Brain And Behavior 2011- External Anatomy

Front 1

forebrain

Back 1

diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus), basal gangli, cerebral hemispheres

Front 2

hindbrain

Back 2

brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla) and cerebellum

Front 3

cerebral lobes

Back 3

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

Front 4

choroid plexus

Back 4

located in floor of lateral ventricle and roof of third and fourth ventricles, secretes CSF

Front 5

cisterna magna

Back 5

aka cerebellomedular cistern; between inferior surface of cerebellum and medulla (covered by arachnoid, enlarged part of subarachnoid space filled with CSF)

Front 6

superior cisten

Back 6

aka quadrageminal cistern or cistern of the great cerebral vein; between dorsal surface of midbrain, superior surface of cerebellum, and ventral surface of occipital lobe; (covered by arachnoid, enlarged part of subarachnoid space filled with CSF)

Front 7

interpenduncular cistern

Back 7

space between cerebral peduncles (covered by arachnoid, enlarged part of subarachnoid space filled with CSF)

Front 8

diencephalon

Back 8

thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus

Front 9

mesencephalon

Back 9

midbrain

Front 10

telencephalon

Back 10

cerebral cortex

Front 11

metencephalon

Back 11

pons and cerebellum

Front 12

myelencephalon

Back 12

medulla

Front 13

interventricular foramen of Monro

Back 13

between lateral ventricles and third ventricle

Front 14

cerebral aqueduct of Slyvius

Back 14

between third ventricle and fourth ventricle

Front 15

fourth ventricle outlines

Back 15

pons and medulla form floor, cerebellum forms roof

Front 16

foramen of Magendie

Back 16

median aperture -> from fourth ventricle to subarachnoid space

Front 17

foramen of Luschka

Back 17

lateral aperture -> from fourth ventricle to subarachnoid space

Front 18

CSF flow

Back 18

choroid plexus in lateral ventricle -> interventricular foramen of Monro -> third ventricle -> cerebral aqueduct of Slyvius -> fourth ventricle -> lateral and median apertures of Magendie and Luschka -> cisterna magna -> subarachnoid space -> arachnoid granulations -> superior sagittal sinus

Front 19

septum pellucidum

Back 19

pair of thin membranes that separate lateral ventricles

Front 20

central sulcus

Back 20

between frontal and parietal lobes

Front 21

lateral sulcus

Back 21

aka Slyvian fissure; between frontal/parietal and temporal lobe

Front 22

longitudinal fissure

Back 22

divides the hemispheres, falx cerebri lies in space

Front 23

prefrontal cortex functions (4)

Back 23

personality, decision making, future planning and complex concepts like love, values, ethics, etc.

Front 24

motor cortex location and BA

Back 24

frontal lobe - just anterior to central sulcus; BA 4

Front 25

parietal lobe functions (2)

Back 25

sensory processing and integration

Front 26

somatosensory cortex lobe

Back 26

parietal lobe

Front 27

preoccipital notch

Back 27

separates temporal and parietal lobes from occipital lobe on ventral surface

Front 28

occipital lobe function

Back 28

vision

Front 29

temporal lobe functions (4)

Back 29

memory, language (auditory processing), visual object association, smell

Front 30

insula function

Back 30

taste processing

Front 31

orbitofrontal cortex location and function

Back 31

ventral prefrontal cortex directly above the eyes; important for subjectively handling new situations, linked with the limbic system and helps us make decisions based on internal criteria -> primitive criteria (hunger, fear, sex) and esoteric criteria (ethics, morals)

Front 32

lateral prefrontal cortex function

Back 32

plan formation involving external criteria (sensory and motor perceptions)

Front 33

prefrontal cortex divisions (3)

Back 33

orbitofrontal, dorsolateral, ventromedial

Front 34

infundibulum

Back 34

pituitary stalk located behind optic chiasm, connects hypothalamus to pituitary

Front 35

mammillary bodies

Back 35

part of hypothalamus, involved in memory

Front 36

uncus

Back 36

gyrus on the most medial part of temporal lobe; projection of olfactory tract (involved in smell); often herniated during increase in intracranial pressure causing CN III palsy (compresses oculomotor nerve)

Front 37

calcarine fissure/sulcus

Back 37

sulcus in medial occipital lobe that extends horizontally from parieto-occipital sulcus to occipital pole; separates superior and inferior visual cortices

Front 38

cingulate gyrus location and function

Back 38

superior to corpus callosum; involved in memory consolidation

Front 39

massa intermedia

Back 39

aka interthalamic adhesion; connects two thalami; development remnant and may be absent in adults

Front 40

hypothalamic sulcus

Back 40

divides dorsal hypothalamus and epithalamus from ventral hypothalamus and subthalamus

Front 41

pineal gland location and function

Back 41

under corpus callosum splenium; produces melatonin (circadian rhythem)

Front 42

posterior commissure location and function

Back 42

S shaped structure between pineal gland and anterior portion of cerebral aqueduct; connects midbrain nuclei and is important for vision

Front 43

ventricular system: what is the frontal horn of the lateral ventricle associated with?

