Brain And Behavior Final

Front 1

Schizophrenia affects what % of the population?

Back 1

1%

Front 2

What are the positive symptom os Schizophrenia
(must have one of the following for eight months)

Back 2

Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, motor disturbance

Front 3

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Back 3

Social withdrawl, avolition, emotinal disturbance

Front 4

What is the genetic contribution to schizophrinia

Back 4

46% in identical twins

Front 5

Dopamine hypothesis in schizophrenia says...

Back 5

Patients have to much dopamine and drugs that decrease dopamine levels help patients with positive symptoms.
(Haldol supresses dopamine @ the synapse)

Front 6

Schizophrenic patients have a ________ prefrontal cortex...

Back 6

underactive

Front 7

Schizophrenic patients also have _____ damage.

Back 7

Brain damage. Ventricles are larger in their brains than in healthy brains. Brain tissue shrinks and there is a loss of neurons.

Front 8

Diffuse brain damage in schizophrenic patients leads to .......

Back 8

negative symptoms

Front 9

These theories however do not explain what in schizophrenic patients?

Back 9

two week delay for drug effects to set in
atypical neuroleptics work aswell (do not target dopamine)
developmental delay

Front 10

What is a possible ultimate cause for schizophrenia other than the three theories?

Back 10

(MATERNAL INFECTION) 2nd semester pregnancy flu- causes dendrites in the hippocampus to not be parallel like they should be. Instead they are tangled. The Flu causes the molecules that create the normal dendrites to go haywire.

Front 11

What are the three possible causes that create abnormal dendrites in maternal infection?

Back 11

flu, fever, cytokines

Front 12

How can you treat schizophrenia?

Back 12

antipsychotic drugs- haldol or thorazine
scoial skill therapy
family-oriented aftercare
only 15% show no improvement.

Front 13

what are other neurotransmitter involved in schizophrenia?

Back 13

glutamate, gaba and serotonin- atypical neuroleptics help these.

Front 14

Bipolar disorder is?

Back 14

when patients show signs of mania and depression. Can be treated with Lithium a good mood stabilizer. Blocks the rapid trasition between mania and depression.

Front 15

Under the DSM diagnostic what must a patient have to be diagnost with depression?

Back 15

at least five of the following for two weeks or more and at least have to have numbers 1 or 2.
depressed mood most of the day
diminished interest of pleasure
decrease or increase in appetite
insomnia or hypersomnia
psychomotor agitation or retardation
fatigue or loss of energy
worthlessness or guilt
cannot concentrate or indecisiveness
thoughts of dealth or suicide

Front 16

the three class of drugs that can help supress depression?

Back 16

MAOI- interaction problems with types of foods can cause high blood pressure

Tricyclics- overdose problems

SSRIs- target serotonin-reuptake

Front 17

There is an increased suicide risk in patients who take medication because?

Back 17

now they actually have the energy to commit suicide when before they were to tired.

Front 18

Sleep disturbances and depression....

Back 18

depressed patients have more REM. most anti-depressents reduce REM. Patients who were disturbed during REM for a two week period became less depressed. REM helpts LTP- and REM disturbances might help bad memories from being processed into long term memory.

Front 19

BUT what about Bupropin and REM?

Back 19

bupropion=welbutrin which is an atypical antidepressant that targets neuropinephrine and dopamine. Does not reduce REM. But increases dopamine which creates euphoria in pleasure centers.

Front 20

What about cytokines and depression?

Back 20

Stress activates immune system which activates cytokines.
Cytokines tell brain that body is sick and brain enters a lethargice illness state
sytokines are enhanced during REM sleep.
But SSRIs block REM which block cytokins whoch allows the brain to conclude that illness is over?

Front 21

Other types of depression?

Back 21

mania and bipolar disorder...
bipolar disorder very genetic 80% in identical twins.

Front 22

Brain shrinkage in elderly

Back 22

elderly have less brain mass resulting in shrinkage. However, we actually aren't losing neurons. No difference in the number of neurons present they just shrink causing brain mass to shrink.

Front 23

Brain shrinkage in Alzheimer's

Back 23

Cellular abnormalities causes the dealth of neurons.
two kinds: neurofibrillary and amyloid

Front 24

Neurofibrillary tangles?

Back 24

within cell walls.. abnormal clumping in alzheimer's patients

Front 25

Amyloid plaque?

Back 25

found outside the cell. Clumps or junkpiles of cell debri. Starts to kill cells around it.

Front 26

Disease vs. normal aging?

Back 26

diseased is gray matter and normal is white.
diseased effects episodic and semantic memory while aging is only effected by difficult episodic retrieval.

Front 27

In brain imaging what is the dif. between alzheimers and natural aging

Back 27

a= medial temporal lobe, its genetic and it moves fast... looks like swiss cheese.
na= frontal and the progression is slow

Front 28

possible cures for Alzheimer's?

