmoid

Front 39

CN2

Back 39

Optic nerve

Front 40

CN8

Back 40

vestibulocochlear nerve
- for hearing
- CN that they deal with if patient has a cochlear implant

Front 41

CN10

Back 41

Vagus/smooth muscle
- to your abdomen

Front 42

CN12

Back 42

hypoglossial
- Controls tongue

Front 43

Where is your blind spot

Back 43

At the optic nerve

Front 44

Rods

Back 44

allow you to see in dim light
- black and white

Front 45

Cones

Back 45

colour vision, brighter light stimulate
- 3 types: blue green and red

Front 46

what are the 2 types of vision?

Back 46

Photopic (controlled by cones, contrast perception, daylight)

and

Scotopic (controlled by rods, sensitive to low light levels)

Front 47

Optic chiasm

Back 47

Gives depth perception
- Cross over point of optic nerve
- Axons within the optic nerve pass through the optic chiasm
- Become part of the optic tract entering the brain
- Occipital lobe in the cerebral cortex deals with sight

Front 48

Middle ear

Back 48

Malleus, incus, and shape bones
- Attached to nasal cavity via eustachian tube

Front 49

Where is the inner ear

Back 49

Within the petrous portion of the temporal bone

Front 50

What does the inner receptor do and what does it consist of?

Back 50

Houses receptors for hearing and equilibrium (balance)
2 semicircular ducts
Consists of bone and membranous labyrinths

Front 51

What are the receptors for hearing and where are they?

Back 51

The Organs of Corti and they are in the cochlea