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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is behavior
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The planning and execution of a series of goal-oriented movements
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Internal states that modified behavior
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emotions
learning memory biological rhythms hormones |
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External states that modify behavior
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temperature
light predator/prey |
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4 behavior motivations
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Flight (aggression, competition, territoriality)
Fight (fear, escape) Feed Reproduce |
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Biomedics
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using natural intelligence based on artificial intelligence
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Biological explanation of behavior
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1. Function - Ultimate Causation
2. Causation - proximal 3. Development 4. Evolution |
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Identity position
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Monism
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Life is created by
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physical activity in the brain
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Broca area
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Speech
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Wernicke's area
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sensory area to understand speech
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Bottom line
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All behaviors are a result of neural activity in the brain and spinal cord
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Mind and consciousness is
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brain activity
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mind is associated with brain activity
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Identity position
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Materialsim
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A theory of monism
only physical - mind is non-existent |
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Mentalism
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a theory of monism
physical world does not exist until a mind is aware of it |
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every mental expression & behavior is a brain activity
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Statement on life
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Evidence to support that every mental expression & behavior is a brain activity
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Lesions
Imaging & neural recording Microstimulation Genetic manipulations |
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Phineas Gage case illustrated that
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changes can occur with brain changes
brain surgery is possible |
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Frontal lobotomy
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type of lesion that cuts the brain connections to and from the front part of the brain to cause changes in personality
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different parts of the brain
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control different aspects of behaviors
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Microstimulation definition
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Direct electrical stimulation of different pars of the brain
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What was the result of microstimulation
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caused movements of distinct parts
also elicited memory recalls |
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Penfield experiments
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microstimulation experiments
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What did Penfield do to stop seizures?
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Learned that they were preceded by a certain smell
Evoked the sensation of the same smell Took that part of the brain out |
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What does the nervous system do?
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Sensory input reception
Integration, learning, memory, and decision Motor Action |
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Two Types of Cells
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Neurons
Glia |
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Neurons are mostly like other cells in the body with what two major specializations?
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Shape
Excitability (they can produce and transmit voltage changes) |
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Structure of a neuron
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soma
dendrite axon terminal buttons synapse |
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Soma
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Cell body of a neuron containing the nucleus
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Dendrite
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branched, treelike structure attached to the soma
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function of the dendrite
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receives information from other neurons
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Axon
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Long, thin, cylindrical structure that conveys information from the soma of a neuron to its terminal buttons
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Terminal buttons
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bud at the end of a branch of an axon
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Synapse
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junction between the terminal button of an axon and the membrane of another neuron
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Supporting cells - what are they
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Glial cells
Glue the nervous system together |
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Glial cells
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Astrocytes
Oligodendrytes Microglia |
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Astrocytes
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structural support to neurons
controlled supply of nutrients clean up debris maintain concentration of extra neuronal fluid |
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Oligodendrocytes
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support axons
produce myelin sheath |
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Microglia
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phagocytes
protect the brain from microorganisms |
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Blood brain barrier
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semipermeable barrier between the CNS and circulatory system, which helps to regulate the flow of nutrient rich fluid into the brain
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Neurons communicate by
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electrochemical communication
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electrical properties of neurons
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excitable
Voltage difference across cell membrane Voltage difference can change rapidly and Voltage difference can be transmitted rapidly across the length of the neuron |
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Ions
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atoms with a charge (loss or gain of an electron)
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Semipermeable membrane/channels
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allow some things to pass through concentration gradient and electrical gradient
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Movement of ions causes
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electrical current
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The inside of a neuron has a _________ charge.
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negative
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The _________ of a neuron has a negative charge.
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inside
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Action Potential
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a sudden change to positive voltage inside the neuron.
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Why is an action potential important?
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It is the fundamental unit of language of the brain
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Membrane potential
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voltage difference across the membrane
Results from separation of charges across the membrane |
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At rest a neuron has a negative charge inside because of
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large anions in the cytoplasm
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Polarized
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Charge separation at rest
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Depolarized
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Reduction of the resting charge separation
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Repolarized
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Re-established charge separation
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Hyperpolarization
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More negative than resting charge
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Concentration gradients
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Inside the cell
Low Na+ High K+ Low Cl- High large Anions |
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Equilibrium potential
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Voltage required to make the concentration & electrical gradients equal for a given ion
When the number of ions moving to either side of the membrane is the same. |
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Equilibrium potential - no net flow so
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no net current
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electrical force pulls in, concentration gradient pushes out
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K+
(electrical- concentration gradient) |
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electrical force pulls in, concentration gradient pulls in
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Na+
(electrical- concentration gradient) |
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Why aren't ions crossing the membrane?
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Closed channels
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Channel gates are Voltage-Dependent
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they will only open when a certain voltage is applied
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Why is resting membrane potential around -70mV?
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Potassium channels are leaky & therefore permeable to potassium at rest
Other channels are less leaky at rest |
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Because K channels are leaky, the RMP is near the
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K equilibrium potential
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An action potential arises due to
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the movement of ions when a neuron is activated
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Action potentials are
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all or none
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Action potentials last
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a very short time
brief |
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Action potential happens when
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the membrane potential reaches threshold
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Action potential generates another in an
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adjacent membrane
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Action potentials depend on
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voltage-gated channels
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Action potentials arise because of
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passive flow of ions
no energy is used to generate an action potential |
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Three events occur in sequence following a depolarization that cause threshold
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Voltage-gated Na channel activation
VG Na channel inactivation K channel activation |
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Ion channels open
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in a certain sequence
and close fast |
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Threshold for an action potential depends
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on the number of Na channels that open for a given amount of depolarization
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All-or-none law
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Once threshold is crossed, an action potential will be generated
For a given neuron, the amplitude of the action potential will not change except if the ion concentrations are changed |
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Even if the depolarization stays on, the Na channels activate and
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inactivate shortly (0.7 msec)
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Once membrane is re-polarized
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inactivation of Na channels is removed
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K channels activate a little later following depolarization and
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inactivate slowly
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What happens at the end of an action potential
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Na increases inside
K increases outside |
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Na/K pump
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actively pumps out 3 Na ions for every 2 K ions
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ATP is used
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when the Na/K pump works to move potassium against the concentration gradient
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Brain fuel is used
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when the Na/K pump uses energy
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Energy is not expended for generating an AP but is required to
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bring the ionic gradients back to resting condition
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Refractory period
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Na channel inactivation
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Absolute refractory period
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No AP
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