Back 28

encephilis= works with the immune system. Finds abnormal cells and terminates them. but causes inflamation in some patients. But it did reduce plaque.

Front 29

Causes of natural aging

Back 29

telomeres: long strands at the end of genes. telomreers shorten with each replication. Once the telomreres become too short replication is inhibited.
LIKE A NATUAL AGE CLOCK COUNTDOWN

Front 30

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS IS CAUSED BY?

Back 30

the attack of t-cells on the joints.

Front 31

Werner's syndrom is when

Back 31

you age twice as fast

Front 32

Therapeutic effects of Telomerase

Back 32

activation of telomerase immortalizes human cells, which for cells means the capacity for unlimited replication... no clock counts down then? - can increase cancer though.

Front 33

What are the three stages for clinical studies?

Back 33

1. screening for safety 2. establishing a testing protocal 3. final testing

Front 34

orphan drugs

Back 34

treat rare disorders

Front 35

effective placebo

Back 35

a placebo that shows common side effects so that the patients in the study will not know if they have the placebo or the real drug

Front 36

In Sack's the man who fell out of bed...

Back 36

the man had left hemiplegia or paralysis only effecting half the body. Anosagnsia. The man throws himself out of bed because he thinks another mns severed leg is in the bed with him. He does not believe that they leg attached to his body is his.

Front 37

On the level by sacks is about

Back 37

Mr. MacGregor who has parkinson's. Walks slanted and does not notice until he is video taped. Because he was a carpentor he knows that his level of gravity is off (in his ears) invented level glasses that helped patients realize if they are slanting or not

Front 38

The presidents speech

Back 38

patients were laughing at the speech. some have aphasia, but emily has tone agnosia she knows what the pres is saying but not in what tone. Cannot sense emotion.

Front 39

Whitty ticcy ray

Back 39

ray is 24 and has severe tourettes syndrom. He has a wife and comp. all of school, but has problems holding jobs. He is good at impulsive things like ping-pong. went on Hadol and hated it because he had his tics since age four.

Front 40

Cupids disease

Back 40

Natasha K is 88 and sud. she is frisky, impulsive and feels alive finally. Instead of before when she was shy. Come in because she knows she has cupids disease... aka syphilis. Finds out she ahs neurosyphilis even though she has had a 70 year safe period. She wants to stop it from getting worse but wants to keep her new personality. so he gives her penicillin.

Front 41

addiction

Back 41

to continue use of substance despite the efforts to quit.

Front 42

dopamine hypothesis for addiction

Back 42

drugs and alcohol work by releasing dopamine into the brain. The dopamin causes euphoria, which is causes a pleasents sensation. Repeated use of the drug causes desensitization to the dopamine system. Therefore, the person needs more of the drug to achieve the same high- a tolerance

Front 43

Tolerance

Back 43

means that the neurons in the CNS respond progressively less and less to the presense of the drug

Front 44

Homeostasis and addiction

Back 44

drugs can increase neurotransmiters, which in return throw off our natural homeostasis which then affects our mood, emotions, and motivations.

Front 45

physical dependence

Back 45

Means that CNS neurons now require the presense of the drug to function normally

Front 46

Withdrawl

Back 46

The constellation of symptoms that are experience shortly after the person stps takin ga drug after heavy or prolonged use.

Front 47

Physiological dependence

Back 47

a feeling of satisfaction and a spychic drive tha requres periodic or continuous administration of the drug to produce pleasure or avoid discomfort; for example, conditioned tolerance and conditioned withdrawl

Front 48

conditioned tolerance and withdrawl

Back 48

The same drug effects are shown only when the drug is administered in the same previous situation; many overdose if they do the drug in a new context.

Drig associated cues; for example, if you used to use in a motel room.. staying in one can cause relapse.

Front 49

Research suggests that tolerance only develops to drug effects that are experienced? T or F

Back 49

True contingent tolerance

Front 50

70% that experiment with smoking become addicted T or F

Back 50

true

Front 51

What are the withdrawl symptoms of caffiene?

Back 51

headache, fatigue, depressed mood, hard to concentrate, flu like, vomiting, pain and stiffness, decreased energy, decreased alertness, drowsiness, irritablility, foggy not clear headed etc.

Front 52

What are withdrawl symptoms of nicotine?

Back 52

irritable, anxiety, concentration, restlessness, hunger, cravings.

Front 53

What does caffiene overdose symptoms look like?

Back 53

1000+ mg/day anxiety, insomnia, muscle contractions, felling doomed, panic

Front 54

Nicotine resource model?

Back 54

smoking provides mood control.

Front 55

deprivation reversal model

Back 55

smoking reverses withdrawl symptoms. After cessation you fell increased levels of stress so in order to go back to baseline you smoke

Front 56

How caffiene works....

Back 56

chemical reaction, blocks adensosine, which is the brains natural way of slowing you down= lethargy

Front 57

how nicotine works...

