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151 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Four main regions of brain:
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Cerebrum
Cerebellum Brain stem Diencephalon |
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Basic functions of Cerebrum:
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Higher level thinking, consciousness, sensory perception, motor movement
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Basic functions of Cerebellum:
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Balance and equilibrium
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Basic functions of Brain Stem:
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Vital centers (Breathing, blood pressure)
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Basic functions of Diencephalon:
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Homeostasis center--hormonal control, control of smooth muscle, temperature regulation
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Three types of meninges:
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Dura mater, Pia mater, Arachnoid
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Singular form of meninges:
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Meninx
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What is Dura mater composed of, where is it found?
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Fibrous, Irregular connective tissue fused to skull
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Falx Cerebri
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Part of Dura mater that extends into the longitudinal fissure of brain.
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Falx Cerebelli
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Separates sides of cerebellum
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What is the "subdural space?" What is the clinical significance of this space?
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Space underneath the Dura mater/ Subdural hematoma can form if blood is localized here.
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What is an epidural hematoma?
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Collection of blood in the space above the Dura mater (between dura mater and cranium of skull).
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Arachnoid
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Type of meningial tissue, made up of fine collagen & elastic fibers--forms "spider web" of tissues.
Arachnoid protrudes through dura mater into superior sagittal sinus. |
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Where is Arachnoid meninx located relative to other two types of meninges?
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In between Dura and Pia mater
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Subarachnoid Space--what watery substance is found here?
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Underneath arachnoid---Cerebrospinal fluid located here.
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Pia mater
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Fine collagen and elastic fibers that extend into sulci (crevices) of the brain.
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What is Cerebrospinal fluid, where is it made, located, and what does it contain?
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Filtered plasma made inside ventricles of brain by choroid plexus--contains water, proteins (very few), sugars (also few)
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What is the function of CSF?
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Cushioning--neural structures
Support--Brain Transport--nutrients, chemical messengers, waste products |
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What is the Choroid plexus, and where is it found?
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A network of specialized ependymal cells and capillaries that are involved in production of cerebrospinal fluid.
Found in all four ventricles of brain. |
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What is Brain ventricle?
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Chambers formed by expansions of parts of brain during development.
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Pia mater
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Fine collagen and elastic fibers that extend into sulci (crevices) of the brain.
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What is Cerebrospinal fluid, where is it made, located, and what does it contain?
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Filtered plasma made inside ventricles of brain by choroid plexus--contains water, proteins (very few), sugars (also few)
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What is the function of CSF?
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Cushioning--neural structures
Support--Brain Transport--nutrients, chemical messengers, waste products |
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What is the Choroid plexus, and where is it found?
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A network of specialized ependymal cells and capillaries that are involved in production of cerebrospinal fluid.
Found in all four ventricles of brain. |
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What is Brain ventricle?
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Chambers formed by expansions of parts of brain during development.
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How many brain ventricles are there and what are the names?
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Four: Two lateral ventricles, third, and fourth ventricle.
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Superior Sagittal sinus--where is it located, and what is its function?
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Large vein in Longitudinal fissure of the brain--carries away CSF, excess is absorbed with blood to prevent too much "water on brain" or conditions such as hydrocephalus.
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What is the direction of flow of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain?
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Lateral ventricle--> Third Ventricle --> Cerebral Aquaduct --> Fourth Ventricle --> Pia mater (subarachnoid space around brain) --> Superior Sagittal sinus (vein) through arachnoid villi
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Blood brain barrier--which types of substances can pass?
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Astrocytes filter which cells get to neurons from bloodstream (fat soluble materials pass easily).
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What is located in Gray matter?
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Concentrated cell bodies
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How many brain ventricles are there and what are the names?
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Four: Two lateral ventricles, third, and fourth ventricle.
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Superior Sagittal sinus--where is it located, and what is its function?
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Large vein in Longitudinal fissure of the brain--carries away CSF, excess is absorbed with blood to prevent too much "water on brain" or conditions such as hydrocephalus.
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What is the direction of flow of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain?
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Lateral ventricle--> Third Ventricle --> Cerebral Aquaduct --> Fourth Ventricle --> Pia mater (subarachnoid space around brain) --> Superior Sagittal sinus (vein) through arachnoid villi
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Blood brain barrier--which types of substances can pass?
