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171 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chemical used to diagnose, treat, or prevent disease
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Drug
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The study of drugs and their interactions with the body
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Pharmacology
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Name the 4 types of drug names?
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1.Chemical
2.Generic 3.Official 4.Brand name Page 294 |
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What type of drug name is ussually suggested by the manufacturer and confirmed by the United States Adopted name council?
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Generic name
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The most detailed name for any drug?
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Chemical name
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Drug name when the Federal Drug Administration lists the name in the United States Pharmacopeia
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Official name
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Drug name due to the manufacturer giving a name to thier drug that will foster loyalty among its customers
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Brand name
Name is ussualy followed by a copyright symbol. |
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The four main sources of drugs are?
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1.Plants
2.Animals 3.Minerals 4.Laboratory (synthetic) Page 294 |
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Name 1 of the listed 5 sources of drug information.....
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1.U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP)
2.Physicians' Desk Reference 3.Drug Information 4.Monthly Prescribing Reference 5.AMA Drug Evaluation Page 294 |
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Click here for a key point
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It is helpful to carry a pharmaceutical reference in paramedic response vehicles
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Name 4 components of a drug Profile
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1.Names
2.Classification 3.Mechanism of Action 4.Indications 5.Pharmacokinetics 6.Side Effects/Adverse Reactions 7.Routes of Administration 8.Contraindications 9.Dosage 10.How supplied 11.Special Considerations Page 295 |
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Name the 3 distinct authorities for drug laws and regulations
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1.Federal law
2.State laws and regulations 3.Individual agency regulations Page 296 |
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Test that determines the amount and purity of a given chemical in a preperation in the labrotory
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Assay
Page 297 |
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Relative therupeutic effectiveness of chemically equivalent drugs
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Bioequivalence
Page 298 |
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Test to ascertain a drug's availability in a biological model
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Bioassay
Page 298 |
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Name the 7 rights of medication administration
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1.Right medication
2.Right experation 3.Right dose 4.Right person 5.Right route 6.Right time 7.Right documentation (MEDPRTD) Page 300 |
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Medication packages contain a single dose for a single patient
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Dose packaging
Page 301 |
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Name 1 of the 3 special considerations
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1.Pregnant paitients
2.Pediatric patients 3.Geriatric patients Page 302 |
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Medication that may deform or kill the fetus
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Teratogenic drug
Page 302 |
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Which FDA pregnancy catagory shows that adequate studies in pregnant women have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus in the 1st trimester or later trimesters
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Catagory A
Page 302 |
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What FDA Pregnancy category consists of animal studies have demonstrated adverse effects, but there are no adequate studies in pregnant women; however, benefits may be acceptable despite the potential risks, OR, no adequate animal studies or adequate studies of pregnant women have been done
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Catagory C
Page 302 |
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What FDA Pregnancy category consists of animal studies have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus, but there are no adequate studies in pregnant women, OR, adequate studies in pregnant women have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus in the first trimester and there is no risk in the last trimester, but animal studies have demonstrated adverse effects
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Catagory B
Page 302 |
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Which FDA Pregnancy category consists of fetal risk that has been demonstrated. In certain circumstances, benefits could outweigh the risks
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Catagory D
Page 302 |
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Which FDA Pregnancy category consists of fetal risk that has been demonstrated. This risk outweighs any possible benefit to the mother. Avoid using in pregnant or potentially pregnant patients
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Catagory X
Page 302 |
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proportion of a drug available in the body to cause either desired or undesired effects
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Free drug avaliabilty
Page 303 |
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Click here for a key point
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Since dosing for pediatric patients is based on their size, dosage ranges vary significantly. It is best to carry a reference containg the various common pediatiric dossages.
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the time required for the activity of a substance taken into the body to lose one half its initial effectiveness.
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half life
Page 303 |
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A tool that gives a good approximation for children of average height/weight ratio
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Broselow tape
Page 303 |
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The study of drugs and their interactions with the body.
