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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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brain functions
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sensations
memory emotions decision making behavior |
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4 principal brain parts
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cerebrum
diencephalon cerebellum brain stem |
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2 parts of diencephalon
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thalamus
hypothalamus |
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3 parts of brain stem
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mesencephalon
pons medulla oblongata |
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3 ways brain is supported and protected
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cranial meninges
cerebrospinal fluid blood-brain barrier |
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3 cranial meninges
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dura mater (outermost, tough membrane)
arachnoid mater (spider web layer) pia mater (thin, vascular layer on contours of brain) |
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2 dura mater layers
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periosteal
meningeal |
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what is meningitis?
How does is enter the body? What are signs? How is it diagnosed? |
inflammation of meninges.
nose and throat high fever, stiff neck, intense headache examining CSF |
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where is arterial blood supply to brain?
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circle of willis
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main function of astrocytes
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form blood-brain barrier by covering blood capillaries
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why is there a blood-brain barrier?
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to stop hormones and amino acids from altering neuron function
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what is tge blood-brain barrier permeable to?
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lipid soluble materials: alcohol, O2, CO2, nicotine, anasthetics
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where is cerebrospinal fluid?
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ventricles, canals, external surface in subarachnoid space
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how CSF different than plasma?
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more NA+ and Cl-
less K+ and Ca+2 |
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3 functions of CSF
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buoyancy (floats brain)
protection (cushions brain from skull) chemical stability(rinses waste, transports nutrients) |
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purpose of choroid plexus?
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puts ions and nutrients into CSF
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where are ependymal cells in brain?
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cerebral cavities and central canal
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what do ependymal cells produce?
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CSF
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order of ventricles
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lateral, third, cerebral aqueduct, fourth, central canal
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where does CSF exit from brain interior
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one median and two lateral apertures
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flow of CSF
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heart and lungs to
choroid plexuses to ventricles to subarachnoid space to dural venous sinuses to heart and lungs |
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where is CSF reabsorbed?
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arachnoid villi into venous circulation
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what are arachnoid granulations?
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clusters of villi
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what is production and reabsorption rate of CSF?
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20ml/hr
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define hydrocephalus
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blockage of drainage of CSF
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why is hydrocephalus especially dangerous in newborns, fetuses?
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fontanels allow expansion of skull, causing brain damage
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purpose of brain stem
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information pass to and from body and brain
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where are cerebral peduncles?
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between brain stem and cerebrum and diencephalon
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synonym for midbrain
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mesencephalon (top of brainstem)
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3 parts of hindbrain
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pons
cerebellum medulla |
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what is white matter of cerebellum called?
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arbor vitae
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main purpose of cerebellum
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motor control
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what nerve tracts are located in medulla oblongata?
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ascending and descending
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functions of medulla oblongata
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cardiac center (rate and force of heartbeat)
vasomotor center (blood vessel diameter) respiratory center (rate and depth of breathing) |
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reflexes of medulla oblongata
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coughing, sneezing, gagging, swallowing, vomiting, salivation, sweating, tongue and head movements
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what is decussation of pyramids?
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below pyramids on ventral surface of medulla where fibers cross.
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what is Olive?
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olivary nucleus where neurons send input to cerebellum about somatic motor commands
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what two nuclei relay sensory info to thalamus from medulla?
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gracilis and cuneatus
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5 cranial nerves that arise from medulla
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8-12
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what tracts go through pons?
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ascending sensory tracts
descending motor tracts |
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what are the functions of pons?
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control breathing
sleep, hearing, balance, taste, eye movements, facial expressions adn sensations, swallowing, bladder control, posture |
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which cranial nerves arise from pons?
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5-7
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where is mesencephalon?
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between pons and diencephalon
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where is cerebral aqueduct?
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between thrid and fourth ventricles
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which cranial nerves in mesencephalon?
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3 and 4
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functions of mesencephalon
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eye movement, fine movements
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where in midbrain are fine movements controlled?
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red nucleus
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what is the purpose of substantia nigra in midbrain?
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send inhibitory signals to basal ganglia and thalamus
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what does degeneration of substantia nigra cause?
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tremors and parkinson's disease
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what are the components of corpora quadrigemina?
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2 superior colliculi and 2 inferior colliculi
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function of superior colliculi
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tracking moving objects
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function of inferior colliculi
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reflex turning of head to sounds
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define reticular formation
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clusters of gray matter in pons, midbrain and medulla
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function of reticular formation
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motor arm:
regulate balance and posture relay info from eyes/ears to cerebellum track moving objects cardiac and vasomotor centers descending analgesic pathways |
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what are the 3 components of cerebellum?