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Astrocytes filter which cells get to neurons from bloodstream (fat soluble materials pass easily).
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What is located in Gray matter?
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Concentrated cell bodies of neurons
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How many brain ventricles are there and what are the names?
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Four: Two lateral ventricles, third, and fourth ventricle.
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Superior Sagittal sinus--where is it located, and what is its function?
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Large vein in Longitudinal fissure of the brain--carries away CSF, excess is absorbed with blood to prevent too much "water on brain" or conditions such as hydrocephalus.
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What is the direction of flow of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain?
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Lateral ventricle--> Third Ventricle --> Cerebral Aquaduct --> Fourth Ventricle --> Pia mater (subarachnoid space around brain) --> Superior Sagittal sinus (vein) through arachnoid villi
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Blood brain barrier--which types of substances can pass?
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Astrocytes filter which cells get to neurons from bloodstream (fat soluble materials pass easily).
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What is located in Gray matter?
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Concentrated neuron cell bodies
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How many brain ventricles are there and what are the names?
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Four: Two lateral ventricles, third, and fourth ventricle.
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Superior Sagittal sinus--where is it located, and what is its function?
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Large vein in Longitudinal fissure of the brain--carries away CSF, excess is absorbed with blood to prevent too much "water on brain" or conditions such as hydrocephalus.
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What is the direction of flow of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain?
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Lateral ventricle--> Third Ventricle --> Cerebral Aquaduct --> Fourth Ventricle --> Pia mater (subarachnoid space around brain) --> Superior Sagittal sinus (vein) through arachnoid villi
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Blood brain barrier--which types of substances can pass?
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Astrocytes filter which cells get to neurons from bloodstream (fat soluble materials pass easily).
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What is located in Gray matter?
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Concentrated cell bodies
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How many brain ventricles are there and what are the names?
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Four: Two lateral ventricles, third, and fourth ventricle.
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Superior Sagittal sinus--where is it located, and what is its function?
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Large vein in Longitudinal fissure of the brain--carries away CSF, excess is absorbed with blood to prevent too much "water on brain" or conditions such as hydrocephalus.
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What is the direction of flow of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain?
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Lateral ventricle--> Third Ventricle --> Cerebral Aquaduct --> Fourth Ventricle --> Pia mater (subarachnoid space around brain) --> Superior Sagittal sinus (vein) through arachnoid villi
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Blood brain barrier--which types of substances can pass?
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Astrocytes filter which cells get to neurons from bloodstream (fat soluble materials pass easily).
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What is located in Gray matter?
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Concentrated cell bodies of neurons
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Is gray or white matter located more towards periphery of brain?
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Gray
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Cerebral cortex
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Gray matter on periphery of cerebral hemisphere.
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What is located in white matter?
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Bundles of myelinated axons of neurons
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What are tracts?
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Made up of bundles of axons of neurons (connect parts of brain to one another--in CNS)
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What are the three types of tracts?
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Commissural, association, projection.
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Would tracts be apart of white or gray matter?
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White (has white color because they are myelinated)
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What do commissural tracts connect?
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Connects right and left sides of the brain.
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What do Association tracts connect?
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Connects two parts of brain on the same side.
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What do Projection tracts connect?
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Connects axons from high to low brain centers (Cerebrum to brain stem)
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What is a nucleus in brain matter?
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Gray area in the CNS where neuron cell bodies are found.
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Ganglia
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Area in PNS where neuron cell bodies are found.
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Tract
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Bundle of axons in CNS
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Nerve
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Bundle of axons in PNS
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Gyrus
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Folds on the brain
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Sulci
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Crevices on brain in between Gyri
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What is the central sulcus?
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Divides frontal and parietal lobes
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What is the longitudinal fissure?
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Located between right and left cerebral hemispheres.
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Five lobes of brain:
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Frontal, Two Parietal, Occipital, Temporal
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What is the precentral gyrus?
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Located in Frontal lobe in front of central sulcus--where motor impulses begin in brain (pyramidal cells)
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What is the postcentral gyrus?
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Area behind central sulcus and contains homunculus (where body parts are mapped out--allocated space for sensory info). Receives sensory info (where sensations are "felt."
