Br Bio Section 9

Front 1

Iron has a mass of 55.8. The weight of hemoglobin is 65,000. Give the eqation how to calcuate the % of hemoglobin that is Iron.

Back 1

Iron % in hemoglobin. Hemoglobin = 4 polypeptides. Hemoglobin has 4 Fe+ ions. So Iron % is 4*55.8 = 223. Divide 223/65,000.

Front 2

How do you compare the pIs of neutral and negative amino acids?

Back 2

If an amino acid is neutral instead of negative, it has a pI that will be slightly higher. pI of neutral an amino acid is slight higher than pI of a negative amino acid.

Front 3

Must look at the picture to redo.

Back 3

Don't assume that ALL anodes are negative. Anodes can be positive or negative.

Front 4

If two proteins differ by just one amino acid, is this a base substiution and/or addition and/or deletion?

Back 4

When two proteins differ by just one amino acid, it is a base substitution mutation. It is not a base addition or a base deletion.

Front 5

What is the genotype of a man with sickle cell anemia? If we cross a man with sickle cell anemia with a woman who is HbA & HbC, what is the chance their kid is normal?

Back 5

HbC is also a hemoglobin problem. The man with sickle cell anemia has the geontype HbA and HbS. The mother is heterozygous HbA and HbC. So the kid will only have a 25% of being free of any hemoglobin disorder.

Front 6

If you can keep on doing self ferilization, do you have homozygotes or heterozygotes?

Back 6

Mendel first allowed plants of a given variety to product progeny by self fertilization over many generators to assure himself that the plants were true breeds. Mendel wanted homozygotes.

Front 7

When smooth peas and wrinkled peas crossed, how are the wrinkled peas distributed?

Back 7

F2 generation does NOT necessarily have a ton. It can be just 4 items. When seeds are shown in peas, all the wrinkled peas are NOT in the same pod.

Front 8

What is a monohybrid cross? Test cross? Dihybrid cross? Inbreeding?

Back 8

A monohybrid cross involves individuals that differ only with respect to the alleles at a single locus. Example: rr x RR. A test cross involves a homozygous parent and an unknown parent. A dihybrid cross involves individuals that differ at 2 alleles and makes a 16 box Punnett square, not a 4 box Punnett square. Inbreeding means crossing closely related individuals.

Front 9

Queen is AB-. King is B-. Baby is A+. Who is the dad?

Back 9

Queen is AB-. King is B-. Baby is A+. The baby cannot be the offspring. AB x BX = makes AB, AO, BB, or BO. Rh factor is transmitted as a classical Mendelian dominant/recessive trait where + is dominant. So Queen is homozygous - & -. King is homozygous - & -. Their kid must be -, but the baby is +. It's not their kid.

Front 10

Mom is O-. Dad is O-. What blood type(s) can a kid be?

Back 10

Mom is O-. Dad is O-. Their kid isO- only. O is a person with just i & i. O is NOT a person with i & A. So kid can only be O.

Front 11

We have a E coli genome athat has 4.7*10^6 nucelotide base pairs. There's 2 replication origins. Polymerization occurrs at 500 nucleotides per second. How many minutes does it take for replication to happen?

Back 11

When there's two replication forks, you must take them both into account. There's 4.7*10^6 nucleotide base pairs. There's 2 forks moving at 500 nucleotides per second. 1,000 nucleotides per second or 60,000 nucleotides per minute. 4.7*10^6/60,000 = 80 minutes.

Front 12

Why is DNA replication slower on eukaryotic chromosomes?

Back 12

The slower rate of DNA replication on a eurkarytoic chromosome can be explained by the difficulty in replicating DNA packaged as chromatin.

Front 13

If we have H-uridine that is a radioactive label, where do we see the activity?

Back 13

When there's radioactive uracil, we see the activity in the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Front 14

When there's multiple replication bubbles, is it likely a eukaryote? Look at question.

Back 14

When there's multiple replication bubbles, it's likely a eukaryote.

Front 15

Does gene duplication lead to independent mutation of DNA sequences? Does gene duplication lead to synthesis of longer mRNA sequences?

Back 15

Gene duplication will likely NOT lead to longer mRNA sequences. If gene duplication happens, transcription will be similar. When there's more genes b/c of duplication, it's more likely to cause independent mutation of DNA sequences since we are doing gene replication.

