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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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DEFECATION
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Peristalsis waves move feces into the sigmoid colon & the rectum
- sensory sense stimulated & awareness of defecate arise - internal sphincter relaxes, feces move into anal, - external sphincter relax voluntarily - assisted by abdominal & pelvic |
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Factors Affecting
Bowel Elimination |
* Diet
* Fluid Intake * Physical Activity * Psychological factors * Personal Habits |
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Inspection of
Normal Abdomen & Abnormal Abdomen |
Normal = Convex or flat, Symmetric
Abnormal = Hollow; distended, Asymmetric |
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Ascultation of
Normal Abdomen & Abnormal Abdomen |
Normal = Bowel sounds in all 4 quadrants every 5-15 secs
Abnormal = Absent in all 4 quadrants Hypoactive bowel sounds - every 15-30 sec Hyperactive bowel sounds - continuous every 5 sec Absent - no sounds in 1-2 min |
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Percussion of
Normal Abdomen & Abnormal Abdomen |
Normal = Hollow, tympany in LUQ
Abnormal = Dull, tympany in quadrants other than LUQ |
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Palpation of
Normal Abdomen & Abnormal Abdomen |
Normal = Soft
Abnorma = Firm distention, presence of mass |
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Inspection of
Normal Perirectal or Abnormal Perirectal |
Normal = Intact, nonreddened skin
Abnormal = Reddened skin, Hemorrhoids, Bleeding |
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Palpation of
Normal Perirectal or Abnormal Perirectal |
Normal = No stool or only soft, brown stool present in rectum
Abnormal = Presence of hard stool, bleeding |
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Constipation
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Infrequent, painful passage of hard, dry stool
- when stool moves too slowly thru' large intestine or remains in the large intestine for too long Assess for Risk Factors: Inadequate caloric intake, inadequate fiber intake, large intake of refined foods, fluid intake < 2 L/day, ↓ physical activity, chronic stress, meds w/ side effects that ↓ GI activity, ↓ GI tract motility due to aging, neurologic condition |
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Fecal Impaction
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Accumulation of hardened feces in rectum
- result of untreated & unrelieved constipation |
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Diarrhea
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Manifested by frequent evacuation of watery stools/
- associated w/ ↑ GI motility therefore, a rapid passage of fecal contents thru' lower GI tract |
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Fecal Incontinence
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Involuntary passing of bowel contents
- associated w/ neurologic, mental or emotional impairement |
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Flatulence
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Accumulation of gas in the GI tract
- swallowed air, bacterial action in the large intestine, diffusion from the blood |
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Distention
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An accumulation of excessive amt of flatus or liquid or solid intestinal contents causes abdominal distention
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Hemorrhoids
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Enlarged or varicose veins in the anal canal.
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Stoma
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Portion of the intestine brought through the abdominal wall.
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Colostomy
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A bowel diversion surgery that brings a segment of the large colon out to the abdominal skin.
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Diagnostic Tests & Procedures
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* Stool Specimens
* Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) * Stool Culture * Radiologic Procedures * Endoscopic Examination |
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Fecal Occult Blood Test
(FOBT) |
Test for hidden blood in stool called a guaiac or Hemoccult test
Blue = + ve for blood in stool sample No color = - ve - GI bleeding caused by ulcers or tumors of GI tract - screening tool for > 50 yrs for colorectal cancer - further +ve result evaluation w/ colonscopy |
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Stool Culture
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Performed to distinguish atypical intestional organism present in stool sample
ex. Salmonella, Shigella cause diarrhea |
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Radiologic Procedure
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The small & large intestines can be visualized by x-ray imaging if a radiopaque substance such as barium is swallowed or instilled in rectum
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Endoscopic Examination
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Visualization of internal structures of GI tract w/ use of flexible, fiberoptic instrument
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