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Pharmacology
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How a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized (biotransformed), and excreted; How drugs are transported into and out of the body
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Pharmacokinetics
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How a drug interacts with the body to cause its effects
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Pharmacodynamics
Page 304 |
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Requires the use of energy to move a substance
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Active transport
Page 304 |
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Process in which carrier protiens transport large molecules across the cell membrane
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Carrier mediated diffusion or facilitated diffusion
Page 304 |
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Movement of a substance without the use of energy
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Passive transport
Page 304 |
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Movement of a solute in a solution from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
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Diffusion
Page 305 |
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Movement of solvent in a solution from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
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Osmosis
Page 305 |
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Movement of MOLECULES across a membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure
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Filtration
Page 305 |
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Movement of SOLUTE in a solution from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
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Diffusion
Page 305 |
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Movement of SOLVENT in a solution from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
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Osmosis
Page 305 |
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Name 1 of the 3 Pharmacokinetic Processes
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1.Absorption
2.Distribution 3.Biotransformation 4.Elimination Page 306 |
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To become electrically charged or polar
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Ionize
Page 306 |
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Amount of a drug that is still active after it reaches its target tissue
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Bioavailability
Page 307 |
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Tight junctions of the capillary endothelial cells in the central nervous system vasculature through which only non protein bound, highly lipid-soluble drugs can pass
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Blood brain barrier
Page 308 |
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Biochemical barrier at the maternal/fetal interface that restricts certain molecules
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Placental barrier
Page 308 |
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The bodys breaking down chemicals into different chemicals
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Metabolism
Page 308 |
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Special name given to the metabolism of drugs
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Biotransformation
Page 308 |
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a product of metabolic action; breaking down into different chemicals
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Metabolite
Page 308 |
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Medicaation that is not active when administered, but whose biotransformation converts it into active metabolites.
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Prodrug (Parent Drug)
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The liver's partial or complete inactivation of a drug before it reaches the systemic circulation
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First pass effect
Page 309 |
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The loss of hydrogen atoms or the acceptance of an oxygen atom. This increases the positive charge (or lessens the negitive charge) on the molecule
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Oxidation
Page 309 |
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The breakage of a chemical bond by adding water, or by incorparating a hydroxyl (OH-) group into one fragment and a hydrogen ion (H+) into the other
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Hydrolysis
Page 309 |
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Name the drug routes
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1.Enteral
2.Parenteral Page 310 |
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Delivery of a medication through the gastrointestinal tract
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Enteral route
Page 310 |
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Delivery of a medication outside of the gastrointestinal tract, typically using needles to inject medications into the circulatory system or tissues
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Parenteral route
Page 310 |
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Name 2 of the 5 Enteral routes used to deliver medications
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1.Oral (PO)
2.Orogastric/nasogastric tube (OG/NG) 3.Sublingual (SL) 4.Buccal 5.Rectal (PR) Page 310 |
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Name 3 of the 12 Parenteral Routes used to deliver medications
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1.Intravenous (IV)
2.Endotracheal (ET) 3.Intrasseous (IO) 4.Umbilical 5.Intramuscular (IM) 6.Subcutaneous 7.Inhalation/Nebulized 8.Topical 9.Transdermal 10.Nasal 11.Instillation 12.Intradermal Page 310-311 |
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Name 2 of the 5 solid forms of a drug
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1.Pills
2.Powders 3.Tablets 4.Suppositories 5.Capsules Page 311 |
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Name 2 of the 7 liquid forms of a drug
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1.Solutions
2.Tinctures 3.Suspensions 4.Emulsions 5.Spirits 6.Elixirs 7.Syrups Page 311 |
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Click here for the 4 types of drug actions
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1.Binding to a receptor site
2.Changing the physical properties of cells 3.Chemically combining with other chemicals 4.Altering a normal metabolic pathway Page 312 |
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Specialized protein that combines with a drug resulting in a biochemical effect
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Receptor
Page 312 |
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Force of attraction between a drug and a receptor
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Affinity
Page 312 |
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A drugs ability to cause the expected response
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Efficacy
Page 312 |
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Chemical that participates in complex cascading reactions that eventually cause a drugs desired effect
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Second messenger
Page 312 |
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Binding of a drug or hormone to a target cell receptor that causes the number of receptors to decrease
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Down regulation
Page 313 |
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A drug causes the formation of more receptors than normal
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Up regulation