Front 16

What is a genetic locus? Males have a frequency of red-green color blindness of .08. What are the odds that a female is red-green color blind if there's only one genetic locus involved in color blindness?

Back 16

A genetic locus is a given gene location on a chromosome. Males have a frequency for color blindness of .08. For females to be color blind, they must be homozygous for the condition. Red green color blindness is sex linked and recessive. The chance of a female being color bind is then .08*.08 = .64%.

Front 17

If 6% of males are deutan color blind, what is the percentage of females who are deutan color blind?

Back 17

There's 2 genetic locus involved in red-green colorblindness and the incidence of color blindness of females is 0.4%. The percentage of females that would be deutan color blind is 0.36%. Passage says that 6% of males who are color blind have a deutan effect. The percentage of women who are deutan color blind would be .06*.06 = .36%.

Front 18

The percentage of men who are color blind and have the protan defect is 2%. What is the percentage of women who are heterozygous carriers of protan defect?

Back 18

The percentage of women who are heterozygous carriers of protan color blindness is about 4%. The percentage of men hwo are color blind with deutan is 6% and 2% of men have the protan effect. So use Hardy Weinberg. 2pq = 2*.98*.02 = 4%. So 4% of women are heterozygous carriers of protan.

Front 19

A woman with normal vision marries a man with duetan color blindess. What is their son.

Back 19

Son is normal. Woman is dominant DD. Man is dY. Make the assumption that normal mom is homozygous dominant.

Front 20

woman has duetan defect is homozygous for autosomal C allele. C allele is needed for cones in the retina. Man is completely colorblind and has dominant deutan allele. What will be the son and daughter?

Back 20

Woman is CC. Man is cc. woman is dd. Man is DY. The daughter will be Cc, Dd. The son will be Cc, dY. Daughter will see normally. Son will be red green color blind.

Front 21

What is true breeding straing? What is it for black hamsters?

Back 21

True breeding strain is homozygous. True breeding strain for black hamsters is B/B, +/+.

Front 22

A hamster is Bb, a/+. This hamster is crossed with a hamster that is b/b, a/a. The progency are 66 black, 34 brown, 100 white. Are there linked genes?

Back 22

There are linked genes since we have 66 black & 34 brown instead of 50 black & 50 brown.

Front 23

What is recessive epistasis?

Back 23

A white coat is recessive epistasis on a mouse.

Front 24

The average molecular weight of an amino acid residue is 110D. For a 40kD protein, the contour length and molecular weight are:? Each base pair has an average molecule mass of 660D. The rise per base pair is 3.4A.

Back 24

The average molar mass of an amino acid residue is 110D. The protein has 40,000/110 = 360 resideues. This is 3*360 = nucleotides. Each base pair has an average molecular mass of 660D. The molecular mass of DNA is 660*1080 = 700,000D. The length of this molecule is 3.4A * 1080 = 3700A = .37micrometers.

Front 25

What is the rate of nucleotide incorporation at each growing replication fork? There's 4000kb in each circular DNA. It takes 40 minutes for the chromosome to replicate itself. There's 2 replication forks.

Back 25

There are 4.0*10^6 bp in the E. coli chromosome. It takes 40 minutes to repicate a chromosome. 4.0*10^6 bp / (40 min * 1min/60sec) = 1666 bp/sec. There's 2 replication forks. So it's 1666/2 = 833 nucleotides per second.

Front 26

DNA is 1.2m long. The synthesis phase is 5 hours. How many replication forks are ther if the growth rate in these cells is 16 micrometers/min?

Back 26

At 16 micrometers/min, each replication fork travels 4800 micrometers in 5 hours. To replicate the entier DNA (1.2m), there must be 1.2m/(4.8*10^-3m/replication forks) = 250 replication forks.

Front 27

In a rich growth medium, bacterial cells divide very 20 minutes. Which of the following best describes the cell's bidirectional replication?

Back 27

In a rich growth medium, bacterial cells divide every 20 minutes. Which best describes the cell's bidirectional replication? At division, each daughter cell receives a chromosome that is half replicated. There is a total of six replication forks. In a rich medium, a second round of bidirectional replication begins at the origin when the first round is only half completed. This second initiation results in four new replication forks making a total of six. One round of replication is competed every 20 minutes and each daughter cell at division receives a chromosome that is already half replicated.

Front 28

Which adds nucleotides faster: DNA polymerase I or III? Does DNA polymerase I have exonucleas activity that excises RNA primers? What is exonuclease?

