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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Content Review:
The upper airway consitsts of |
1.Nasal cavity
2.Pharynx 3.Larynx Page 5 |
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A rich supply of blood vessels in the lower septum that warms the inspired air
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Kiesselbach's plexus
Page 6 |
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Air cavities in the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary portions of the skull
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Paranasal sinuses
Page 6 |
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Content Review:
The lower airway |
1.Trachea
2.Bronchi 3.Alveoli 4.Lungs Page 7 |
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The point at which the trachea bifurcates into the right and left mainstem bronchi
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Carina
Page 8 |
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Click here for a key point
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The coduit system, from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles,k must be intact for air to enter the lungs. Maintaining an open airway is critical.
Page 8 |
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The alveolar lining, supportive tissue, and capillaries make up the....
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Respiratory membrane
Page 9 |
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A compound secreted by the lungs that contributes to the elasstic properties of the pulmonary tissues
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Surfactant
Page 9 |
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This fluid serves as a lubricant for lung movement during respiration
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Pleural fluid
Page 9 |
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This pleura covers the lung and does not contain nerve fibers
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Visceral pleura
Page 9 |
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This pleura lines the thoracic cavity and contains nerve fibers
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Parietal pleura
Page 9 |
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Content Review:
Processes of Gas exchange |
1.Ventilation
2.Diffusion 3.Perfusion Page 10 |
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The mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs
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Ventilation
Page 10 |
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Abbrevation for potential of hydrogen. A measure of relative acidity or alkalinity.
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PH
Normal range is 7.35 - 7.45 Lower PH = Acidity Higher PH = Alkalinity Page 14 |
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Click here for a key point
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In COPD the PCO2 is chronically elevated forcing the body to rely on the PO2 to regulate respiration
Page 14 |
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The movement of molecules through a membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration
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Diffusion
Page 14 |
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Click here for a key point
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Provide oxygen to a patient with a lung diffusion problem to increase the concentration gradient that drives oxygen into the capilaries. When fluid accumulation or inflamation is present, consider administering diuretics or anti-inflammatory drugs.
Page 15 |
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The circulation of blood through the capillaries
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Perfusion
Page 15 |
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The transport protien that carries oxygen in the blood
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Hemoglobin
Page 15 |
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Hemoglobin with oxygen bound
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Oxyhemoglobin
Page 15 |
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Hemoglobin with no oxygen bound
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Deoxyhemoglobin
Page 15 |
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Hemoglobin with carbon dioxide bound
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Carbaminohemoglobin
Page 16 |
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Click here for a key point
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To maintain perfusion, ensure that the patient has an adequate circulating blood volume. Also take all necessary steps to improve the pumping action of the heart
Page 16 |
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The exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment
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Respiration
Page 16 |
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A collection of air in the pleural space, causing a loss of the negative pressure that binds the lung to the chest wall.
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Pneumothorax
Page 18 |
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Type of pneumothorax in which air enters the pleural space through an injury to the chest wall
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Open pneumothorax
Page 18 |
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Type of pneumothorax in which air enters the pleural space through an opening in the pleura that covers the lung
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Closed pneumothorax
Page 18 |
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Type of pneumothorax that develops when air in the pleural space cannot escape, causing a buildup of pressure and collapse of the lung
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Tension pneumothorax
Page 18 |
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A collection of blood in the pleural space
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Hemothorax
Page 18 |
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One or more ribs fractured in two or more places, creating an unattached rib segment
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Flail chest
page 18 |
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Absence of breathing
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Apnea
Page 19 |
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State in which insufficient oxygen is available to meet the oxygen requirements of the cells
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Hypoxia
Page 19 |
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Click here for a key point
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Airway resistance and lung compliance govern the amount of air that flows into the lungs
Page 12 |
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When the lungs draw in an additional volume of air beyond the volume inspired during quiet respiration
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Inspiratory reserve volume
Page 12 |
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The amount of air that can be forcibly expired out of the lung after a normal breath
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Expiratory reserve volume
Page 12 |
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The sum of the expiratory reserve volume and the residual volume
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Functional reserve capacity
Page 12 |
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The amount of air that is measured from a full inspiration to a full expiration
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Vital capacity
Page 13 |
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The total volume of air in the lungs
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Total lung capacity
Page 13 |
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The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs during 1 minute
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Minute respiratory volume
Tidal volume x respiratory rate=MRV Page 13 |
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The volume of air moving through the alveoli in 1 minute
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Minute alveoli volume
Dead space - tidal volume x respiratory rate =MAV Page 13 |
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The volume of air exhaled over a measured period of time
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Forced expiratory volume (FEV)
Page 13 |
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Measures the maximum rate of air flow during a forced expiration
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Peak flow
Page 13 |
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When a patient breathes in a tidal volume of 500 mL some of that air rests in the trachea, mainstem bronchi, and bronchioles and is unavailable for gas exchange
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Anatomical dead space
Is approximatley 150 mL's Page 13 |
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Alveoli may be unavailable for gas exchange (due to collapse or being filled with fluid)
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Alveolar dead space
Page 13 |
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Located on the visceral pleura and on the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles these structures provide input to the medulla's respiratory center.
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Stretch receptors
Page 14 |
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Click here for a key point
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In COPD the PCO2 is chronically elevated forcing the body to rely on the PO2 to regulate respiration
Page14 |
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A ventilatory pattern with progressively increasing tidal volume, followed by a ceclining volume, separated by periods of apnea at the end of the expiration. This pattern is typically seen in older patients with terminal illness or brain injury.
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Cheyne-Stokes respirations
Page 19 has a view of the pattern as well |
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Deep, rapid breaths that result as a corrective measure against conditions such as diabetic ketoacidosis that produce metabolic acidosis
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Kussmaul's respirations
Page 19 has a view of the pattern as well |
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A ventilatory pattern that produces deep, rapid respirations that are caused by strokes or injury to the brainstem. In this case, there is loss of normal regulation of ventilatory controls, and respiratory alkalosis is often seen
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Central neurogenic hyperventilation
Page 19 has a view of the pattern as well |
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A ventilatory pattern characterized by repeated episodes of gasping ventilations separated by periods of apnea. This patern is seen in patients with increased intracranial pressure.
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Ataxic (Biot's) respirations
Page 19 has a view of the pattern as well |
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A ventilatory pattern characterized by long, deep breaths that are stopped during the inspiratory phase and separated by periods of apnea. This pattern is a result of stroke or severe central nervous system disease
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Apneustic respiration
Page 19 has a view of the pattern as well |
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When an area of lung tissue is appropriately ventilated but no capillary perfusion occurs, available oxygen is not moved into the circulatory system. This is called
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Pulmonary shunting
Page 20 |
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Click here for a key point
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If the patient's complaints suggest respiratory system involvement, direct the focused history and physical examination to this aspect.
Page 20 |
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Click here for a key point
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When you approach the scene, consider
1.Is the scene safe? 2.Are there visual cues to the patient's medical condition Page 20 |
