Bp Exam I Ch 4

Front 1

Resting Membrane Potential

Back 1

difference in electrical charge between inside and outside of cell

Front 2

Resting potential

Back 2

neuron starts in....

more sodium outside cell, more potassium inside cell
imbalance. charge of -70mv

Front 3

Polarized

Back 3

cell carries a charge

more Na outside, more K inside

Front 4

ions

Back 4

negatively charged particles

Front 5

Even Distributions of Ions (passive factors)

Back 5

Random Motion (concentration gradient)
Electrostatic pressure

Front 6

Random Motion

Back 6

random particles in motion tend to become evenly distributed
move down concentration gradient

Front 7

Electrostatic Pressure

Back 7

Like repels like
opposites attract

Front 8

Uneven Distributions of Ions (active factors)

Back 8

Selective permeability to certain ions
sodium-potassium pumps

Front 9

Equilibrium potential

Back 9

Hodgkin-Huxley
the potential at which there is no net movement of an ion
the potential it will move to achieve when allowed to move freely

Front 10

Neuron at Rest
Na+ is....

Back 10

driven in by
electrostatic forces and concentration gradient

Front 11

Neuron at Rest
K+ is....

Back 11

driven in by
electrostatic forces

driven out by
concentration gradient

Front 12

Neuron at Rest
Cl- is....

Back 12

at equilibrium

Front 13

Sodium-Potassium pump

Back 13

active force that exchanges 3 Na inside for 2 K outside

Front 14

Resting Potential

Back 14

Passive factors (electrostatic pressure and concentration gradient) drive K+ out and Na+ in.

K+ must be pumped in and Na+ out to maintain equilibrium.

Front 15

The action potential

Back 15

two types of signals:
Excitatory post synaptic potentials
Inhibitory post synaptic potentials

Front 16

Depolarization

Back 16

making membrane potential less negative

Front 17

hyperpolarization

Back 17

making membrane potential more negative

Front 18

threshold of excitation

Back 18

about 65 mv
an action potential is generated
summation is needed

Front 19

Integration

Back 19

Adding or combining a number of individual signals into one overall signal

Front 20

Spatial summation

Back 20

integration of events happening at different places

Front 21

Temporal summation

Back 21

integration of events happening at different times

Front 22

Depolarizing Phase

Back 22

channels open
Na rushes in
Positive charge inside

Front 23

Repolarizing Phase

Back 23

Sodium channels close, Potassium channels close
interior charge becomes negative

Front 24

Channels

Back 24

passive
ions move down concentration gradient to achieve equilibrium

Front 25

Pumps

Back 25

active
ATP powered pumps exchange 3Na for 2K

Front 26

Hyperpolarization

Back 26

cell becomes MORE negative than resting

Front 27

refractory periods

Back 27

absolute (impossible to achieve AP) followed by relative (harder to achieve AP)

Front 28

Synapse

Back 28

the gap between neurons

Front 29

Axodendritic

Back 29

most common
axons synapse onto dendritic spines

Front 30

directed snapse

Back 30

site of release and contact are in close proximity

Front 31

nondirected synapse

Back 31

site of release and contact are separated by some distance

Front 32

Small NTs

Back 32

synthesized in the terminal button, and packaged in synaptic vesicles

Front 33

Large NTs

Back 33

Assembled in cell bodies, packaged in vesicles, and then transported to the axon terminal

Front 34

exocytosis

Back 34

the process of NT release

Front 35

arrival of AP at the terminal...

Back 35

activates Ca channels

Front 36

Entry of Ca causes....

Back 36

vesicles to fuse with the terminal membrane and release their contents

Front 37

Ionotropic Receptors

Back 37

associated with the ligand-activated channels

Front 38

Metabotropic receptors

Back 38

associated with signal-proteins and G proteins

Front 39

Ligand

Back 39

a molecule that binds to another

Front 40

Ionotropic Receptors

Back 40

NT binds and an associated ion channel opens or closes, causing a PSP
• If Na+ channels are opened, an EPSP occurs
• If K+ channels are opened, an IPSP occurs

Front 41

Metabotropic Receptors

Back 41

Effects are slower, longer-lasting, more diffuse, and more varied

Front 42

Active NT

Back 42

in synapse

Front 43

Reuptake

Back 43

scoop up and recycle NT

Front 44

Enzymatic degradation

Back 44

a NT is broken down by enzymes

Front 45

Gap junctions

Back 45

allow electrical current to pass between cells

Front 46

Chemical synapse

Back 46

Neurons communicate through
neurotransmitters

Front 47

Electrical synapse

Back 47

Neurons have gap junctions that can transmit electrical current

Front 48

Amino Acid Nts

Back 48

Glutamate and GABA

Front 49

Glutamate

Back 49

most prevalent excitatory NT in CNS

Front 50

GABA

Back 50

synthesized from Glutamate
most prevalent inhibitory NT in CNS

Front 51

Monoamines

Back 51

Catecholamines and idolamines

Front 52

Catecholamines

Back 52

synthesized from tyrosine
dopamine
norepinephrine
epinephrine

Front 53

dopamine

Back 53

motor function and reward

Front 54

norepinephrine

Back 54

brain arousal
mood, hunger, sleep

Front 55

idolamines

Back 55

synthesized from tryptophan
serotonin

Front 56

serotonin

Back 56

mood, temp reg, sleep cycles

Front 57

Acetylcholine

Back 57

muscle contractions PNS
cortical arousal CNS

Front 58

Neuropeptides

Back 58

large molecules
ex endorphines

Front 59

Neurotropines

Back 59

growth factors