Brain And Behaviour Chapter 3 Summary

Front 1

There are three types of
nervous system cells:

Back 1

1. Neurons
2. Glia
3. Stem cells

Front 2

Define neuron

Back 2

Neurons: information processing
cell

Front 3

Define Glia

Back 3

Glia: provide many functions,
including providing nutrients and
insulation to neurons

Front 4

Define Stem Cell

Back 4

Stem cell: can give rise to any type
of cell in the body

Front 5

______ _____ migrate from the
cell lining of the lateral
ventricles and travel to the
_______ bulbs

Back 5

Stem cells; olfactory

Front 6

_____ _____ in the posterior
migrate to the hippocampus

Back 6

Stem cells

Front 7

How did Reynolds discover stem cells?

Back 7

He took cells, put them in a dish with
nerve growth factor
= showed cells multiplied and could be turned into different cell types with different growth factors

Front 8

cell body

Back 8

houses genetic material; metabolism

Front 9

_____ ______ gives rise to axon

Back 9

Axon hillock

Front 10

_____ takes info away from cell body

Back 10

Axon

Front 11

define Axon collaterals

Back 11

branches off of axon

Front 12

define Teleodendria

Back 12

“end branches” of the dendrites

Front 13

define Terminal buttons

Back 13

transmits info to synapse

Front 14

define Dendrites

Back 14

gathers info and sends to soma

Front 15

______ _____: where info is received from
other neurons

Back 15

Dendritic spines

Front 16

_______: space between spine and end foot

Back 16

Synapse

Front 17

There are 5 kinds of neurons:
Name them

Back 17

1. Pyramidal
2. Stellate
3. Purkinje
4. Motor
5. Dorsal root ganglion

Front 18

_______ _______ are the
output cells of the cortex
They have apical branches
and basal branches

Back 18

Pyramidal neurons

Front 19

_______ ______ are located in the
eye and hippocampus

Back 19

Stellate cells

Front 20

Purkinje cells are only found in
the _______; they are
output cells

Back 20

cerebellum

Front 21

______ ______ are located in
the spinal cord
They receive projections from
pyramidal cells in the cortex

Back 21

Motor neurons

Front 22

______ ______ are located in
the spinal cord
They receive projections from
pyramidal cells in the cortex

Back 22

Motor neurons

Front 23

______ ______ dendrites are
short and stubby and many of
their end feet synapse on
muscle

Back 23

Motor neuron

Front 24

______ ______ dendrites are
short and stubby and many of
their end feet synapse on
muscle

Back 24

Motor neuron

Front 25

______ ______ ganglion
cells are sensory
cells
You have a ganglion
for each segment of
the spinal cord

Back 25

Dorsal root

Front 26

______ ______ ganglion
cells are sensory
cells
You have a ganglion
for each segment of
the spinal cord

Back 26

Dorsal root

Front 27

The largest neurons in the
central nervous system are
the sensory neurons from the
____ _____.

Back 27

big toe

Front 28

The largest neurons in the
central nervous system are
the sensory neurons from the
____ _____.

Back 28

big toe

Front 29

There are 5 types of glial cells: what are they?

Back 29

1. Ependymal
2. Microglia
3. Astroglia
4. Oligodedroglia
5. Schwann cells

Front 30

There are 5 types of glial cells: what are they?

Back 30

1. Ependymal
2. Microglia
3. Astroglia
4. Oligodedroglia
5. Schwann cells

Front 31

_______ cells line the
ventricles and make the
cerebral spinal fluid that fill the
ventricles

Back 31

Ependymal

Front 32

_______ migrate into the
brain from the bloodstream
and eat dead cells and other
matter in the brain

Back 32

Microglia

Front 33

Astroglia have many functions:
What are some of them?

Back 33

1. Connect neurons together
2. Connect neurons to blood
vessels
3. Collect nutrients from blood
4. Block bad stuff from getting in
the brain (blood brain barrier)

Front 34

__________ wraps itself
around axons of the central
nervous system; leaving gaps
between cells
= myelination

Back 34

Oligodendroglia

Front 35

_______ cells wrap
themselves around axons of
the peripheral nervous system

Back 35

Schwann

Front 36

What are some diseases of the neurons and glia?