Page 313 |
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Drug that binds to a receptor and causes it to initiate the expected response
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Agonist
Page 313 |
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Drug that binds to a receptor but does not cause it to initiate the expected response
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Antagonist
Page 313 |
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Drug that binds to a receptor and stimulates some of its effects but blocks others
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Agonist-antagonist (partial agonist)
Page 313 |
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One drug binds to a receptor and causes the expected effect while also blocking another drug from triggering the same receptor
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Competitive antagonism
Page 313 |
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The binding of an antagonist causes a deformity of the binding site that prevents an agonist from fitting and binding
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Noncompetitive antagonism
Page 314 |
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A competive antagonist permanently binds with a receptor site
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Irreversible antagonism
Page 314 |
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Unintended response to a drug
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Side effect
Page 314 |
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Correlation of different amounts of a drug to clinical response
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Drug response relationship
Page 316 |
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Describes the lengths of onset, duration, and termination of action, as well as the drug's minimum effective concentration and toxic levels
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Plasma level profile
Page 316 |
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The time from administration until a medication reaches its minimum effective concentration
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Onset of action
Page 316 |
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Minimum level of drug needed to cause a given effect
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Minimum effective concentration
Page 316 |
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Length of time the amount of drug remains above its minimum effective concentration
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Duration of Action
Page 316 |
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Time from when the drugs level drops below its minimum effective concentration until it is eliminated from the body
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Termination of action
Page 316 |
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Ratio of a drug's lethal dose for 50 percent of the population to its effective dose for 50 percent of the population
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Therapeutic index
Page 316 |
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Time the body takes to clear one half of a drug
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Biologic half life
Page 316 |
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Factors Affecting Drug Response Relationship are
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1.Age
2.Body mass 3.Sex 4.Environment 5.Time of Administration 6.Pathology 7.Genetics 8.Psychology Page 316 |
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Drug that best demonstrates the class's common properties and illustrates its particular characteristics
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Prototype
Page 318 |
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medication that relieves the sensation of pain
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Analgesic
Page 319 |
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The absence of the sensation of pain
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Analgesia
Page 319 |
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The absence of all sensations
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Anesthesia
Page 319 |
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Agent that enhances the effects of other drugs
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Adjunct medication
page 319 |
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Medication that induces a loss of sensation to touch or pain
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Anesthetic
Page 321 |
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Anesthesia that combines decreased sensation of pain with amnesia while the patient remains conscious
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neuroleptanesthesia
Page 321 |
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State of decreased anxiety and inhibitions
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Sedation
Page 322 |
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Instagation of sleep
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Hypnosis
Page 322 |
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Drug used to treat mental dysfunction
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Psychotherapeutic medication
Page 325 |
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What is the difference between potency and strength
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Strength refers to the drug's concentration
Potency is the amount of drug necessary to produce the desired effect |
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Major diseases treated with psychotherapeutic medications
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1.Schizophrenia
2.Depression 3.Bipolar disorder Page 326 |
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Common side effects of antipsychotic medications, including muscle tremmors and parkinson like effects
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Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)
Page 326 |
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Antipsychotic (literally affecting the nerves)
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Neuroleptic
Page 326 |
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Name the three classes of antipsychotic medications
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1.Phenothiazines
2.Butyrophenones 3.Atypicals Page 326 |
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Name the three major classes of Antidepressant Medications
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1.TCA's (tricyclic antidepressants)
2.SSRI (Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) 3.MAOI (Monoamine oxidase inhibitors) Page 329 |
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The part of the nervous system that controls involuntary actions
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Autonomic nervous system
Page 331 |
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Groups of autonomic nerve cells located outside the central nervous system
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Autonomic ganglia
Page 331 |
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Nerve fibers that extend from the central nervous system to the autonomic ganglia
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Preganglionic nerves
Page332 |
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Nerve fibers that extend from the autonomic ganglia to the target tissues
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Postganglionic nerves
Page 332 |
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Space between nerves cells
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Synapse
Page 333 |
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Specialized synapse between a nerve cell and the organ or tissue it innervates
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Neuroeffector junction
