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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Amygdala
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in medial temporal lobe
emotional content of new memories. |
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Basal Forebrain
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bottom of front of brain
ucleus basalis diagonal band medial septum substantia innominate produce-Acetylcholine Acetylcholine-affects brain cells ability to transmit info to one another |
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Cerebellum
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lies behind and under the cerebral cortex
fine control and coodination of skeletal muscles fine motor movement Damage results in difficult and clumsy movement |
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Cerebral Cortex/Cortex
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Outer layer of the brain-gray and white matter.
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Frontal Lobes
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Front of brain
executive functions-planning-judgement-self control motor control including ability to form speech. |
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Parietal Lobes
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top of the brain on each side of midline
process sensory information -touch sensation |
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Occipital Lobe
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rear of brain above cerebellum-
visual processing |
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Temporal Lobes
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each side of the brain under the temples.
auditory processing ability to understand words Contain hippocampus-which processes new memory formation |
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Hippocampus
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under medial temporal lobe on each side of the brain
Critical for formation of new autobiographical and fact memories Memory gateway for new memories Damage=anterograde amnesia-loss of ability to form new memories Sensitive to global reductions of oxygen |
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Dementia
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Progressive cognitive decline.
Memory deficits-impaired abstract thinking-poor judgement-disorientation-depression-agitation. Late stages pts become dependent |
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Huntingtons Disease
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Motor Disease-involuntary dance-like movements
Inherited degeneraton of basal ganglia Early stages-emotional problems-depression-irritability Later stages-subcortical dementia occurs-memory loss |
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Parkinsons Disease
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deterioration of neurons in substranta nigra
Tremor in muscles rigidity in movement problems maintaining posture Late Stages face/expressionless eye blinking slow speech difficulty standing Levodopa/Sinemet combat these symptoms 25-30% develop dementia |
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Korsakoff's Disease
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B-1 vitiam deficiency
Common cause Alcoholism Anterograde amnesia-cannot form new memories Retrograde amnesia-disruption of pre-existing memories Confabulation Unable to use time relationships |
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Memory
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Storage-retention and recall of information.
Long Term Potentiation (LPT) 2 neurons active together-connection will strengthen over time=Activity in one neuron will produce activity in the other neuron. |
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Catagories of Memory Sysems
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Sensory Memory
Stimulus information briefly held in memory Last a Few Seconds before decaying If they last-like an internal copy Iconic Memory-Buffer Area incoming visual info stored as a picture or icon. Echoic Memory - auditory information stored as an echo |
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Short Term Memory
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Limited capacity-5-9 items(7+2 or 7-2)
Chunking numbers placed together 1776-2001-1941 |
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Long Term Memory
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Memory that lasts for years
Declarative info available to conscious recollection and verbal retrieval Episodic Declarative mem-Autobiographical info Semantic Declarative Mem-factual info about the world. |
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Brain Stuctures & Memory
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Cortex-Memory Storage
Inferior Temporal Cortex-Visual Information Associations-Frontal Cortex Hippocampus-Formation of new declarative Memories Amygdala-emotional memory |
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Pathology of memory
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Hippocampus/medial temporal lobe damage=devastation of ability to acquire new declarative memory
Novel items are more likely to be remembered |
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Amnesia
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Posttraumatic Amnesia
Memory disruption following injury- injury leads to coma Initial confusion permanent retrograde amnesia for events leading up to the injury permanent anterograde amnesia for events following the injury. |
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Psychogenic Amnesia
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Functional Amnesia loss of important personal information
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Fugue State Amnesia
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Forgotten pasts and identity
extremely rare normally resolves w/ time. |
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Dissociative Amnesia
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memory loss restricted to a particular period of time.
A psychological phenomenon rather then physiological May resolve w/ tx. |
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Hindbrain
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Medulla-Breathing, heartbeat-blood pressure-vital to life.