Back 36

Diseases of neurons and glia
1. Multiple sclerosis (MS)
2. Polio
3. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
4. Myasthenia gravis

Front 37

describe multiple sclerosis

Back 37

Multiple sclerosis is a disease
of the oligodendroglia
these cells begin to die, and
information gets lost between
the brain and spinal cord (both
motor and sensory)

Front 38

describe Polio

Back 38

Polio is an attack of motor
neurons
As neurons are lost, muscles
loose input and begin to
shrivel up

Front 39

describe Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Back 39

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
has an unknown cause, but
attacks motor neurons
gradual process

Front 40

describe Myasthenia gravis

Back 40

Myasthenia gravis is a result of an
impairment to axon end feet
People wake up feeling fine, and by
the end of the day, are exhausted
Was called “tired housewife
syndrome”

Front 41

The structure of the cell is a
________
The function is to channel,
gate, pump, and transmit

Back 41

factory

Front 42

Cell has three features- what are they?

Back 42

• 1. Membrane: maintains integrity of the
cell
• 2. Outside of the membrane is a fluid
called extracellular fluid
• 3. Inside of the membrane is a fluid
called the intracellular fluid

Front 43

Inside the cell is a number of
structures: what are they? (there's 5)

Back 43

1. Nucleus
2. Endoplasmic reticulum
3. Golgi bodies
4. Microtubules
5. mitochondria

Front 44

The _______ of the a contains DNA and DNA codes for proteins

Back 44

nucleus

Front 45

There are a series of steps to get from DNA to protein- go through them

Back 45

DNA gets transcribed to RNA
• RNA goes to endoplasmic reticulum
where the RNA gets translated into a
protein
• Protein goes to the golgi bodies where it
is packaged into a vesicle
• Microtubule carries vesicle to location in
cell

Front 46

3 possible things can happen to a protein once it reaches the end foot of a neuron:
1) it can be ______
2) it can be incorporated into the _______
3) it can be excreted into the ____

Back 46

1) stored
2) membrane
3) synapse

Front 47

Cell membrane:
-is made up of ______ molecules
-_____ is a phosphor group with a charge
-_____ is lipid (fat) with no charge

Back 47

phospholipid; Head; Tail

Front 48

In a cell membrane, _____ likes water (hydrophilic)
____ hates water (hydrophobic)
Arranged in a bilayer with
heads pointing out and tails
pointing in

Back 48

Head; Tail

Front 49

Bilayer membrane prevents
_____ from entering or exiting
It also lets some small
molecules in and out of the
cell

Back 49

water

Front 50

The nucleus of a cell contains _______: humans have 23 pairs (half from mom and half from dad)

Back 50

chromosomes

Front 51

The first ____ chromosomes are
called autosomes
The 23rd chromosome is the
_____ chromosome

Back 51

22; sex

Front 52

We have 20 to 25 ________
genes and 3 billion base pairs
One gene = ____ protein

Back 52

thousand; one

Front 53

We should have one protein
for every gene, but we have
more _____ than ____

Back 53

proteins; genes

Front 54

Proteins can be cut up, or bind
with other proteins to make an
endless number of _______

Back 54

proteins

Front 55

Proteins are made up of what?

Back 55

amino acids

Front 56

Amino acids can take on 4 different kinds of shapes- what are they?

Back 56

Primary: sequence of amino acids
-Secondary: plated sheet or helix
-Teritary:
-Quaternary: combining with other proteins

Front 57

The ____ ____ wraps membrane around protein (vesicle)

Back 57

Golgi Body

Front 58

What function do microtbules have in the cell?

Back 58

-ships vesicle to location in cell
-Vesicle must have a label to tell microtubule
where to go
-Kinesin moves the vesicles and other
materials down the microtubule

Front 59

Proteins that do not like _____ hang out inside the cell
Those that like ____ stick out
of the membrane

Back 59

water

Front 60

Proteins all have jobs to do
with the cell
1. Make ______: allow certain items in and
out of the cell (example: sodium)
2. Make _____: change shape under certain
conditions to let things in or out
3. Makes _____: actively brings things
across the membrane
4. ______: leave cell to do things to
other cells

Back 60

1) channels
2) gates
3) pumps
4) Messengers

Front 61

Channels are ______; only
let certain types of ions in

Back 61

selective

Front 62

Nissl stain attaches to
________ to indicate cell
bodies.
Fluorescent molecules like
fatty molecules - so when it
gets incorporated, it goes all
over the cell

Back 62

ribosomes