Back 28

In addition to 5 to 3 polymerase activity, DNA polymerase I has a 5 to 3 exonuclease activity that excises RNA primers. DNA polymerase III adds new deoxyribonucleotides to a growing polynucleotide chain roughly 100x faster than DNA polymerase I. Exonuclease cleaves off nucleotides from the end of a chain.

Front 29

Where in DNA is nitrogen NOT found?

Back 29

In DNA, nitrogen cannot be found in the ribose rings. It can be found in acetal linkages, pyrimidine rings, and purine rings.

Front 30

If there's original DNA with all 15-N, and 2 rounds of replication with 14-N, what is the end ratio of 15-N to 14-N after 2 rounds?

Back 30

After two rounds of semiconservative DNA replication, the ratio of 14-N to 15-N would be 3:1. Original: all 15N. First round: 2 14Ns, 2 15Ns. Second round: 6 14Ns, 2 15Ns.

Front 31

Which is heavier and denser: RNA or DNA? On RNA, where are the locations of charges on RNA?

Back 31

RNA is heavier than DNA since it is NOT missing oxygen. Nucleic acids do NOT have positively charged amino acids at physiological pH. We only have negative phosphate groups to worry about. So RNA becomes densest when it can bind to positive Cs+ charges.

Front 32

Which is least likely to have an enol form: cytosine or adenine? Cytosine has a carbonyl and adenine does not.

Back 32

When looking for a molecule that is LEAST likely to have an enol form, look for the molecule that has NO carbonyl.

Front 33

Where is DNA missing an oxygen compared to RNA? Does DNA have acid anhydride bonds?

Back 33

DNA is NOT deoxy at the 3 carbon. DNA is deoxyied at carbon 2. The 3 carbon is where the phosphodiester bond exists. DNA has acid anhydride linkages b/c the phosphodiester bond is an acid anhydride linkage. Anhydrous refers to loss of water.

Front 34

There's 3.4nm in a turn. The distance between base pairs is .34nm. How many bases in a turn?

Back 34

If there's a complete turn every 3.4nm and the distance between base pairs is .34nm, then there's 10 base pairs in a turn. However, there's 2 bases in a base pair, so there's 20 bases.

Front 35

Does thymine to uracil bonding happen? What about adenine to uracil?

Back 35

Thymine bonding to uracil never happens. Adenine and uracil is possible when mRNA is made.

Front 36

DNA is the carrier of genetic info during cell growth and division. Which is NOT essential for DNA's accurate transmission: degenerate genetic code, self replication, low mutation rate, or conformationally variable molecule? What does it mean to a genetic code that is degenerate? What is conformationally variable molecule?

Back 36

Degenerate means ther's 64 codons and less than 64 amino acids. There's redundancy. A conformationally variable molecule has variable conformations. This trait does not is not essential to transmitting genetic info.

Front 37

What will lead to a higher melting temperature of DNA? Lower mole fraction of AT base pairs, higher concentration of Mg2+, lower concentration of histones, higher mole fraction of CG base pairs.

Back 37

Mg2+ would lead to a more stable DNA molecule. Mg2+ would bond to the negative phosphate groups. So Mg2+ leads to a higher temperature. If there were less histones, the DNA would become slightly less stable because less of the negative phosphate groups would be shielded.

Front 38

Describe conservative replication.

Back 38

When interpreting an absorbance graph peak, know that one peak is 15-N & 14-N while the other is 14-N & 14-N. The x axis was not labeled well. In conservative replication, the original 15-N & 15-N stays together. Just another 14-N & 14-N double strand is made.

Front 39

In human cell, does protein transport move from cytosol to mitochondria, peroxisome, and nucleus?

Back 39

Yes, human protein goes to all of them.

Front 40

What is least likely to be associated with mitochondrial genome? distinct promoter regions, RNA polymerase protein, DNA polymerase protein, histone protein complex.

Back 40

Mitochondrial genome does not have histones. Mitochondrial genome does have distinct promoters, DNA polymerase, and RNA polymerase.

Front 41

AUG codes for what in mitochondria?

Back 41

AUG codes for N-formyl methionine because it's mitochondria and not the nucleus.

Front 42

How is mitchondria genetic code different from the nucleus's genetic code?