influences flow of info between spinal cord and brain Pons-connects 2 halves of cerebellum integrates movements between rt and lt sides of body respiration, feeding, dreaming-waking from sleep Cerebellum (Little Brain) Balance /posture=Skeletal Muscles Damage-Ataxia=slurred speach, severe tremors loss of balance= |
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MidBrain
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Reticular formation (Reticular Activating System)
Consciousness/arousal-Screens sensory input, even during sleep and arouses brain when needed. damage disrupts sleep wake cycle and can produce permanent state fo sleep Anasthetics deactivate this area Breathing -sneezing coughing and REM sleep. |
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Forebrain-Diencephalon
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Thalamus-Brain relay station transmits incoming sensory info to cortex except smell processes info from higher areas of brain to lower areas
Korsakoff's Syndrone affects dorsomedial thalamus Petit mal seizures begin in thalamus. |
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Forebrain-Diencephalon
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Hypothalamus
Controls hunger,thirst,sex, sleep, body temp, movement and expression of emotion Maintains body's homeostasis Controls pituitary and other endocrine glands. Superfhiasmatic nucleus located in hypothalmus-controls circadian rhythms Vertromedial Hypothalamus-inhibits eating-lesions cause hyperphagia-overeating Laterial Hypothalamic area-initiates eating lesions cause aphagia-stopping eating |
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Telencephalon
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Basal Gangalia (Caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus
Regulatees muscle tone and fine motor control Damage to Caudate nucleus and putamen -rigidity or uncontrolled movement. Damage to globus pallidus-akinesia or mutism Memory Substantia Nigra-Degeneration of dopamine cells lead to PArkinsons ADHD-smaller Caudate nucleus and globus pallidus. |
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Limbic System-Amygdala
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Located in Medial Temporal
emotions and senses emotional content of new memories. mediates aggression Kluver-Bucy Syndrome reduced fear and aggression, increased docility-compulsive oral behaviors,altered dietary habits and hypersexuality. Smaller in Schizophrenia |
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Limbic System-Septum
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Inhibitory effect on emotions
Septal Rage Syndrome hyperemotionality-vicious behaviors w/ septum damage Brain pleasure center |
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Limbic System-Cingulate Gyrus
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Satisfaction Center
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Limbic System-Hippocampus
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Medial temporal lobe
Learning -memory consolidation-converting short-term memory to ltm. damage=deficits in recent memory up to 3 years prior to trauma-cannot form new long term memories Glutimate found here Smaller in schizophrenia |
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Cerebral Cortex-Frontal Lobe
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Motor, premotor and prefrontal areas
Motor cortex controls voluntary movements Premotor cortex-Broca's Area left side speech production Damage=expressive aphasia Prefrontal cortex dictates emotion and executive functioning-responsible for short term memory ADHD-right frontal lobe prefrontal cortex-reduced metabolic activity. |
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Cerebral Cortex-Parietal Lobe
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Somatosensory cortex-governs pressure, temperature, pain, taste
damage results in impaired facial recognition tactile agnosia, impaired spatial ability, body image disturbances- Lesions-in right parietal cause dressing apraxia and contralateral neglect. ignoring left side of body lesions in left parietal cause ideational apraxia-ability to carryout a sequence of movements. Gerstmann Syndrome-finger agnosia, left right confusion, agraphia and acalculia Damage to Parietla lobe causes constructional apraxia |
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Temporal Lobe
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Auditory Cortex mediating auditiory sensation and perception
Wernicke's Area (Usually on lft side-Language comprehension. Damage produces receptive aphasia Essential to Long term memory Removal rt temporal lobe impairs nonverbal memory tasks face recognition, spatial position. Lf removal produces impaired verbal memory-recall word lists and recognition of words and numbers contains parts of the hippocampus Amygdala-emotion/agression found in medial temporal lobe. memory of emotional significant events Greatest neuron loss Alzheimers is medial temporal lobe stimualation produces fear |
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Occipital Lobe
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Visual Cortex-visual perception, recognition and memory.
damage produces disturbances in auditory perception, mood and sexual activity damage rt occipital lobe produces symptoms ability to point and bumping into pointed to object-unable to name object or describe purpose. |
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Neurotransmitters
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Acetylcholine (Ach)
Found through out nervous system. Peripeheral nervous system causes muscles to contract Botulin and Curare paralyze by blocking ACh actions Myasthenia gravis fatigue and weakness of skeletal muscles <ACh Central nervous system-memory Degeneration in Alzheimer's REM sleep Sleep-wake cycle regulation Antiocholinergic drgs block effects of ACh-used for Parkinsons's and side effects of antipsychotics Alzheimer's drgs (Cognex)prevent breakdown of ACh. |
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Catecholamines-Dopamine
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Dopamine
>much =Schizophrenia, mania, tourettes and stimulant intoxication. Depression and Parkinson's disease are associated with too little. Degeneration in the subtrantia nigra =Parkinson's relieved by L-Dopa. <dopamine meds relieve tardive dyskinsia Regulates movement |
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Catecholamines-Serotonin
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Regulates mood, hunger, temp regulation, sexual activity, arousal sleep and pain.
Schizophrenia associated with too much serotonin Autism linked to high levels. Depression w/ too much Mania=too much PTSD, OCD and aggression linked to low levels Anorexia linked to high levels |
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Catecholamines-norepinephrine
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Schizophrenia=too much
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GABA
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Anxiety
Seizures=Too much Barbiturates and other depressants affect GABA levels Low levels associated w/huntingtons's chorea Raising GABA levels may relieve tardive dyskinesia |
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Endorphins
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Lower levels of pain
Associated w/ pleasure, control of emotions, memory, learning and sexual behavior |
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Glutamate
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Associated w/ memory-Responsible for long term potentiation (allows for formation of longterm memories)
Associated w/ memory loss and cognitive problems in alcoholics Associated w/ seizures, Huntington's, Alzheimer's and stroke-related damage. |
