Brain And Behavior Test 2

Front 1

Electrical Stimulation

Back 1

Passage of an electrical current from the uninsulated tip of an electrode through the tissue, resulting in changes in the electrical activity of the tissue.

Front 2

Voltmeter

Back 2

Device that measures

the flow and the strength of electrical voltage by recording the difference in electrical potential between two bodies

Front 3

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Back 3

Graph that records electrical activity through the skull or from the brain and represents graded potentials of many neurons.

Front 4

Oscilloscope

Back 4

Device that serves as a sensitive voltmeter by

registering the flow of electrons to measure voltage.

Front 5

Microelectrode

Back 5

A microscopic insulated wire or a salt-water-filled glass tube of which the uninsulated tip is used to stimulate or record from neurons.

Front 6

Diffusion

Back 6

Movement of ions from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration through random motion.

Front 7

Concentration Grradient

Back 7

Difference in concentration of a substance among regions of a container that allow the substance to diffuse from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Front 8

Voltage Gradient

Back 8

Difference in charge between two regions that allows a flow of current if the two regions are connected.

Front 9

Resting Potential

Back 9

Electrical charge across the cell membrane in the absence of stimulation; a store of potential energy produced by a greater negative charge on the intracellular side relative to the extracellular side.

Front 10

Graded Potential

Back 10

Small voltage fluctuation in the cell membrane restricted to the vicinity on the axon where ion concentrations change to cause a brief increase (hyperpolarization) or decrease (depolarization) in electrical charge across the cell membrane.

Front 11

Hyperpolarization

Back 11

Increase in electrical charge across a membrane, usually due to the inward flow of chloride or sodium ions or the outward flow of potassium ions.

Front 12

Depolarization

Back 12

Decrease in electrical charge across a membrane, usually due to the inward flow of sodium ions.

Front 13

Action Potential

Back 13

Large, brief reversal in the polarity of an axon.

Front 14

Threshold Potential

Back 14

Voltage on a neural membrane at which an action potential is triggered by the opening of Na + and K + voltage sensative channels; about 50 millivolts relative to extracellular surround.

Front 15

Voltage Sensitive Channel

Back 15

/gated protein channel that open or closes only at specific membrane voltages.

Front 16

Absolutely Refractory

Back 16

Refers to the state of an axon in the repolarizing period during which a new action potential cannot be elicited (with some exceptions), because gate 2 of sodium channels, which is not voltage sensitive is closed.

Front 17

Relatively Refractory

Back 17

Refers to the state of an axon in the later phase of an action potential during which increased electrical current is required to produce another action potential; a phase during which potassium channels are still open.

Front 18

Nerve Impulse

Back 18

/propagation of an action potential on the membrane of an axon.

Front 19

Node of Ranvier

Back 19

The part of an axon that is not covered by myelin.

Front 20

Saltatory Conduction

Back 20

Propagation of an action potential at successive nodes of Ranvier; saltatory means "jumping" or "dancing"

Front 21

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

Back 21

Brief depolarization of a neuron membrane in response to stimulation, making the neuron more likely to produce an action potential.

Front 22

Autoimmune Disease

Back 22

Illness resulting from the loss of the immune system's ability to discriminate between foreign pathogens in the body and the body itself.

Front 23

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

Back 23

Brief hyperpolarization of a neuron membrane in response to stimulation, making the neuron less likely to produce an action potential.

Front 24

Temporal Summation

Back 24

Graded potentials that occur at approximately the same time on a membrane are summed.

Front 25

Spatial Summation

Back 25

Graded potentials that occur at approximately the same location and time a membrane are summed.

Front 26

Back Propagation

Back 26

Reverse movement of an action potential into the dendritc field of a neuron; postulated to play a role in plastic changes that underlie learning.

Front 27

Optogentics

Back 27

Transgenic technique that combines genetics and light to control targeted cells in living tissue.

Front 28

Stretch Sensitive Channel

Back 28

Ion channel on a tactile sensory neuron that activates in response to stretching of the membrane initiating a nerve pulse.

Front 29

End Plate

Back 29

On a muscle, the receptor ion complex that is activated by the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from the terminal of a motor neuron.

Front 30

Transmitter Sensitive Channel

Back 30

Receptor complex that has both a receptor site for a chemical and a pore through which ions can flow.

Front 31

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Back 31

Developmental disorder characterized by core behavioral symptoms of impulsivity, hyperactivity, and or inattention.

Front 32

Psychopharmacology

Back 32

Study of how drugs affect the nervous system and behavior.

Front 33

Psychoactive Drug

Back 33

Substance that acts to alter mood, thought, or behavior; is used to manage neuropsychological illness, or is abused.

Front 34

Agonist

Back 34

Substance that enhances the function of a synapse.

Front 35

Antagonist

Back 35

Substance that blocks the function of a synapse.

Front 36

Tolerance

Back 36

Decrease in response to a drug with the passage of time.

Front 37

Antianxiety Agent

Back 37

Drug that reduces anxiety; examples are minor tranquilizers such as benzodiazepines and sedative hypnotic agents.

