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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name four uses of laxatives
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treatment of constipation,
prophylaxis of constipation, bowel prep for procedures, rid bowel of toxins |
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Name the four types of laxatives
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bulk forming,
stimulant, surfactant, saline/osmotic |
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Which type of laxative should be taken with a lot of water?
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bulk forming
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bulk forming: MOA
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mimic dietary fiber, "regularity"
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Name three examples of bulk forming laxatives
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calcium polycarbophil (Fibercon),
methylcellulose (Citrucel), psyllium mucilloid (Metamucil) |
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stimulant laxatives: MOA
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promote peristalsis by irritating the bowel
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Why should stimulant laxatives not be used routinely?
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dependence, depletion of electrolytes and fluid
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Name three examples of stimulant laxatives |
bisacodyl (Dulcolax, Correctol), castor oil (Emulsoil), senna (Ex-lax, Senokot) |
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Which stimulant laxative is category x for pregnancy? |
Castor oil, stimulates labor |
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Surfactant laxatives are technically....? |
Stool softeners |
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Surfactant laxatives: MOA |
Decrease surface tension to allow more water and fat to be absorbed into the stool |
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Name the only surfactant laxative |
docusate (Colace, Dulcolax stool softener) |
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saline/osmotic laxatives: MOA |
pull water into intestine to create watery stool |
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Why are saline/osmotic laxatives used? |
rapid bowel evacuation |
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What are two reasons you would use a saline/osmotic laxative? |
bowel prep, toxin removal |
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What brand name saline/osmotic laxative is no longer on the market? |
Fleet Phospho-Soda |
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Name three examples of saline/osmotic laxatives |
polyethylene glycol (Miralax) polyethylene glycol-electrolyte soin (Nu-lytely) sodium biphosphonate (Fleet Phospho-Soda, Vidicol, Osmoprep) |
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What is the most effective antidiarrheal agent? |
opioids |
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Name three OTC antidiarrheal agents |
loperamide (Imodium), bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto Bismol), psylium |
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When should you not use an antidiarrheal? |
diarrhea caused by poisoning or toxins, or C diff infections |
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diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil) |
onset: 45-60 min, schedule IV (opioid with no analgesic effects), can cause respiratory depression |
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What is the purpose of the atropine in Lomotil? |
prevention of substance abuse |
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What opioid is loperamide (Imodium) chemically related to? |
merperidine |
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Which antidiarrheal agent is safe in children <2yo? |
loperamide (Imodium) |
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What is the active ingredient in paregoric (camphorated opium)? |
morphine |
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Where is the vomiting center located? |
medulla |
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Name three areas that mediate nausea and vomiting |
chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), digestive tract, inner ear |
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Which receptors are in the CTZ? |
dopamine, serotonin, muscarinic |
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Name two types of treatment for CTZ mediated N/V |
serotonin antagonists (5HT3 antagonists), antipsychotics (phenothiazines) |
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What are the usual causes of CTZ mediated N/V? |
chemotherapy, pregnancy |
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Which receptors are affected in GI mediated N/V? |
dopamine, serotonin |
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How is GI mediated N/V treated? |
serotonin antagonists |
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Which receptors are affected in inner ear mediated N/V? |
histamine, muscarinic |
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How is inner ear mediated N/V treated? |
antihistamines, anticholinergics |
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Name four categories of antiemetic drugs |
anticholingergics, antihistamines, antidopaminergics, antiserotonergics |
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How are serotonin antagonists given? |
PO, IV |
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Name three examples of serotonin antagonists |
ondansetron (Zofran), granisetron (Kytril), palonosetron (Aloxil) |
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Which serotonin antagonist is IV only? |
palonosetron (Aloxil) |
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How do antipsychotics (phenothiazines) work? |
dopamine receptor antagonists |
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What cause of N/V are antipsychotics not effective for? |
motion sickness |
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What adverse effects can antipsychotics cause? |
movement disorders (Parkinson's) |
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Name three examples of antipsychotics (phenothiazines) used to treat N/V |
prochlorperazine (Compazine), promethazine (Phenergan), trimethobenzamide (Tigan) |
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Which classes of drugs are useful in treating motion sickness? |
antihistamines/anticholinergics |
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Name three examples of antihistamines/anticholinergics |
scopolamine (Transderm Scop), dimenhydrinate (Dramamine), meclizine (Antivert, Bonine, Dramamine less drowsy) |
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How is scopolamine administered? |
transdermal patch worn behind the ear |
