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144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Together, the ovarvies and testes are referred to as the "naughty bits" or ___________.
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Gonads
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In sequence, the four regions of the spine and spinal cord are, from head to bottom, the ___________, ___________, ___________, and ___________.
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Cervical
Thoracic Lumbar Sacral |
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The motor division of the autonomic nervous sytem that is active during periods of threat is the ___________ nervous system.
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Sympathetic
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The adrenal ___________ cortex releases hormones that influence energy metabolism, mineral balance, and reproductive behavior.
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Cortex
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The ___________ secretes releasing hormones.
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hypothalamus
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The ___________ nervous system is the major division of the peripheral nervous system that participates in the regulation of the body's internal environment.
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autonomic
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The H-shaped area of tissue in the core of the spinal cord is referred to as the spinal ___________ matter.
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gray
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Nerves emerge from the spinal cord at 31 different levels; ___________ motor nerves and ___________ sensory nerves emerge from each level
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2
2 |
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The ___________ secretes tropic hormones.
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pituitary
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Nerves that carry signals toward a structure are said to be ___________ with respect to that structure.
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AFFERENT
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The ___________ nervous system increases heart rate, stimulates adrenaline secretion from the adrenal medulla, and decreases salivation.
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sympathetic
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The brain and spinal cord together compose the ___________ nervous system.
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Central
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The nerves of the ___________ division of the ANS leave the CNS from the brain and the sacral region of the spinal cord.
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parasympathetic
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Two important glands are visible on the underneath surface of the brain. The __________ is suspended by a stalk from the ________________.
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Pituitary
Hypothalamus |
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The two divisions of nthe peripheral nervous system are the autonomic nervous system and the ________ nervous system.
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somatic
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Sensory nerves enter the spinal cord via the ___________roots; motor nerves exit via the _________ roots.
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Dorsal
Ventral |
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All ________________ glands release hormones into the blood stream.
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endocrine
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Sympathetic nervous system activity causes the adrenal _________ to release hormones, such as adrenaline, which habve effects similar to those of the sympathetic nervous system.
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medulla
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The __________ ____________ is the division of the CNS that mediates many of the rapid reflexive responses of our skeletal muscles, such as the reflexive withdrawal of a hand from a burning stove.
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spinal cord
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There are two kinds of fibers in the peripheral nervous system: sensory nerves and ___________ nerves.
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motor
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Most brain slices are cut in one of ___________ three different planes, which are at right angles to each other.
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planes
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Unilateral input to a brain structure is either contralateral or _________.
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ipsilateral
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The ___________ or frontal plane is perpendicular to both the horizonal and sagittal planes.
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coronal
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Any ____________ section separates the anterior part of the brain from the posterior part.
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coronal
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Any _______________ section separates the ventral part of the brain from the dorsal part.
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horizontal
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Any __________ section of the brain separates the left ear from the right ear.
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sagittal
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The anatomy of the spinal cord is usually studies in a series of ________ sections.
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cross
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All contralateral fibers must ______________.
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decussate
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In dogs, the direction toward the top of the head is referred to as the _________.
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dorsal
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In humans, the direction toward the back of the brain is referred to as ___________.
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posterior
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In dogs, the direction toward the back of the brain is referred to as ___________.
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posterior
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Toward the midsagittal plane is referred to as _____________.
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medial
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Away from the midsagittal plane is referred to as ______________.
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lateral
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The nose is _____ to the back of the head in humans.
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anterior
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The nose is _____ to the back of the head in dogs.
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anterior
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In primates, ventral parts of the brain are often erferred to as ______.
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inferior
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In humans, the tip of the nose is inferior, medial, and _______ to the eyes.
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anterior
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In primates, but not in other vertebrates, the direction toward the top of the head is often referred to as ________________.
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superior
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A section cut from the plane that divides the brain into equal left and right halves, is called a ________ section.
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midsagittal
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A lesion to both sides of the brain is said to be a ____________ lesion.
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bilateral
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A pathway from the right hand to the left side of the brain is said to be _______________ pathway.
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contralateral
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Posterior is also known as ____.
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caudal
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Anterior is also known as ___________.
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rostral
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APs are _________ potentials, that is they occur full blown or not at all.
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all-or-none
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Two kinds of fibers extend from the somas of many neurons: one long __________________ and many shoprt bushy ____________.
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axons
dendrites |
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The tiny bulbous endings of axon branches are called ___________.
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buttons
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The ______ of a neuron is the large spherical structure that contains its genetic material.
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nucleus
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_____________ potentials are conducted nondecrementally.