Back 43

frontal lobe

Front 44

ventricular system: what is the body of the lateral ventricle associated with?

Back 44

parietal lobe

Front 45

ventricular system: what is the third ventricle associated with?

Back 45

diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus)

Front 46

ventricular system: what is the cerebral aqueduct associated with?

Back 46

midbrain

Front 47

ventricular system: what is the fourth ventricle associated with?

Back 47

pons, cerebellum, and a bit of the medulla

Front 48

supplementary motor cortex/premotor cortex location, BA, function

Back 48

anterior to primary motor cortex in frontal lobe, BA 6, helps modulate movements (jittery vs smooth, fast vs slow, etc.)

Front 49

frontal eye fields location, BA, function

Back 49

anterior to premotor cortex in frontal lobe, BA 8, produces saccades (rapid eye movements used in reading)

Front 50

Broca's area location, function, BA

Back 50

ventral frontal cortex, speech production, BA 44/45

Front 51

primary somatosensory cortex location, BA

Back 51

in parietal lobe posterior to central sulcus; BA 5/7

Front 52

supramarginal gyrus location, BA, function

Back 52

in parietal lobe, loop over the end of the Sylvian (lateral) sulcus in an "upside down" U shape (forms M with angular gyrus), BA 40, important for certain aspects of language comprehension and processing

Front 53

angular gyrus location, BA, function

Back 53

in parietal lobe, loop over the end of the superior temporal gyrus in an "upside down" U shape (forms M with supramarginal gyrus), BA 39, language comprehension

Front 54

primary visual cortex location, BA

Back 54

BA 17, in occipital lobe on the superior and inferior banks of calcarine fissure (best seen medially)

Front 55

lateral geniculate nucleus

Back 55

in thalamus, sends visual info to primary visual cortex

Front 56

visual associations areas location, BA

Back 56

superior and inferior to primary visual cortex in occipital lobe (best seen medially); BA 18/19

Front 57

superior temporal gyrus location, function

Back 57

in temporal lobe inferior to lateral fissure; involved in auditory processing and part of language comprehension (on left only)

Front 58

middle and inferior temporal gyrus location and function

Back 58

next two gyri inferior to superior temporal gyrus in temporal lobe, associated with visual association areas and help refine visual information in terms of what visual stimulus is (identification)

Front 59

fusiform gyri location and function

Back 59

multiple gyri on ventral surface of temporal lobe (all gyri between inferior temporal gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus); additional visual association areas

Front 60

parahippocampal gyrus location and function

Back 60

on ventromedial aspect of temporal lobe above hippocampus; involved in memory formation and storage; most anterior aspect is the uncus

Front 61

Wernicke's area BA, location, function

Back 61

BA 22, posterior portion of superior temporal gyrus, spoken language comprehension

Front 62

Heschl's area BA, location, function

Back 62

BA 41/42, perpendicular to the lip of the temporal lobe (inside lateral fissure) towards the insula; primary auditory cortex

Front 63

superior colliculus

Back 63

involved in reflexive head and eye movement in response to stimuli

Front 64

inferior colliculus

Back 64

relay nucleus in auditory pathway - sends info to thalamus and superior colliculus (to mediate orientation in response to sounds)

Front 65

vestibulocerebellum

Back 65

flocculus and nodulus -> regulates postural muscles to maintain balance and equilibrium

Front 66

spinocerebellum

Back 66

vermia and paravermia -> modulates muscle movement for distal muscles via the paravermis and axial muscles via the vermis

Front 67

cerebrocerebellum

Back 67

lateral portions of each cerebellar hemispheres; regulates fine, complex movements (i.e. typing) with regards to its spatial and temporal timing

Front 68

corpus collosum parts from caudal -> rostral

Back 68

splenium, body, genu, rostrum

Front 69

anterior commisure function

Back 69

connects temporal lobe

Front 70

lateral ventricle parts

Back 70

frontal horn, body, occipital horn, temporal horn