Back 42

Why is there different genetic code for mitochondria? Because of the volume of proteins made by the genome. Compared to the nucleus, mitochondrial make a small number. So a change in the genetic code is not very far reaching. A change is tolerable b/c more likely than not, a small number of proteins is affected. There is no evidence that genetic drift only happens in mitochondria. We have to reason to believe that tRNAs in the mitochondria have a special correcting function. They are bound by the same physical laws.

Front 43

Ten polyadenine containing RNAs in mitochondria have what function? What RNA has an attachment site to amino acids? What RNA has to do with the structure of ribosomes?

Back 43

The ten polyadenine containing RNAs in mitochondria do not go to the cytosol since these are mitochondria. If there's an attachment site for amino acids, the RNA is likely tRNA and a poly A goes on mRNA. RNA involved with the structure of ribosomes has to do with rRNA. So we're with "code for proteins" answer which is the job of mRNA.

Front 44

"What is alight strand? What is a heavy strand? What is a sense strand? What is an antisense strand?

The DNA that codes for the light strand is also known as:?"

Back 44

"DNA that codes for the light strand is also known as the sense strand because the heavy chain is nearly identical. From the passage, we are told that the heavy strand of RNA is responsible for encoding many proteins and the light chain of RNA is over 90% nonsense. One should realize that the heavy chain of RNA is nearly identical to the strand of DNA that gave rise to the light chain of RNA. The only difference is that thymines in DNA have been replaced by uracils. Since the heavy chain of RNA contains all these functional codons, the strand that is nearly identical to it is called the sense strand. The piece of DNA that actually gave rise to the heavy strand of DNA is called the antisense strand.

Circular molecules of DNA in mitochondria and plasmids have a heavy strand and a light strand. The strands have different weights due to their different nitrogenous bases. Sense strand has the SAME sequence as mRNA. Antisense strand is the template used to make mRNA."

Front 45

"rIIA can be added to E.coli K cells and a revertant plaque forms. rIIB can be added to E.coli K cells and a revertant plaques DOES NOT form. Why not? What kind of genetic mutations are the cause for rIIA and rIIB? We know that rIIA and rIIB are mutants, but what kind?

Does a point mutation revert easily? What about a deletion mutation? What about frameshift?"

Back 45

"rIIA could be a point mutation. rIIB could be caused by a deletion of DNA. rIIA is not caused by a deletion of DNA or frameshift mutations. These are not easily reversible. rIIB has to be an irreversible mutation. rIIB is not a silent mutation or a point mutation.

Point mutations are easy to revert. Deletion and frameshift are impossible to revert."

Front 46

What is complementation in diploid organisms? Can a dominant mutation be avoided with complementation? Can a recessive mutation be avoided with complementation?

Back 46

"Complementation occurs when 2 mutatns which affect different genes each provide a functional protein that the other one lacks.

Dominant mutation CANNOT be overcome with complementation. You just need one gene to screw it up. Recessive mutation CAN be overcome with complementation."

Front 47

What is an obligate parasite?

Back 47

Bacteriophage is an obligate parasite.

Front 48

What is Lowry assay? What is radioimmunoassay?

Back 48

Lowry assay is for protein concentration and it cannot discriminate among proteins. Radioimmunoassay uses antibodies to the compound of interest to separate it from a mix of compounds. It is sensitive to a very low level.

Front 49

What is hematocrit?

Back 49

Hematocrit is the % of RBCs in blood.

Front 50

Individuals processing a newly discovered human mutation are found to lak the protease that liberates ANP from teh pro-ANP precursor. What is the fate of these pro-ANP in people?

Back 50

It will be degraded by lysosomal mechanisms.

Front 51

What does ANP do to blood pressure?

Back 51

ANP lower blood pressure - opposite of aldosterone. "natriuretic" means to promote sodium in urine.

Front 52

The stain used to distinguish between Gram + and Gram = takes advantage of differences in what structures? Plasma membrane, nuclear region, ribosomes, or cell wall? Is there a difference between cell wall plasma and plasma membrane?

Back 52

Cell wall. Gram + has a cell wall with peptidoglycan, assorted polysaccaharides, and teichoic acids. Gram - has peptidoglycan, phospholipids, lipopolysacchardies, and assorted proteins. The cell wall of a Gram + cell does not have an outer membrane and the peptidoglycan layer is much thicker. Yes, there's a difference between plasma membrane and cell wall membrane.

Front 53

"We inject a mouse with heat killed, pathogenic bacteria. The mouse lives. Was the polysaccharide itself the cause of death? the polysaccaride surrounds bacteria.

