Brain

Front 1

Describe how the embryonic prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon undergo changes to develop into the brain.

Back 1

Whole structure begins to fill, prosencephalon expands towards sides forming telencephalon and diencephalon.
Rhombencephalon becomes metencephalon, and myelencephalon and also bulges outward as what was the prosencephalon begins to curve backwards lack ram's horns.

Front 2

Structure(s) contained in telencephalon?

Back 2

Cerebrum

Front 3

Structure(s) contained in metencephalon?

Back 3

Cerebellum, pons

Front 4

Structure(s) contained in myencephalon?

Back 4

Medulla oblongata

Front 5

Label diag 12

Back 5

1. Lateral ventricles
2. interventricular foramen
3. third ventricle
4. mesencephalon aqeduct
5. Pons
6. fourth ventricle
7. medulla oblumgata
8. CC
9. SC

Front 6

Label Diag 13

Back 6

1. Lateral ventricles
2. Interventricular foramen
3. Third ventricle
4. Mesencephalon aqueduct
5. Fourth ventricle
6. CC
7. Cerebellum

Front 7

Describe how each layer of the cranial meninges is organized.

Back 7

Dura mater: fused to periosteum of cranical bones, no epidural space.

Arachnoid:Covers brain as a smooth surface (doesn't follow underlying folds of brain)

Pia: sticks to surface of brain, anchored by astrocytes, extends to every fold

Front 8

How does the arachnoid layer contribute to protection of the brain?

Back 8

Has space filled with CSF

Front 9

Label diag 14

Back 9

1. Dural sinus
2. Dura (endosteal)
3. Cranium
4. Dura (meningeal)
5. Subdural space
6. Arachnoid
7. Subarachnoid space
8. Pia
9. Cerebrum

Front 10

Role of dural folds?
What are dural sinuses?

Back 10

Provide additional stabilization support.

Large collecting veins in dural folds

Front 11

Explain how the cranium, dural folds, and meninges prevent brain damage upon impact.

Back 11

Cranium cradles, dural folds hold brain in position, CSF in subarachnoid space cushions against sudden jolts, and shocks.

Front 12

Roles of CSF?

Back 12

Cushion, support, transport nutrients/chemical messengers, waste products

Front 13

Role of BBB?

Back 13

Isolates neural tissue from general circulation?

Front 14

Why does the BBB have incomplete areas? Where are they located?

Back 14

Hormonal secretion, formation of CSF/

Hypothala, Pituitary gland, Pineal gland, choroid plexus

Front 15

Label diag 15

Back 15

1. Cerebral cortex
2. Diencephalon
3. Brain stem
4. Cerebellum
5. Mesencephalon
6. Pons
7. Medulla oblumgata

Front 16

Role of medulla oblongata? Contents?

Back 16

Connects BS with SC

Relay stations and reflex centers (Olivary nuc, cardiovascular, resp centers), digestive)

Front 17

Function of reticular formation? Where does it begin?

Back 17

Consciousness, medulla oblongata

Front 18

Contents of pons? Function?

Back 18

Sensory & motor nuclei, help control respiration, link cerebellum with BS, SC, cerebrum, ascending/descending/transverse tracts

Front 19

Function of cerebellum? Contents?

Back 19

Adjusts postural muscles, tunes ongoing movements

Peduncles link with BS, cerebrum and SC (interconnects two cerebellar hemispheres)

Front 20

Contents of mesencephalon?
General fn?

Back 20

Tectum (roof), colliculi (visual, auditory reflexes)

Nuclei: red (subconscious limb position), SN, peduncles (relay motor commands from cerebrum), RAS HQ (attention, alertness)

Relay center

Front 21

What are the three portions of the diencephalon?

Back 21

Epithalamus, Thalamus, Hypothalamus

Front 22

Role of diencephalon?

Back 22

Diurnal, seasonal rhytms, final relay point for afferent sensory info

Front 23

Role of thalamus? Afferent or efferent?

Back 23

Coordinates activities of cerebrum and basal nuclei

Both

Front 24

Roles of hypothalamus? Afferent or efferent?

Back 24

EFFERENT!

Motor: visceral functions

Somatic (subconscious) motor control
Autonomic control
Coordinates endocrine & NS
Secretes hormones
Emotions, drives, voluntary/autonomic fns
Regulated body temp
Coordinates circadian cycles

Front 25

Fns of limbic system?

Back 25

Emotions, behavioral drives

Front 26

What fibers make up the white matter of the cerebrum? List subtypes and fns.

Back 26

Association: Arcuate (connect gyri), longitudinal fasciculi (connect other parts of cerebrum--more extensive)

Commissural: connect hemispheres

Projection: goes to other parts of brain via diencephalon

Front 27

List the three components of the basal nuclei. Are they grey or white matter?
Functions of basal nuclei?

Back 27

Caudate nucleus
Globus pallidus
Putamen

Grey matter

Coordinate events for movements initiated in cortex, control muscle tone that supports voluntary movement.

Front 28

What would occur in hyperactive basal nuclei?

Back 28

Antagonistic muscles wouldn't relax.

Front 29

Role of motor cortex? Location in relation to central sulcus?

Back 29

INitiate voluntary movement, anterior (in front of)

Front 30

Role of somatic sensory cortex? Location in relation to central sulcus?

Back 30

Reeive sensory info: touch, pressure, pain, taste, temp
Posterior (behind)

Front 31

Going clockwise and starting at 3 (in a lateral view of the brain), list the senses processed by the parts of the brain.

Back 31

Visual, Hearing, small, taste

Front 32

Define:
Primary motor association
Somatic sensory association
Visual association

Back 32

Coordination of motor response

Understanding & coordination of sensory information

Understanding and coordination of visual informaiton

Front 33

What is the function of the general interpretive area? Location?
Symptoms if damaged?

Back 33

Receives info from all sensory areas.
Left hemisphere

Can't interpret what is seen or heard, words understood

Front 34

What is the function of the speech center?

Back 34

Regulates patterns of breathing and vocalization, coordinates muscles for speech

Front 35

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

Back 35

Coordinates info from secondary/special association areas, performs abstract intellectual functions, CONSEQUENCES of actions

Front 36

How do cortical functions differ between hemispheres?

Back 36

Left: general interpretive and speech centers (language based skills)

Right: spatial relationships & analyses

Front 37

What are the three categories cranial nerves can be placed into?

Back 37

Special senses, strictly motor, and mixed

Front 38

What are the special senses? Which cranial nerves are involved?

Back 38

Smell (olfactory)
Vision (optic)
Balance, hearing, position, movement (vestibulocochlear)

Front 39

Give an example of a mixed cranial nerve. Why is it mixed?

Back 39

Glossopharyngeal, tongue (thermo, mechanical), pharynx, swallowing

Front 40

Examples of cranial reflexes. Nerves in control?

Back 40

eye blinking, reaction of head to sudden sounds, light on pupils, cranial nerves