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Areas of Cortex:
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Precentral gyrus, Postcentral gyrus, Broca's area, Wernicke's area
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What happens at precentral gyrus?
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Where sensory neurons begin
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What happens at postcentral gyrus?
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Where sensory neurons end.
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Much of Parietal Lobe is called___ and integrates _____.
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Association cortex/sensory input
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What is Wernicke's area?
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Found mostly in parietal lobe and is responsible for much of what we see and hear.
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Occipital lobe responsible for what sense? Parietal, temporal, and frontal lobes?
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Vision/ Olfactory cortex (smell)/ Auditory cortex/ Gustatory cortex (Taste)
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Basal nuclei--what are the functions?
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Gray matter areas located deep in cerebrum-- Basal nuceli gives feedback to neurons in precentral gyrus to modify muscle movement (sem-iautomatic-walking, muscle tone, etc.)
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Diseases involving Basal nuclei?
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Parkinson's disease (spastic, uncontrolled movements, tremors, etc.)
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How would Parkinson's be treated?
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Using appropriate doses of Dopamine.
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On which side of the brain are speech and motor control more developed?
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Left side
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Which hemisphere of the brain is dominant in most people, and what does it control?
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The left side, controls right hand use, speech, numerical/reasoning skills
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What does right side of brain control?
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Left hand control, music/artistic skills, insight, spatial relationships
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Where is the Diencephalon of the brain located?
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Deep inside brain superior to brain stem.
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What are the three main parts of the diencephalon?
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Hypothalamus, Thalamus, Epithalamus.
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How many "nuclei" found in thalamus?
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Over ten
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What is the intermediate mass?
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Gray matter in between two thalami (connects right to left thalamus).
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What are the functions of the thalamus?
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Where crude sensory (touch, pain, temperature) is interpreted,
Where sensory input to brain synapses, Limbic system (memory, emotions), Part plays role in motor function |
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What are the functions of the hypothalamus?
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Temperature control
Osmotic pressure control Thirst/Hunger Autonomic nervous system Control of pituitary gland Sense of smell Plays role in emotion & memory (mammillary bodies) Feedback with pineal gland (day-night cycle) |
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Functions of Epithalamus:
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Includes pineal gland--works with hypothalamus to determine day-night cycle, makes melatonin
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What does the hypothalamus link together?
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Autonomic nervous system with endocrine system and limbic system
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Brain Stem
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Connects Diencephalon with cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres.
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Parts of brain stem:
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Medulla oblongata, Pons, Mesencephalon,
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What are sensory tracts?
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(Ascending) Travel through medulla oblongata to thalamus and postcentral gyrus--also to cerebellum to give information about body position.
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What is reticular formation?
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Network of neurons located in all three parts of brainstem--filters sensory information going to cerebrum and motor impulses leaving brain.
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Components of medulla oblongata:
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Tracts and nuclei (reticular formation, cardiac center, breathing center, vasomotor center, swallowing center, cranial nerve nuclei)
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Components of Pons of the brain stem:
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Tracts (sensory and motor), Nuclei (reticular formation, breathing center, cranial nerve nuclei 5-8)
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Components of Mesencephalon of brain stem:
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Tracts (cerebral peduncles, sensory tracts), Nuclei (Corpora quadrigemina, substantia nigra, red nucleus, reticular activating center, cranial nerve nuclei III, IV)
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Cerebral Peduncle
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Ventral bulges where direct motor tracts run into spinal cord.
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Corpora Quadrigemina
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Superior/inferior colliculi--reflex center for vision/hearing.
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Substantia nigra
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Part of basal nuclei--responsible for subconscious motor movements, dopamine synthesis. (Parkinson's disease results from damage to this structure)
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Red nucleus
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Controls motor functions such as muscle tone.
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Reticular Activating center:
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Plays role in wakefulness and sleep.
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What is Arbor Vitae?
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Gray matter/White matter on out and inside of cerebellum, respectively (Shaped like tree--means "Tree of life.")
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What connects Cerebellum to other parts of brain?
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Cerebellar peduncles.
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What parts of the brain is the Cerebellum connected to?
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All parts of the brain by cerebellar peduncles.
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Name the Cerebellar peduncles:
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Superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles.
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What is ataxia, and what part of brain does it arise from?
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Lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movement--stems from dysfunctions in cerebellum.