Back 57

enters lungs to the bloodstream. easily moves from there to the brain. Feel an almost instant kick. mimics acetylcholine which is in the nervous system. It causes dopamine release, which acts as a stimulant, creates natural high.

Front 58

cross tolerance

Back 58

when ome drug tolerances can make you have a high tolerance for other drugs.

Front 59

Tolerance to drugs is largely functional T or F

Back 59

T

Front 60

Broca's aphasia

Back 60

individuals speak in short choppy sentences, but they are meaningful.
example: walk dog, could mean i walked the dog, she walked the dog, the dog needs to be walked etc.
Syntax lesion so they do not understand grammar.

Front 61

Werncike's aphasia

Back 61

"fluent aphasia" individuals speak in long sentences that have no meaning and unneccessary words. Difficulty recalling names of objects and impaired comprehension of language.
Semantic lesion

Front 62

The three levels of reading are?

Back 62

Lexicon- the identification of letters and the grouping of them into words
Semantics- retrieval of meaning for stimuli
Syntax- the arrangement of words as elementsin a sentence to show their relationship to one another.

Front 63

Clever hans

Back 63

conditioned to stomp hoof to do easy math problems.

Front 64

characteristics of language

Back 64

arbitrariness, displacement, productivity

Front 65

Kanzi and alex

Back 65

were different cases. Did trials were it would be ext. difficult for the trainer in the room to create cues for him to get the right answer.

Front 66

What are the five kinds of anxiety?

Back 66

generalized, phobias, panic disorder, ocd, and post traumatic stress
TREATMENT: benzo's and SSRIs

Front 67

Tourette's syndrome

Back 67

7% of population. 3 x more likely in males. 55% in id. twins. strongly c. with ocd and adhd/add

Front 68

Frontal lobes control

Back 68

impulse, judgement, sexual behavior, socialization, spontaneity, and plays a major tole in initiation and ihibition, planning, coordination, controlling and executing behaviors.

Front 69

Kluver-Bucky syndrome

Back 69

consumption of almost anything edible, increased sexual behavior, nd increased investigation of objects without fear.

Front 70

There are 6 general facial expression according to Darwin? T or F

Back 70

T

Front 71

Facial expressions can be universally recognized T or F

Back 71

T

Front 72

When the boyd is exposed to harm or threat, the result is a cluster of physiological canges that is generally ref to as a

Back 72

stress response

Front 73

the adrenal medulla releases norepinephrine and epinephrine as part of the stress response

Back 73

T

Front 74

testosterone increases social aggression

Back 74

T

Front 75

The effects of stress on the hippocampus tend to be greater in males

Back 75

T

Front 76

The limbic stystem is les involved in the role of emotion than once believed.

Back 76

T

Front 77

Fear or stress before a surgery has been found with slower postsurgical recovery including delays in wound healing T or F

Back 77

T

Front 78

Stress has long been linked to gastric ulcers, which are painful lesions to the lining of the stomach. They are also caused by...

Back 78

bacteria or asprin

Front 79

Acute brief stress such as public speaking, athletic comp, musical perf. etc. can help inprove the immune system

Back 79

T

Front 80

Chronic long lasting stress such as living with a handicap, or being unemployed can affect the immune system

Back 80

T

Front 81

Vulnerable periods

Back 81

There are critical periods that are crucial fo normal development. Alcohol disrupts them causing defects.

Front 82

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Back 82

Retarded physical development, small head, narrow eyes, cardiac defects, cognitive impairment.

Front 83

How much is to much (alcohol) during preg.

Back 83

Study showed that even a little can do damage because the brain is always developing. Even the first few weeks are crucial when the parent might not even know she is preg yet.

Front 84

Fetal alcohol effects

Back 84

Decreased IQ, impulsive behavior, hyper and show lower scores in word attack and arithmetic.

Front 85

Optic chiasm

Back 85

splits the visual field. What you see in your left travels to your right and what you see with your left travels to your right. Basically it's a pathway.

Front 86

Corpus Callosum

Back 86

attaches the two hemispheres. White matter. Passes information across.

Front 87

Lateralization of function

Back 87

specialization of a hemisphere for exaple the left is with language

Front 88

Hemispheric Dominance

Back 88

when one hemisphere dominates when either side could perform the task, for example, handedness.

Front 89

Lateralized functions (left hemisphere)

Back 89

verbal communication, objects, local, interpreter, positive/approach

Front 90

Lateralized functions (right hemisphere)

Back 90

non-verbal communication, faces, global, anomaly detector, negative/withdrawl

Front 91

LH-verbal words and grammar
RH- nonverbal, prosody, voice tone and emphasis on words.

Back 91

T

Front 92

LH= object agnosia- objects

Back 92

RH= prosopagnosia- faces

Front 93

LH= detailed perceptions

Back 93

RH= general perceptions
RH damage cannot sense a joke but get the detail and info.

Front 94

Cross-cuing is when

Back 94

one hemisphere sends cutes to another