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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the single larges input cost associated with cattle |
Feed |
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Ruminants have a digestive system which allows them to utilize _______ as a major source of nutrients |
Roughages |
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What is in the rumen that begins the digestion of feed |
Bacteria and protozoa |
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The reticulum acts as a ________ __________ for feed |
Holding area |
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What does the omasum absorb |
Water |
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What is digesta |
A mixture of feed and fluid |
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What is the true stomach called |
Abomasum |
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What part of the digestive system does enzymes break down food |
Abomasum Small intestine |
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Where does absorption of nutrients occur |
Small intestine |
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What is the order of the ruminant stomach |
Reticulum Rumen Omasum Abomasum |
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What are the roles nutrients fulfill |
Growth Production Metabolism |
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How is energy expressed |
As % Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) |
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What is included in work |
Growth Lactation Reproduction Movement Feed digestion |
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What nutrient is required by beef cattle in the greatest amounts |
Energy |
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What are the primary sources of energy |
Cellulose Hemicellulose Starches |
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Dairy cattle meet most of their energy requirements by ingesting _________ |
Carbohydrates |
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What does fiber support |
Rumen health |
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_______-________ carbs provide more energy |
Non-fiber |
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What can be affected when supplementing fat in the diet |
Microbial population |
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What are the possible effects of supplementing fat in the diet |
Reduced fiber digestion Indigestion and poor rumen health Suppression of milk fat concentrations |
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What is tallow |
A rendered form of beef or mutton fat, processed from suet |
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Supplementing fat is not recommended for ______ cattle but can be supplemented for _______ cattle |
Beef; Dairy |
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How is protein usually measured |
% Crude Protein (CP) |
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Protein is essential for |
Maintenance Growth Lactation Reproduction |
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Rumen soluble protein is digested by _______ in the rumen |
Microbes |
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Rumen insoluble protein is digested in the ______ __________ |
Small intestine |
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What percentage of grains is protein |
75-85% |
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what percentage of grass hay is protein |
30-50% |
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Protein requirements are higher in ______ cattle |
Lactating dairy |
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The most common protein deficiency will cause |
Limit growth and development in heifers and bulls Limited milk production Decreased reproduction |
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Long term protein deficiencies will cause |
Depressed appetite Weight loss Unthriftiness |
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______ supplementation is usually required to ensure proper amounts are available |
Minerals |
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What are the required minerals of beef cattle |
Na Ca P Mg K Cu Cobalt I Se |
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What are the required minerals of dairy cattle |
Na K Cl Mg S Ca P Se Cu Mn Zinc Fe I |
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What are the common mineral deficiencies in beef cattle |
Na Ca P Mg I |
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What are the common mineral deficiencies in dairy cattle |
Ca I |
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What are the vitamins of concern |
A D E |
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Vitamin content of well preserved hay is initially ______, but __________ over time |
High; declines |
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Why is the level of B vitamins in the diet usually not a concern |
Microbes manufacture large amounts that is available for absorption |
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What are feedstuffs |
Any material used as food |
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What are the groups of feedstuffs |
Roughages Grains Oilseeds Byproducts |
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Roughages are high in |
Fiber |
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What are examples of roughages |
Hay Grass Grain hulls Oilseed hulls |
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Grains are high _____ and relatively low in ____ |
Energy; fiber |
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What are examples of grains |
Corn Barley Oats |
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Oilseeds are high in __________ and _______ |
Protein; energy |
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What are examples of oilseeds |
Soybeans Canola meal |
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What are examples of byproducts |
Distillers grains Sweet corn cannery waste Bakery waste Grain screenings Apple pomace |
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_____vary in nutrient content |
Byproducts |
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Microbial digestion of cellulose, hemicellulose, and starch produces _____ ______ ________ |
Volatile fatty acids (VFA's) |
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Volatile fatty acids are a major source of _______ |
Energy |
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Rumen microbe species are specialized to break down either ______ or __________ |
Starch; cellulose |
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Changes in the composition of a ration should be made gradually because |
Rumen microbe population needs time to adapt |
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How long does it take to change the ration ingredients |
2 Wks |
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Crude protein includes both _______ _______ and ________-_______ ______ |
True protein; non-protein nitrogen (NPN) |
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What protein source is 100% soluble in the rumen |
Non-protein nitrogen |
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Optimum diets usually contain ______% bypass protein and _______% rumen soluble protein |
30-40: 60-70 |
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What must be included in the diet for microbes to utilize NPN |
Soluble carbohydrates |
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Excess NPN without soluble carbohydrates is absorbed as |
Ammonia |
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High levels of NPN lead to |
Urea poisoning |