Page 333 |
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Chemical messenger that conducts a nervous impulse across a synapse
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Neurotransmitter
Page 333 |
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Nerve cell
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Neuron
Page 333 |
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Pertaining to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
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Cholinergic
Page 333 |
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Pertaining to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine
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Adrenergic
Page 333 |
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Name the 4 cranial nerves carrying parasympathetic fibers
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1.III (Oculomotor nerve)
2.VII (Facial nerve) 3.IX (Glossopharyngeal nerve 4.X (Vagus nerve) Page 333 |
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Drug or other substance that causes effects like those of the parasympathetic nervous system (also called cholinergic)
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Parasympathomimetic
Page 334 |
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Drug or other substance that blocks or inhibits the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system (also called anticholinergic)
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Parasympatholytic
Page 334 |
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the acetic acid ester of choline, C7H17NO3, released and hydrolyzed during nerve conduction and causing muscle action by transmitting nerve impulses across
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acetylcholine
Taken from dicitonary |
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Sludge effects of cholinergic medications
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1.Salivation
2.Lacrimation 3.Urination 4.Defecation 5.Gastric motility 6.Emesis Page 336 |
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resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action
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cholinergic
Dictionary |
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of or pertaining to a substance that opposes the effects of acetylcholine; interfering with the passage of parasympathetic nerve impulses
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anticholinergics
Dictionary |
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Types of parasympathetic acetylcholine receptors
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1.Muscarinic
2.Nicotinic 1.Nicotinic N (Neuron) 2.Nicotinic M (Muscles) Page 338 |
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Effects of Atropine Overdose
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1.Hot as hell
2.Blind as a bat 3.Dry as a bone 4.Red as a beat 5.Mad as a hatter Page 338 |
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a drug that counteracts the effects of another drug.
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antagonist
Dictionary |
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a chemical substance capable of activating a receptor to induce a full or partial pharmacological response.
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agonist
Dictionary |
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Types of Sympathetic receptors
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Adrenergic
Alpha 1 (a1) Alpha 2 (a2) Beta 1 (B1) Beta 2 (B2) Dopaminergic Page 342 also see Table 9-7 on page 343 |
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Drug or other substance that causes effects like those of the sympathetic nervous system (also called adrenergic)
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Sympathomimetic
Page 342 |
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Drug or other substance that blocks the actions of the sympathetic nervous system (aslo called antiadrenergic)
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Sympatholytic
Page 342 |
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Constriction of arterioles increase the hearts.....
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Afterload
Page 343 |
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Constriction of the Venules increases the hearts....
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Preload
Page 343 |
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Content Review:
Common Catecholamines |
Natural
Epinephrine Norepinephrine Dopamine Synthetic Isoproterenol Dobutamine Page 345 |
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Opposes the effects of acetylcholine; Interfering with the passage of parasympathetic nerve impulses
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Anticholinergic
Definition |
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the acetic acid ester of choline, C7H17NO3, released and hydrolyzed during nerve conduction and causing muscle action by transmitting nerve impulses across synapses.
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Acetylcholine
Definition |
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Drug used to treat and prevent abnormal cardiac rhythms
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Antidysrhythmic
Page 351 |
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Content Review
Antidysrhythmics |
Classfied in the Vaughn-Williams and Singh Classification System
1.Na+ channel blockers 1A 1B 1C II Beta blockers III K+ channel blockers IV Ca++ channel blockers V Misclaneous Page 351 |
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Drug used to treat hypertension
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Antihypertensive
Page 353 |
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Content Review:
Pharmacological classes of antihypertensives |
1.Diuretics
2.Beta-blockers and antiadrenergic drugs 3.Ace inhibitors 4.Calcium channel blockers 5.Direct vasodilatiors Page 354 |
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Drug used to reduce circulating blood volume by increasing the amount of urine
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Diuretic
Page 354 |
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Click here for a key point
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Loop diuretics, particulary furosemide (Lasix), play a major role in the emergency treatment of CHF and acute pulmonary edema
Page 354 |
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Click here for a key point
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Beta-blockers have proven to decrease both short term and long term mortality associated with acute MI
Page 355 |
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Click here for a key point
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In addition to their role in the treatment of hypertension, ACE inhibitors play an important role in the treatment of CHF by decreasing afterload
Page 356 |
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Click here for a key point
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Nifedpine was used extensively for emergent reduction of blood pressure. Now, other agents, such as labetalol, are prefered
Page 358 |
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Click here for a key point
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Hydralazine (Apresoline) is the preferred antihypertensive for the management of pregnancy-induced hypertension
Page 358 |
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Click here for a key point
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Digitalis (Lanoxin) is still frequently used to increase cardiac output in CHF and to control the rate of ventricular response in atrial fibrillation
Page 359 |
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Click here for a key point
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Nitroglycerin is effective in the management of angina pectoris as it decreasses cardiac work.