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2 hemispheres and vermis in center
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functions of cerebellum
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correctmvoluntary muscle contraction and posture
sense of equilibrium |
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3 cerebellar peduncles and functions:
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superior: motor fibers to motor control
middle: sensory fiber from cerebrum and basal ganglia inferior: sensory info from spinal cord |
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what is thalamus made of?
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mass of gray matter
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function of thalamus:
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receives sensory info on way to cerebrum
limbic system, emotions and memory |
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what are thalamic lobes connected by?
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intermediate mass
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purpose of thalamic nuclei
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relay auditory and visual impulses
received impulses from cerebellum and basal ganglia anterior nucleus concerned with emotions, memory, cognition |
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4 major regions of hypothalamus
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2 mammillary bodies (olfactory)
infundibulum pituitary gland |
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main function of hypothalamus
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regulates homeostasis: monitors osmotic pressure, temp. of blood, recieves input for taste, smell and hearing
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function of hypothalamus
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controls ANS activity which regulates, smooth/cardiac muscles and glands
synthesizes hormones cell bodies into post. pit to release hormones rage, aggression, pain, pleasure, arousal fedding, thirst, satiety body temp. sleep patterns |
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what gland is on epithalamus
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pineal gland
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function of pineal gland
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secrete melatonin to promote sleepiness and set biological clock
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what links nervous system to endocrine via pituitary gland?
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hypothalamus
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what is optic chiasm?
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where optic nerves cross
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functions of cerebrum
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conscious thought
intellectual functions memory storage and processing conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle |
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what separates left and right cerebral hemispheres?
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longitudinal fissure
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what connects l/r cerebral hemispheres?
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corpus callosum
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what is gray matter?
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neural cell bodies
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what is white matter?
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myelinated axons
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what does central sulcus separate?
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precentral and postcentral gyri
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what separates parietal and occipital lobes?
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parieto-occipital sulcus
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what separates temporal lobe from frintal and parietal lobes?
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lateral sulcus
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association fibers
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between gyri in same hemisphere
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commissural fibers
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between two hemispheres
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projection fibers
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descending and ascending tracts
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what is the primary motor area?
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precentral gyrus
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what is the primary somatic area?
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postcentral gyrus
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what is sensory homunculus?
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area of cortex dedicated to sensations of body parts is proprtional to how sensitive that part is.
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which area of brain for taste?
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postcentral gyrus
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which lobes for smell?
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temporal and frontal
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which lobe for vision?
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occipital
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which lobe for hearing?
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temporal
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somatic sensory association area
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parietal
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visual association
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occipital
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auditory association
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temporal
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motor speech area
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broca's area
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what is motor homunculus?
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proprtional to muscle motor untis in a region
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functions of frontal lobe
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voluntary motor
planning mood smell social judgment |
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functions of parietal lobes
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sensory reception and integration
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function of occipital lobe
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visual center
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function of temporal lobes
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hearing, smelling, learning, memory, emotional behavior
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what % of brain is association areas where integration of motor and sensory info occurs?
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75%
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effect of parietal lobe brain lesion
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contralateral neglect syndrome
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effect of temporal lobe brain lesion
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agnosi or prosopagnosia (inability to recognize objects or faces)
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effect of frontal lobe brain lesion
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personality problems
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emotional judgment occurs where?
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prefrontal cortex
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where do emotions form? 2 answers:
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hypothalamus and amygdala
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function of basal nuclei
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motor control and inhibition of tremors
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what are basal nuclei?
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masses of gray matter deep to cerebral cortex
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where do basal nuclei recieve info from?
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substantia nigra and motor cortex
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what causes parkinson's disease?
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neurons from substantia nigra do not produce enough dopamine onto basal ganglia
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4 structures of limbic system
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amygdala,hipocampus, fornix, cingulate gyrus
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what is the importance of amygdala?
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emotions
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what is the importance of hippocampus?
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memory
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when do adenosine levels increase?
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brain activity
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what is the purpose of adenosine?
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inhibits activity in reticular activating system, causes sleep
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what is NREM?
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non-rapid eye movement sleep
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What is REM?
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rapid eye movement sleep
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what are 4 stages of NREM?
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1. drifting off(first minutes)
2. dream frags, eyes roll 3. very relaxed, moderately deep, body temp, bp drop(20 min) 4. bed-wetting and sleep walking |
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When do most dreams occur?
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REM sleep
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what are 3 steps in first 90 min of sleep?
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stage 1-4
stage1-2 REM sleep |
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how much total REM sleep until a person wakes?
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90-120 minutes
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during which sleep is neuronal and oxygen use highest?
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REM
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what are the four brain waves and when do they happen?
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alpha-awake/resting with eyes closed
beta- mental tasks, eyes open theta- sleep or stress delta- deep sleep |
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function of suprachiasmatic nucleus
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biological clock to set circadian rhythm of sleep and wake
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