Brain

Front 1

temporal lobe

Back 1

cerebral cortex at the side of the brain
functions - hearing, language, musical abilities

Front 2

frontal lobe

Back 2

cerebral cortex at front, behind forehead
functions - 'executive', decision-making

Front 3

parietal lobe

Back 3

cerebral cortex at top of skull
functions - directing our movements toward a goal or task

Front 4

occipital lobe

Back 4

cerebral cortex at back of skull
functions - visual processing

Front 5

central nervous system (CNS)

Back 5

brain + spinal cord
encased in bone (skull + vertebrae)
core structure mediating behaviour

Front 6

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Back 6

process beyond brain + spinal cord
all neurons outside of brain + spinal cord

Front 7

somatic nervous system

Back 7

part of PNS
neurons connect to receptors @ body's surface + muscles to convey info and move muscles (face, body, limbs)

Front 8

autonomic nervous system

Back 8

part of PNS
enables CNS to govern internal organs
e.g. heart beat, stomach contractions, diaphragm movement, lung inflation/deflation

Front 9

behaviour

Back 9

patterns in time (Eibl-Eibesfeldt (1970)
movements, vocalisations, or changes in appearance
includes thinking b/c of brain's electrical + biochemical activity

Front 10

nature vs. nurture, in terms of nervous systems

Back 10

animals with complex nervous systems - more behavioural options that depend on learning/nurture
those with smaller, simpler nervous systems - narrow range of behaviours dependent on heredity/nature

Front 11

mentalism

Back 11

Aristotle's (384-322 BCE)hypothesis, 'of the mind
psyche (translated to Anglo-Saxon as mind) = non-material and independent of the body
responsible for human thoughts, perceptions, emotions, imagination, opinion, desire, pain, etc.
adopted by Christianity in concept of soul

Front 12

dualism

Back 12

Descartes (1596-1650) - behaviour controlled by mind AND body
immaterial mind acts through the physical brain to produce language, rational behaviour
physical brain alone responsible for 'lower' functions held in common with other animal species

Front 13

materialism

Back 13

Darwin (1809-1882) + Alfred Wallace
all behaviour, language + reasoning can be explained by workings of the brain and rest of nervous system

Front 14

Darwin's theory of natural selection - implications

Back 14

all species related, therefore their brains + behaviour must be too
both brain + behaviour changed bit by bit in animals evolving to greater complexity (as humans did)
immaterial mind acts through the material mind (e.g. to produce language, rational behaviour)
brain responsible for 'lower' actions (held in common with other animals)

Front 15

brain theory

Back 15

Donald Hebb (1949) - behaviour and neural function are perfectly correlated
one is completely caused by the other
no separate soul or life force

Front 16

tracing evolution of human brain + behaviour

Back 16

by describing
1 - animals that 1st developed a nervous system + muscles to move with; and
2 - how the nervous system became more complex (as brain evolved to mediate complex behaviour)

Front 17

species

Back 17

group of organisms that can breed among themselves, but not with members of other species

Front 18

origin of brain cells + brains (timeline)

Back 18

4.5 billion yrs ago - earth formed
3.5 billion yrs ago - 1st life forms
700 million yrs ago - 1st brain cells evolved in animals
250 million yrs ago - 1st brain evolved
6 million yrs ago - 1st human-like brain
200 thousand yrs ago - modern human brain

Front 19

5 kingdoms (of living organisms)

Back 19

Monera (bacteria)
Protista (single cell)
Plantae (plants)
Fungi
Animalia

Front 20

animalia - distinguishing feature

Back 20

muscles and nervous systems evolved together to underlie the forms of movement distinguishing species of Animalia