Brain

Front 1

Primary motor cortex

Back 1

initiates programmed patterns that control fine movements in skeletal muscles (primarily in limbs)

Front 2

Premotor cortex

Back 2

plans programs for complex muscle movements, learned motor skills

Front 3

Broca’s area

Back 3

plans complex skeletal muscle movements that make speech
possible (mouth, tongue, larynx) in motor area

Front 4

Primary Sensory Areas

Back 4

Somatosensory, gustatory, olfactory, auditory, olfactory, visual - receives impulses
from sensory receptors (awareness of touch, pain, smell, sound, taste, etc.)

Front 5

Association Areas

Back 5

Somatosensory, gustatory, olfactory, auditory, olfactory, visual, general - analyzes,
interprets, identifies sensory impulses and converts them to sensory experiences

Front 6

Prefrontal cortex

Back 6

higher intellect, problem solving, planning, predicting, personality in association area

Front 7

Wernicke’s area

Back 7

understand ideas present in language, arrange words to express a thought in association area

Front 8

Frontal Lobe

Back 8

Primary motor cortex – voluntary control of precise motor movements (somatotropy)
Premotor cortex – planning, coordination, learned motor skills
Prefontal association area – cognition, personality, conscience
Language areas – Broca’s (frontal) and Wernicke’s (temporal) areas

Front 9

Parietal lobe

Back 9

Primary somatosensory cortex – input from sensory receptors
Somatosensory association area – interpretation of sensory input
Primary gustatory cortex – with insula, input from taste receptors

Front 10

Occipital lobe

Back 10

Primary visual cortex – receives sensory input from retina
Visual association area – interpretation and recognition

Front 11

Temporal lobe

Back 11

Primary auditory and vestibular cortex (with insula) – receives sensory input from
inner ear
Auditory association area – interpretation and recognition
Primary olfactory cortex and association area (with frontal lobe) – receives sensory
input from olfactory epithelium

Front 12

Limbic System

Back 12

Most primitive region of cerebrum
Monitors internal homeostasis, mediates memory and learning and emotions
Core structures of the brain reward pathway
Centers for gratification and aversion
Receives inputs from many sensory receptors
Drives sexual behavior, motivation, mental focus, behaviors of homeostasis

Front 13

Cerebrum

Back 13

83 % of brain mass – two hemispheres connected via corpus callosum
All higher brain functions (e.g., sensory perception, language, learning,
abstract thinking, planning, emotions, personality, voluntary motor control)
Each hemisphere generally controls opposite side of body
Hemispheres divided into 5 lobes
Cerebral white matter = myelinated nerve fibers bundled into tracts
Cerebral gray matter = neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated nerve fibers
Cerebral cortex – 6 layers of cells
Basal nuclei – planning and control of movement (rhythmic cycles)
Limbic system – emotions, long term memory

Front 14

Thalamus

Back 14

Often described as relay station for brain – processes and relays information to
cerebral cortex
Virtually all sensory information from lower CNS synapses in this region –
edits and integrates and channels sensory information
Wakefulness, arousal, awareness

Front 15

Brain Stem

Back 15

Oldest and most primitive region of brain
Consists of: Midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata
1) Reticular formation – controls arousal, sleep/wake cycles
2) Ascending and descending nerve tracts
3) Nuclei controlling involuntary survival functions
4) Extrapyramidal motor nuclei
5) Relays signals for auditory and visual reflexes – inferior and
superior colliculi
6) Relay station for information transfer between brainstem,
cerebellum and cerebrum (cerebellar peduncles)

Front 16

Spinal Cord

Back 16

1) Serves as a link for transmission of signals between the brain and body:
Ascending afferent (cord to brain) nerve tracts
Descending efferent (brain to cord) nerve tracts
2) Integrating reflex activity between afferent input and efferent output
without involving the brain (spinal reflexes)
3) Central pattern generators (CPGs)