Describe the outer 3 layers of bacteria."

Back 53

"Polysaccaride only could not have caused death b/c that mouse lived after being injected with bacteria that had this polysaccaride.

Bacteria on the most exterior portion have a capsule that is usually made of polysaccarides, then a cell wall, and then a plasma membrane, and then cytoplasm."

Front 54

What does heat kill inside of bacteria?

Back 54

Heat kills proteins inside the bacteria. It's the most vulnerable due to denaturing.

Front 55

Avery's conclusion is that DNA is a transforming principle. What could go against it? DETAILS: What is deoxyribonuclease?

Back 55

"There was no loss of transforming activity after the addition of deoxyribonuclease" goes against Avery. Deoxyribonuclease DESTROYS DNA!!

Front 56

Do pneumococcus have organelles? Does pneumococcus translation take place in mitochondria? Are pneumococcus cells larger in diameter than most euakaryotic cells? Is the pneumococcus nucles a double membrane bound structure?

Back 56

Pneumococcus have organelles b/c they have ribosomes. Pneumococcus DOES have organelles like ribosomes. Pneumococcus does not have MEMBRANE bound organelles. Pneumococcus does NOT have nucleus. Bacteria are known to have SMALL size.

Front 57

If you were to radiolabel and distinguish nucleic acids proteins, what would you use?

Back 57

Phosphorous and sulfur were likely used to radiolabel elements that distinguish protein and mucleic acids. Nucleic acids have phosphorous and NO sulfur. Proteins have sulfur, but not phosphorous.

Front 58

"What is in situ hybridization? What is antisense RNA? What is cDNA? What is a constitutive mutation? What is an amber mutation? In an experiment, GAL4 has been shown to be a WEAK promoter. In another experiment, we see that the transcription part of GAL4 is working a lot. How is this possible?

1) substitution mutation at the UAS binding site 2)constitutive mutation in the GAL4 promoter 3)expression of the normal genomic ey mRNA 4)amber mutation in the ey coding sequence"

Back 58

"In situ hybridization (ISH) is a type of hybridization that uses a labeled complementary DNA or RNA strand (i.e., probe) to localize a specific DNA or RNA sequence in a portion or section of tissue (in situ).

Antisense RNA (asRNA) is a single-stranded RNA that is complementary to a messenger RNA (mRNA) strand transcribed within a cell.

cDNA is complementary DNA. It is DNA made from RNA by reverse transcriptase.

Constitutive mutant - a mutant that is always on.

Amber mutation - stop mutation. nonsense mutation.

It's possible b/c of constitutive mutant in the GAL4 promoter."

Front 59

"What is a conserved region? What is a hypomorph?

What would MOST likely cause a hypomorph?

1) point mutation in a non-conserved region 2)two base pair deletion near the beginning of the gene 3)inversion of a segment of the ey sequence 4)point mutation in a highly conserved region of the ey sequence"

Back 59

"In biology, conserved sequences are similar or identical sequences that occur within nucleic acid sequences (such as RNA and DNA sequences), protein sequences, protein structures or polymeric carbohydrates across species (orthologous sequences) or within different molecules produced by the same organism (paralogous sequences)

Hypomorphic describes a mutation that causes a partial loss of gene function.[1] A hypomorph is a reduction in gene function through reduced (protein, RNA) expression or reduced functional performance, but not a complete loss.

4) a point mutation in a highly conserved region of the ey sequence"

Front 60

What does ectopic expression of a gene mean?

Back 60

It means the gene will be expressed in the wrong place.

Front 61

Can we learn about the presence of developmental defects from amniotic fluid? Can we learn about the gender, incidence of trisomy, and incidence of monsomy?

Back 61

No, we cannot learn about the development of defects. Developmental defects may or may be genetic. They are also due to the environment. We can learn the karyotype so we know the sex, incidence of trisomy, and incidence of monosomy.

Front 62

What is age of menarche?

Back 62

Menarch is between 9years to 15 years.

Front 63

What is Down syndrome karyotype?

Back 63

It is 3 copies of chromosome 21. Trisomy of chromosome 21.

Front 64

What is the gender of a person with trisomy XXY?

Back 64

The person is male. The presence of the Y makes him male.

Front 65

EASYYYYY

Back 65

Look at ENTIRE graph.

Front 66

Must look at picture. How do I look at RFLPs for people?

Back 66

Look at RFLPs COLUMN by COLUMN. Do not combine columns.