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Action
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In the cell body, the _______ APPARATUS PACKAGES PROTEINS IN VESICLES FOR TRANSPORT TO OTHER PARTS OF THE NEURON.
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Golgi
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The process of neurotransmitter relase is called ____________________.
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exocytosis
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Neurotransmitter molecules are often stored in synaptic __________ near the presynaptic membrane.
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vesicles
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Together the dendrites and cell body are referred to as the __________ area of a neuron.
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receptive
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Action potentials are generated at the axon ___________.
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hillock
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Each synapse is sandwiched between a _________ membrane and a ___________ membrane.
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presynaptic
postsynaptic |
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Neurotransmitter molecules, once released, diffuse across the ___________.
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synapse
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Prominent in the cytoplasm of the cell body is a system of plate-shaped membranous sacs, much of which as a rough appearance. This structure is called the _____________ ___________.
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endoplasmic reticulum
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Neurotransmitted molecules bind in a key-in-lock fashion to postsynaptic _____________.
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receptors
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The cone-shaped junction between cell body and the axon is the _____________.
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axon hillock
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Proteins are synthesized on ____________, which give the rough endoplasmic reticulum its rough appearance.
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ribosomes
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Unlike APs, EPSPs and IPSPs are conducted instantly and _____________.
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decrementally
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The ____________ or soma is the metabolic center of a neuron.
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cell body
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Gaps in the myelin of myelinated axons are called nodes of ____________.
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Ranvier
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Conduction in myelinated axons is called ______ conduction.
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saltatory
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In the terminal buttons, the _______________ manufactures synaptic vesicles from fragments of button membrane.
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Golgi apparatus
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__________________ myelinate CNS axons.
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Ogliodendrocytes
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______________ receptors are associated with signal proteins and G-proteins.
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metabotrophic
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____________ _________, when open, permit the passage of ions through the cell membrane.
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ion channels
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The developing vertebrate nervous system frist becomes visible as a patch of cells on the ____________ surface of the embryo; this patch of cells is called the neural _________.
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dorsal
plate |
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The rhombencephalon, the mesencephalon, and the prosencephalon are known more commonly as the ____________, the ____________, and the ____________, respectively.
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hindbrain
midbrain forebrain |
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The lips of the neural _________ fuse to form the neural tube.
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groove
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The alignment of developing neurons into the structures of the nervous system is called ________________.
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aggregation
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The telencephalon and the ____________ compose the forebrain.
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diencephalon
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In humans, the human neural plate is first apparent about ____ days after conception.
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18
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The _____________ and the myelencephalon compose the hindbrain.
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metencephalon
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Migration of neurons occurs along a temporary network of ___________ glial cells.
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radial
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The cells of the neural tube proliferate most rapidly at its ____________ end.
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anterior
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At the tip of each growing axon is a _________________ __________.
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growth cone
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Paradoxically, neuron _____ is an important phase of neural development; it reduces the number of neurons in some parts of the brain by up to 85%.
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death
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Many axons become _______________ by ________ cells.
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myelinated
glial |
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During the 4th week of prenatal development, swellings first become visible on the anterior end of the neural tube. At first, there are ____ of them.
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3
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The neural tube develops into the CNS; the neural __________ develops into the PNS.
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crest
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Of the brain's five divisions, the most anterior is the ________, and the most posterior is the _________________.
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telencephalon
myencephalon |
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Prior to the development of the neural plate, the cells that will ultimately compose it are ______________.
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totipotential
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_____________ occurs in the part of the neural tube adjacent to its fluid-filled interior.
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Proliferation
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The ______________lies between the diencephalon and the metencephalon.
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mesencephalon
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Fasciculation results in later growth cones following the trail of the ________ growth cone.
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pioneer
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The fact that some axons grow to their correct target cells, even when the target cellsw have been transplatned to a new location supports the ____________ theory.
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chemoaffinity
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The fact that some axons grow to the location of their correct target scells, even when the target cells have been removed supports the __________ theory.
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blueprint
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The brain is composed of the two cerebral hemispheres and the ____________ _________.
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brain stem
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The __________ nerve is the 10th cranial nerve; it is the longest cranial nerve, and it conducts signals to and from the organs of the gut.
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vagas
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Together, the diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalong compose the ________ ________.
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brain stem
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Tehtoughest menynx is the __________.
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dura mater
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Connecting the third and fourth eventricles is the cerebral _____________.
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aqueduct
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Cerebrospinal fluid flows through the ____________ space, the space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater.
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subarachnoid
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The pia mater adheres to the surface of the _________ nervous system.
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central
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The spinal cord has no ventricles; instead it has the ___________ ____________.
