Brain Ab Behavior Ch 12 What Causes Emotional And Motivated Behavior?

Front 1

sensory deprovation

the pain of deprivation

Back 1

Brain needs stimulation. If not stimulated, the brain will findor create it.

one reason that we engage in behavior is to stimulate the brain

Front 2

One reason cats kill when they may not be hungry is that the killing behavior is ________________.

Back 2

rewarding

Front 3

A reason animals get bored and seek new things to do is to maintain a(n)_________________

Back 3

minimum level of sensory stimulation

Front 4

Which senses strongly modulate neural circuits?

Back 4

smell and taste or chemical senses

Front 5

Why is free will inadequate to explain why we do the things we do?

Back 5

In general, behavior is controlled by neural circuits that are modulated by a wide range of factors.

Front 6

receptors of smell

Back 6

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PYJe4yoYix4&index=2&list=PLMbjt0syi4u10qqdnuP4bph0kOR6dkJLr

3:20

Front 7

olfactory pathwas

Back 7

1. olfactory cells project to the olfactory bulb

2.olfactory targets amygdala and pyriformcortex- does not go through THALAMUS!!

3.thalamic connection does project to the orbitofrontal cortex(OFC)

-emotional,social, and eating behaviors

Front 8

peromones

Back 8

the elixir of love

biochemicals released by one animal that act as chemo signals and can affect the physiology or behavior of another animal

detected by a special olfactory receptor system as the vomeronasal organ(connected to the amygdala and hypothalamus)

Front 9

The receptor surface for olfaction is the _______________.

Back 9

olfactory epithelium

Front 10

Olfactory and gustatory pathways eventually merge in the orbitofrontal cortex, leading to the perception of ________________.

Back 10

flavor

Front 11

Chemosignals that convey information about the sender are called __________________.

Back 11

pheromones

Front 12

The perception of bitterness is related to both the _______________ and the __________________.

Back 12

allele of the taste receptor gene TAS2R38; number of taste buds

Front 13

How do a relatively limited number of receptor types allow us to smell a trillion different odors?

Back 13

Any given odorant stimulates a unique pattern of receptors, and the summed activity, or pattern of activity, produces our perception of a particular odor.

Front 14

5 different taste-receptors respond to a different chemical components of food

Back 14

sweet

sour

salty

bitter

umami(especially sensitive to glutamate)

Front 15

cranieal nerves for taste

Back 15

7,010

Front 16

gustatory pathway

Back 16

1. cranial nerves 7,9,10 form the main gustatory nerve, the solitary tract

a)gustatory region in the insula is dedicated to taste (witeli)

b)primary somatosensory region is responsive to tactile information (localizing tastes and textures on the tongue)(witeli)

2. gustatory to orbital cortex: mixture of olfactory and ustatory input gives rise to our perception of flavor(lurji)

Front 17

flavor

Back 17

combination of smell and taste

Front 18

innate releasing mechanism(IRM)

Back 18

mechanism that detects specific sensory stimuli and directs an organism to take a particular action

Front 19

learned taste aversion

Back 19

ever had food poisoning?

Front 20

preparedness

Back 20

predisposition to respond to certain stimuli differently than to other stimuli

-brainmakes certain associations

-we are wired to make certain associations between food smell and health(to avoid poisoning)

Front 21

neuroanatomy of motivated behavior

Back 21

Front 22

hypothalamic involvement in hormone secretions

Back 22

Front 23

hypothalamic involvement in generating behavior

Back 23

Front 24

see video 4 well!!

Back 24

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KPom289nc-U&index=4&list=PLMbjt0syi4u10qqdnuP4bph0kOR6dkJLr

Front 25

amygdala

Back 25

emotion processing region of the brain

see well

Front 26

B. F. Skinner argued that behaviors could be shaped by ______________ in the environment

Back 26

rewards or reinforcers

Front 27

John Garcia used the phenomenon of _______________ to discourage coyotes from killing lambs.

Back 27

taste aversion learning

Front 28

The brain of a species is prewired to produce _____________ to specific sensory stimuli selected by evolution to prompt certain associations between events.

Back 28

innate releasing mechanisms or IRMs

Front 29

When a fly wanders around on a table, it is not exploring so much as ____________

Back 29

tasting

Front 30

Explain briefly how the concept of preparedness accounts for puzzling human behaviors

Back 30

When two unrelated events are experienced together, they may inadvertently become associated. For example, unexpected pain in the presence of a stranger may lead to a faulty association between the person and the pain.

Front 31

how do we control our emotions?

Back 31

Front 32

prefrontal cortex

Back 32

Front 33

3 components of an emotion

Back 33

1.autonomic response(e.g increased heart rate)

hypotalamus and associaated structures

2.cognitions (e.s. thoughts about the experience)

cerebral cortex

3.subjective feelings (e.g . fear)

amygdala and parts of frontal lobes

Front 34

james-lange view of emotion

Back 34

physiological changes produced by autonomic nervous system come first, and then the brain interprets these changes as an emotion

Front 35

amygdala and emotional behavior

Back 35

1)amygdala influences conscious awareness of the consequences of events and objects via connections with prefrontal cortex

2)amygdala damage:

a)can result in decreases fear response

b)indiscriminate sexual behavior

c)tendency to examine objects by mouth

Front 36

prefrontal cortex and emotional behavior

Back 36

-damage to the prefrontal cortex has severe effects on social and emotional behavior.

a)inability to express their emotions and to recognize the emotional expression of others.

b)apathy and loss of initiative or drive

c)inability to plan and organize, leading to poor decision-making.

Front 37

emotional disorders

Back 37

1.major depression

2.anxiety disorder

-generalized anxiety disorder

-phobia

-panic disorder

Front 38

regulatory behavior

Back 38

behavior motivated to meet the survival needs of the animal

controled by homeostatic mechanism( includes hypothalamus)

examples : internal body temp

Front 39

nonregulatory behavior

Back 39

behaviors that are not necessary to meet the basic survival needs of the animal.

not controlled by homeostatic mechanisms.

most involve the frontal lobes more than the hypothalamus

strongly influenced by external stimuli

examples: sexual behavior, aggression, food preference, curiosity, reading,parental behavior

Front 40

obesity

Back 40

related to many other problems

why is there so much obesity?

a)evolution needs high calorie food,storing food

b)cultural practices and beliefs promote consumptian. unda chamo tore deserts ver miigeb

Front 41

why do some people become obese while others do not?

Back 41

1.energy input differences

a)craving for high-calorie foods

b)cultural norms

c)large cephalic-phase response to sight and smell of food

2)energy output differences

a)physical activity

3)genetics interact with both energy input and output

Front 42

anorexia

Back 42

voluntary self-starvation

fatal in 10 perc

Front 43

bulemia

Back 43

bingeing and purging-typically normal weights