Front 38

Barbiturate

Back 38

Drug that produces sedation and sleep.

Front 39

Cross Tolerance

Back 39

Reduction of response to a novel drug because of tolerance developed in response to a chemically related drug.

Front 40

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)

Back 40

Range of physical and intellectual impairments observed in some children born to alcoholic mothers.

Front 41

Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia

Back 41

Idea that excess activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine causes symptoms of schizophrenia.

Front 42

Major Depression

Back 42

Mood disorder characterized by prolonged feeling of worthlessness and guilt, the disruption of normal eating habits, sleep disturbances, a general slowing of behavior, and frequent thoughts of suicide.

Front 43

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAOI)

Back 43

///antidepressant drug that blocks the enzyme monamine oxidase from degrading neurotransmitters such as dopamine, noradreniline, and serotonin.

Front 44

Tricyclic Antidepressant

Back 44

First generation antidepressant drug with a chemical structure characterized by three rings that blocks serotonin reuptake transporter proteins.

Front 45

Second Generation Antidepressant

Back 45

Drug whose action is similar to that of tricyclics (first generation antidepressants) but more selective in its action on the serotonin reuptake transporter proteins; also called atypical antidepressant.

Front 46

Selective Serotonin Re-uptake inhibitor

Back 46

Tricyclic antidepressant drug that blocks the re-uptake of serotonin into the presynaptic terminal.

Front 47

Bipolar Disorder

Back 47

Mood disorder characterized by periods of depression alternating with normal periods and periods of intense excitation or mania.

Front 48

Mood Stabalizer

Back 48

Drug for treatment of bipolar disorder that mutes the intensity of one pole of the disorder, thus making the other pole less likely to recur.

Front 49

Opioid Analgesic

Back 49

Drug like morphine, with sleep inducing (narcotic) and pain relieving (analgesic) properties; originally narcotic analgesic.

Front 50

Endorphin

Back 50

Peptide hormone that acts as a neurotransmitter and may be associated with feelings of pain or pleasure; mimicked by opioid drugs such as morphine, heroin, opium, and codeine.

Front 51

Competitive inhibitor

Back 51

Drug such as nalorphine and naloxone that acts quickly to block the actions of opioids by competing with them for binding sites; used to treat opioid addiction.

Front 52

Amphetamine

Back 52

Drug that releases the neurotransmitter dopamine into its synapse and like cocaine, blocks dopamine re-uptake.

Front 53

Psychedelic Drug

Back 53

Drug that can alter sensation and perception; examples are lysergic acid diethylamide, mescaline, and psilocybin.

Front 54

Disinhibition theory

Back 54

Explanation holding that alcohol has a selective depressant effect on the cortex, the region of the brain that controls judgement, while sparing subcortical structures responsible for more primitive instincts such as desire.

Front 55

Alcohol myopia

Back 55

"Nearsighted" behavior displayed under the influence of alcohol: local and immediate cues become prominent, and remote cues and consequences are ignored.

Front 56

Substance abuse

Back 56

Use of a drug for the psychological and behavioral changes it produces aside from its therapeutic effects.

Front 57

Addiction

Back 57

Desire for a drug manifested by frequent use of the drug, leading to the development of physical dependence in addition to abuse; often associated with tolerance and unpleasant, sometimes dangerous, withdrawal symptoms on cessation of drug use.

Front 58

Withdrawal symptom

Back 58

Physical and psychological behavior displayed by an addict when drug use ends.

Front 59

Psychomotor Activation

Back 59

Increased behavioral and cognitive activity; at certain levels of consumption, the drug user feels energetic and in control.

Front 60

Wanting and liking theory

Back 60

When a drug is associated with certain cues, themselves elicit desire for the drug; also called incentive sensitization theory.

Front 61

Testosterone

Back 61

Sex hormone secreted by the testes and responsible for the distinguishing characteristics of the male.

Front 62

Steroid hormone

Back 62

Fat soluble chemical messenger synthesized from cholesterol

Front 63

Peptide hormone

Back 63

Chemical messenger synthesized by cellular DNA that acts to affect the target cell's physiology.

Front 64

Homeostatic hormone

Back 64

One of the group of hormones that maintain internal metabolic balance and regulate physiological systems in an organism.

Front 65

Gonadal (sex) hormone

Back 65

One of a group of hormones, such as testosterone, that control reproductive functions and bestow sexual appearance and identity as male or female.

Front 66

Glucocorticoid

Back 66

One of a group of steroid hormones such as cortisol secreted in times of stress; important in protein and carbohydrate metabolism.

Front 67

Organizational hypothesis

Back 67

Proposal that actions of hormones in development alter tissue differentiation; for example, testosterone masculinizes the brain.

Front 68

Anabolic steroid

Back 68

Belongs to a class of synthetic hormones related to testosterone that have both muscle building (anabolic) and masculinizing (androgenic) effects; also called anabolic androgenic steroid.

Front 69

Action Potentials and refractory periods chart.

Back 69