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central canal
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The _____ _____________ is located in the third ventricle and connects the left and right diencephalon.
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massa intermedia
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The ____________ ventricles are the two ventricles of the cerebral hemispheres.
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lateral
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The inner menynx is the _______ ________.
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pia mater
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When babies are born with tumors near the cerebral aqueduct, ___________ is often the result.
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hydrocephalus
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The most posterior area of the brain stem is the _____________.
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myencephalon
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Tracts are to nuclei as nerves are to _______________.
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ganglia
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There are ____ pairs of crainial nerves.
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12
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The corpus callosum is the largest cerebral _______________.
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commisure
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The _____________ fissure divides the two cerebral hemispheres.
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longitudinal
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The olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear nerves are the three pairs of purely ____________ cranial nerves.
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sensory
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The motor fibers of the cranial nerves are considered to be part of the ______________ division of the autonomic nervous system.
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parasympathetic
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Together, the two cerebral hemispheres compose the _____________.
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telencephalon
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The ___________ nerve is the 5th cranial nerve; it has three major branches, which carry signals to and from the face.
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trigeminal
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Tracts and nerves are composed mainly of ___________.
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axons
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The two cerebral ventricles that are located on the midline of the brain are the __________and ___________ ventricles.
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3rd
4th |
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The plural of menynx is ______________.
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meninges
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The myelencephalon is commonly called the ____________.
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medulla
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In general, each cerebral hemisphere controls the __________ side of the body.
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contralateral
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Running up the core of the brain stem from the medulla to the midbrain is the ________ ______________; it plays a role in alertness, attention, and sleep.
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reticular formation
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The tectum comprises two pairs of nuclei: the _________ superior colliculi, which play a role in vision, and the _________ colliculi, which play a role in audition.
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Superior
inferior |
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The metencephalon minus the cerebellum equals the ________.
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pons
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The __ ___________________ is located in the _________ ventricle between the two lobes of the thalamus.
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massa intermedia
third |
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Cranial nerves 5, 6, 7, and 8 extend from the ___ to the metencephalon
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pons
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The myencephalon consists mainly of ____________ matter.
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white
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The cerebellum is connected to the rest of the brain by the three pairs of cerebellar _______, the most inferior of which connects the cerebellum to the ____________ of the medulla.
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peduncles
olives |
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The ____________________ tracts, which are major/descending movement pathways, decussate in theposterior part of the medulla.
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pyramidal
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Releasing factors are released by hypothalamic neurons into hypothatamopituitary portal system, which carries them to the ________ pituitary.
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anterior
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The cerebellum is part of the ______________.
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metencephalon
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Oxytocin and vasopressin are synthesized and released by neurons that have their cell bodies in the paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus of the ________________ and their terminal buttons in the _________ pituitary.
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HYPOTHALAMUS
POSTERIOR |
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The ventral posterior, lateral geniculate, and medial geniculate are sensory relay nuclei that are located in the ___________.
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thalamus
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Damage to the _______________ results in ataxia.
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cerebellum
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The ventromedial nuclei, suprachiasmatic nuclei, and mammillary bodies are nuclei of the ___________.
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hypothalamus
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Strictly speaking, it is not the pituitary that releases topic hormones; it is the ______________ pituitary.
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anterior
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The cerebral aqueduct is located in the ____________.
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mesencephalon
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The mesencephalon minus the tegmentum equals the ______________.
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tectum
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The left and right cerebralo hemispheres are separated by the __________ fissure.
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longitudinal
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The _________________ is an allocortical structure of the medial temporal lobes.
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hippocampus
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Just superior to the corpus callosum is the ________ cortex, which is a structure of the limbic system.
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cingulate
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At the posterior pole of each hemisphere is the ___________ lobe.
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occipital
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Most human cerebral cortex is neocortex; only about 10% is ____________.
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allocortex
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The caudate, putamemn,globus pallidus, and amygdala are collectively referred to as the ____________ ____________.
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basal ganglia
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Association areas receive much of their input from _______ sensory areas.
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secondary
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The primary motor area receives substantial input from the ______________ motor areas.
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secondary
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Caudate plus putmen equals ______________.
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striatum
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Parkinson's disease is characterized by a deterioration of dopaminergic neurons that project from the substantia nigra to the _______________.
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striatum
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The _________ and ______________ gyri are on opposie sides of the central fissure; their functions are motor and sensory, respectively.
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pre control
post control |
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Each area of secondary sensory cortex receives input from only one _________ sensory area.
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primary
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The primary gustatory cortex is in the parietal lobe, largely out of site in the _______________ fissure.
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lateral
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