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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
What are the 6 stages of Bowlby's theory of Maternal Deprivation?
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1. Maternal Deprivation 2. Emotional Care 3. Critical Period 4. Long-term Effects: 5. Intellectual Development 6. Affectionless Psychopathy |
MECLIA
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1. Outline Maternal Deprivation
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- His theory of monotropy suggests continuous care from mother figure is essential for normal psychological development. - Theory of maternal deprivation explains what happens if this is disrupted. |
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2. Outline Emotional Care
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- Emotional care is just as important as physical care for child's development. - If infant is unable to develop warm, intimate, continuous relationship w/ mother, they would have difficulty forming relationships w/ other people & be @ risk of behavioural disorders. |
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3. Outline Critical Period
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- First 2 & half years of life = critical period for psychological development. - If a child is deprived of emotional care b/c of frequent or prolonged separation from mother in the absence of suitable care then psychological damage is inevitable. - Continuing risk until age 5 = sensitive period, |
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4. Outline Long term Effects |
- Even short-term disruption of attachment to primary CG can result in serious & long-term effects on a child's intellectual & emotional development.
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5. Outline Intellectual Development as part of long-term effects. |
-Children who are deprived of maternal care for too long, during critical period, they would suffer mental retardation. - Characterised by abnormally low IQ. - Demonstrated in studies of adoption. |
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6. Outline Affectionless Psychopath as part of long-term effects.
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- Inability to experience guilt or strong emotions for others. - Characterised by lack of affection, lack of guilt about their actions & lack of empathy for their victims. - Prevents person forming normal relationships & is associated w/ criminality. - Affectionless psychopaths cannot appreciate feelings of victims so lack remorse for their actions. |
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A & P of Bowlby's 44 Thieves Study
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Aim - Investigate the link between affectionless psychopathy & maternal deprivation. Procedure -Natural Experiment - 88 patients in Child Guidance Clinic in London. - Children in clinic were emotionally maladjusted. - 44 accused of stealing. - Other 44 hadn't (control group) but still emotionally disturbed. - All thieves interviewed for affectionless psychopathy, characterised by: lack of affection, lack of guilt about their actions & lack of empathy for their victims. - Families interviewed to establish whether the thieves had prolonged early separation from mother. |
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F & C of Bowlby's 44 Thieves Study
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Findings - 14/44 thieves (32%) could be described as affectionless psychopaths. - 12/14 (86%) had experienced prolonged separation from mother in critical period. - Early separation often consisted of continual or repeated stays in foster homes or hospitals = rarely visited by family. - 5 of remaining 30 thieves had experienced prolonged separations. - 2/44 (4%) of control group, had experienced long separations. Conclusion - Prolonged maternal deprivation caused affectionless psychopathy = lack of continuous care may cause maladjustment or even a psychological disorder.
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Strength of Bowlby's Theory of Maternal Deprivation: Real World Applications
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- Before Bowlby's research children were separated from parents when they spent time in hospital - medical professionals believed hospitals only had needed to look after the physical needs of the child & discouraged parents from visiting (children seemed to get distressed by visits). - One of Bowlby's colleagues (Robertson) filmed a 2 yr old called Laura during the 8 day period she was in the hospital. - She was frequently distressed & begged to go home. - Concluded that substitute emotional care can prevent bond disruption & prevent the harmful effects of separation/deprivation. - Their research led to major changes in the way children are cared for in hospitals. - Illustrates +ve impact that research into attachment has on childcare practices. |
What did medical professional believe hospitals only had to look @? - Who did one of Bowlby's colleague (Robertson) film & what did she show? - What did he conclude about substitute emotional care? - This has led to major changes in the way... - Illustrates the +ve impact research into attachment has had on... |
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Limitation of Bowlby's Theory of Maternal Deprivation: Counter Evidence
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- Not all research supports Bowlby's findings. - Lewis partially replicated the 44 thieves study on a larger scale, 500 young pple. - In her sample, a history of prolonged separation from the mother didn't predict criminality or difficulty forming close relationships. - Problem for the theory of maternal deprivation b/c it suggests other factors may affect the outcome of early maternal deprivation. - 44 thieves study has some major design flaws: bias b/c Bowlby himself carried out the assessment for affectionless psychopathy& family interviews, knowing what he hoped to find, so there may have been investigator bias. - Questions validity of finding. |
- Lewis partially replicated study. -History of prolonged separation from mother didn't predict... - Why is this a problem for the theory of maternal deprivation? - What was a major design flaw of the 44 studies? - What does this question?
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Limitation of Bowlby's Theory of Maternal Deprivation: Individual Differences
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- Not all children are affected by maternal separation in the same way. - A researcher, after reviewing various studies concluded securely attached children coped reasonably well w/ separation. - Insecure attachment children become especially distressed. - Similar conclusion drawn from another one of Bowlby's studies. - Bowlby suggested children who were securely attached, coped better & were more resilient to the separation. - Both studies therefore suggest individual difference, such as attachment types should be considered when assessing the -ve effects of disruption of attachment. |
- Not all children are affected by... - A researcher, concluded that securely attached children.... - Insecure attachment children became.. - Bowlby - similar. - Both studies therefore suggest individual difference, such as... |
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Limitations of Bowlby's Theory of Maternal Deprivation: Deprivation Versus Privation
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- Rutter criticised Bowlby's view of maternal deprivation b/c it didn't make clear whether the child's attachment bond had formed but had broken (deprivation), or had never formed in the first place (privation). - Rutter claimed severe long-term damage Bowlby associated w/ deprivation is actually more likely to be the result of privation. - He therefore used the term privation to refer to situations where the child fails to develops an attachment bond w/ one CG & deprivation to refer to situations where a bond does develop, but through prolonged or traumatic separations is disrupted or lost. - Highlights the importance of distinguishing between deprivation & privation, as now, Bowlby's theory has questionable internal validity. |
- Who criticised Bowlby's view of maternal deprivation & why? - Severe long-term damage associated w/ ... is actualy more likely to be the result of... - Used the term privation to refer to situations where... & deprivation to refer to situations were... - Highlights the importance of distinguishing between... |