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Proprioception
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Sense of one's orientation of limbs/body position in space.
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What role does Cerebellum play in proprioception?
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Keeps balance and equilibrium of body and enables this sense so that we do not need to consciously control certain body functions.
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What is the limbic system?
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Group of structures together (Cerebrum, Diencephalon) that play role in emotional behavior and motivation in brain.
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What structures of limbic system (specifically) play part in emotions?
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Amygdala, Cingulated gyrus, fornix, hippocampus
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Amygdala
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Structure apart of limbic system, responsible for fear and fight/flight response.
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Cingulated gyrus
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Structure apart of limbic system, involved in emotions.
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Fornix
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Fibers that link parts of the limbic system.
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Hippocampus
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Structure in limbic system, involved in memory.
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Emotional behavior is related to what in limbic system?
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Memory, autonomic nervous system, eating habits, hormones, and smell.
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Mnemonic for 12 cranial nerves?
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"oh, oh, oh, to touch and feel very good velvet, ah!"
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If a nerve begins in CNS, will it be sensory or motor? If it ends in CNS?
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Motor/Sensory
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Common neurotransmitters in brain:
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Norepinephrine, Serotonin
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Serotonin/Norepinephrine
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Neurotransmitter that plays role in sleep/Plays role in arousal.
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Reticular formation
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Include Reticular activating center (plays role in sleep & wakefulness), skeletal muscle control, autonomic functions, pain.
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Twelve cranial nerves in order:
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Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulochoclear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal.
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What is a stroke?
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Loss of brain function due to lack of oxygen being supplied to brain.
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Contusion
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"Bruise" on brain tissues.
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Concussion
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Brain injury that causes brain to move back and forth quickly inside of skull--caused by blow, bump, jolt, etc. to head.
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Two major arteries bringing oxygen to brain:
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Cartoid and Vertebral arteries.
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Why is increased intracranial pressure a concern?
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Pressure has no where to go in cranium, so it accumulates around brain tissues, interfering with brain functions and possibly leading to fatality.
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First cranial nerve--name & function:
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Olfactory: Sense of smell to brain.
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Second cranial nerve--name & function:
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Optic: Vision from the retina
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Optic nerve runs from the ____ to _____ of brain.
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Retina to Thalamus
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Third cranial nerve--name & function:
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Oculomotor: Motor to four extrinsic muscles that move eye.
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Fourth cranial nerve--name & function:
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Trochlear: Motor to superior oblique muscle.
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Fifth cranial nerve--Name & function:
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Trigeminal
Sensory:Face sensation of touch/pain Motor: Masseter muscle (chewing) |
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Cranial nerve V:
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Trigeminal
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Cranial nerve I:
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Olfactory
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Cranial nerve II:
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Optic nerve
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Sixth cranial nerve--Name & function:
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Abducens: Motor to lateral muscle of eye.
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Seventh Cranial nerve--Name & function:
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Facial
Sensory: Taste Motor: Lacrimal gland, salivary gland, skeletal facial muscles. |
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Eighth Cranial nerve--Name & function:
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Vestibulocochlear: Sensory from internal ear for balance and hearing
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Ninth Cranial nerve--Name & function:
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Glossopharyngeal
Sensory: Taste Motor: Salivary gland and muscles in pharynx (swallowing) |
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Tenth Cranial nerve--Name & function:
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Vagus
Sensory: Taste Motor: Salivary glands, swallowing, voice muscles, autonomic fibers to abdominal organs |
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Eleventh Cranial nerve--Name & function:
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Accessory: Motor to sternocleidomastoid and Trapezius muscles.
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Twelfth Cranial muscle--Name & function:
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Hypoglossal: Motor to tongue muscles.
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Which cranial nerve responsible for smiling?
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Facial nerve (VII)
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Which cranial nerve helps with balance?
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Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
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Which cranial nerve helps to bite down on food?
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Trigeminal (V)
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Which cranial nerve causes crying?
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Facial (VII)
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Which Cranial nerve would make heart beat more slowly or cause stomach to contract?
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Vagus nerve (X)
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Which cranial nerves do not begin or end in brainstem?
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Olfactory (I) and Trochlear (IV)
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Which cranial nerve allows eye movement?
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Abducens (VI)
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Which cranial nerve allows you to stick out your tongue?
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Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
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