Page 360 |
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The stopage of bleeding
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Hemostasis
Page 360 |
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Content Review:
Drugs used to treat thrombi |
Antiplatelets
Anticoagulants Fibrinolytics Page 361 |
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Drug that decreases the formation of platelet plugs
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Antiplatelet
Page 361 |
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Drug that interrupts the clotting cascade
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Anticoagulant
Page 361 |
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Drug that acts directly on thrombi to break them down: also called thrombolytic
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Fibrinolytic
Page 362 |
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Drug used to treat high blood cholesterol
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Anithyperlipidemic
Page 363 |
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Click here for a key point
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Drug treatment of asthma aims to relieve bronchospasm and decrease inflammatiion
Page 363 |
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Click here for a key point
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Early pharmacological intervention in asthma is important in order to minimize inflammation
Page 365 |
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Mediator relased from mast cells upon contact with allergens
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leukotriene
Page 365 |
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Click here for a key point
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Nasal decongestants, when overused can elevate both the pulse rate and the blood pressure
Page 366 |
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Medication that arrests the effects of histamine by blocking its receptors
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Antihistamine
Page 366 |
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An endogenous substance that afffects a wide variety of organ systems
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Histamine
Page 366 |
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Click here for a key point
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Becuase they can thicken bronchial secretions, you should not use antihistamines in patients with asthma
Page 367 |
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Click here for a key point
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In general, treating a productive cough is not appropriate, as the cough is performing a useful function.
Page 367 |
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Medication that suppresses the stimulus to cough in the central nervous system
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Antitussive
Page 367 |
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Medication intended to make mucus more watery
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Mucolytic
Page 367 |
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Content Review:
Main indications for gastrointestinal drug therapy |
Peptic ulcers
Constipation Diarrhea and emesis Digestion Page 367 |
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Alkalotic compound used to increase the gastric environment's PH
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Antacid
Page 368 |
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Medication used to decrease stool's firmness and increase its water content
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laxative
Page 369 |
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Content Review
Categoriess of laxatives |
Bulk forming
Stimulant Osmotic Surfactant Page 369 |
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Substance that decreases surface tension
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Surfactant
Page 369 |
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Medication used to prevent vomiting
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Antiemetic
Page 370 |
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Click here for a key point
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If tetracaine is adminstered in the field, remind the patient not to rub his eyes, as he can worsen the injury
Page 371 |
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Substance that decreases blood glucose level
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Insulin
Page 375 |
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Substance that increases blood glucose level
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Glucagon
Page 375 |
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Click here for a key point
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Dilute D 50 W to D 25 W for administration to pediatric patients
Page 377 |
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Click here for a key point
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If you treat a patient with chest pain who has taken sidenafil, vardenafil, or tadalafil recently, do not give him nitroglycerin or any other nitrate
Page 379 |
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Drug used to treat cancer
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Antineoplastic agent
Page 379 |
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Agent that kills or decreases the growth of bacteria
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Antibiotic
Page 380 |
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Disease-causing organism
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Pathogen
Page 381 |
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The body's ability to respond to the presence of a pathogen
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Immunity
Page 381 |
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Solution containing whole antibodies for a specific pathogen
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Serum
Page 382 |
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Solution containing a modified pathogen that does not actually cause disease but still stimulates the development of antibodies specific to it
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Vaccine
Page 382 |
