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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Species Interactions |
1) Competition 2) Mutualism 3) Predator-Prey 4) Parasite-Host Interactions ( +, - ) * parasites use hosts for energy acquisition & habitat * ex) ants parasitized to appear like berries to be more easily spread |
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Red Queen Hypothesis |
Evolution hypothesis which says that organisms will evolve and adapt continuously to get a reproductive gain and also to survive |
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Community Trophic Structure |
4° or Quaternary Consumers - heterotrophs, carnivores ^ 3° or Tertiary Consumers - heterotrophs carni vores ^ 2° or Secondary Consumers - heterotrophs, car nivores (meat) = wolf, mousse ^ 1° or Primary Consumers - heterotrophs, herbi vores (plants) = deer, insects, grasshoper ^ Producers - autotrophs (self feeders) = plants protists, bacteria |
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Species Diversity |
-measurement that takes into account species # and abundance in a community -complicated measures in diversity |
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Community Structure |
- the non random association of species abundances, distributions, and interaction with in a community IN OTHER WORDS: how communities are organized |
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Keystone Species |
species whose presence plays a major role in community structure *role is larger than expected due to species abundance ex) wolves are keystone predators *removal majority changes commmunity structure *important to identify keystone species for conservation efforts ex) Paine Study 1969, starfish "Pisaster" which eats native muscles and inverts/algae he removed it and muscle index shot up |
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Succession |
-Change in community composition over time -succession occurs in reliable stages (ex: pioneer species-early colonizers leads to climax communities) |
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Climax Communities Disturbance |
Climax Communities -final, most mature, stable communities -without disturbance, communities will exist in climax communities Disturbance -a "reset" to a community -events that alter the community in a dramatic way -ex: volcanic activity, logging, fire, etc. |
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2 Types of Succession |
1) Primary Succession: communities are formed where no community has been there before (usually in open rock), creating a community "from scratch", happens over long period of time 2) Secondary Succession: communities are formed where an existing community was before, soil exists, hitting "reset" button on community typically happens in short time period ex) praire: prairie with encroaching forest begins, fire occurs to keep prairie a prairie |
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Invasive Species |
-aggressively growing in pop size *can devastate communities -better competitors/predators? -lack predators/competition *often - introduced, non-native species |
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Big Picture Ideas in Ecology |
definition: the organisms and their non-living environment in a defined area 2 basic laws: energy flows in 1 direction (sun-autotroph-heterotrophs), and nutrients cycle & recycle w/in ecosystem |
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Energy Concepts |
Primary Production: amount of energy from the sun converted into chemical energy in a given ecosystem Energy Flow in a Community: -10% rule: 90% of energy is not converted from the lower trophic level to the high tropic level aka only 10% of energy is being converted from level to level, energy is being lost through transfer -ex: if the lowest trophic level has 1,000 energy then the next level will only get 100 of that energy, then 10, then 1, and so on |
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Nutrients - Biogeochemical Cycle |
Big Picture: Nutrients available to products are eaten by consumers and un-used nutrients are broken down by decomposers, then consumers die and get decomposed and all decomposed matter turns into abiotic reservoirs and abiotic reservoir do geologic processes which goes in a circle from geo process to abiotic reservoirs and back and forth |
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Carbon Cycle |
Cause: increased co2 and emissions, industrialization, and deforestation Consequence: global climate change, increased average global coz levels & temperature, changes in local climates (water, weather, sea level) |
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Greenhouse Affect |
-good thing because we wouldn't be here without it |
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Phosphorous Cycle |
Plants (producers) are eaten by consumers or decompose, and consumers also decompose (all of that is a fast process), and decomposed matter becomes soil which either becomes rock or soil, if it becomes soil (phosphorous) it becomes a plant a a repeat of all said above, if it becomes a rock it will be slowly uplifted into rocks which will be weathered down into soil which is a slow process and will either turn into plants or rock. |
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Nitrogen Cycle |
Plants (producers) are eaten by consumers and both unused plants and consumers decompose and turn into soil, soil denitrifies bacteria into n2 or atmospheric nitrogen and the nitrogen fixing bacteria turns into soil BACTERIA IS KEY BECAUE IT TAKES ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN OUT OF AIR AND INTO SOIL Causes: chemical fertilizers used to provide ammonia, nitrate and phosphate to plants Consequence: dead songs and algal blooms, no o2 because it is too productive |
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Big Picture of Chemical Basis of Life |
-living organisms are made of atoms-molecules-etc. (string from chapter 1) -living organisms are made of matter |
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What is Matter? |
you have matter you have mass and occupy space |
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Elements & Atoms |
Elements: substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances and cannot be converted into other substances by ordinary chemical means Atoms: smallest structural unit of elements,w hat elements are made of , each atom retains property of the element ^ # of set of protons, neutrons, and electrons of each atom |
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CHON |
CHON makes up 96% of human body's weight C: Carbon, 6 protons/neutrons H: Hydrogen, 1 proton/neutron O: Oxygen, 8 protons/neutrons N: Nitrogen, 7 protons/neutrons |
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Atomic Diagram |
representation of the atom in a drawing form |
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Protons & Neutrons & Electrons |
Proton: positively charged subatomic particle Neutrons: neutral subatomic particle protons = neutrons electrons = protons -energy associated with electrons, and that energy increases as distance from nucleus increases |
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Electron Shell |
-can be multiples
-contains electrons - e- -negatively charged subatomic particles |
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Nucleus vs Electron Shells |
nucleus way more stable than electron sells because chemical bonds happen in the electron shell
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Subatomic Particles |
1)protons (+) 2)neutrons (0) 3)electrons (-) |
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Atomic Nucleus |
central part of an atom that contains protons (+) and nucleus (0) |
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Atomic Mass |
total mass of all proton, neutrons, and electrons within a atom |
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Electron Shell 1 & 2 |
shell 1: only 2 electrons shell 2: up to 8 electrons, buddy up from 5-8 ex) 14N will have 7 protons/7 neutrons |
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Isotope |
variation of the elements number of protons and electrons stay the same, number of neutrons change ex) normal: 14N= 7 protons, 7 neutrons, isotope: 15N= 7 protons, 8 neutrons |
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Radioactive Isotopes |
-spontaneously break apart -then release energy -form different atoms ex) 14C ------ 14N ^ ^ Radioactive Stable can use to estimate fossil age, can use for medical diagnosis and treatment |
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Stable Isotopes |
-determine trophic level -allows us to determine geographic structure ex) from hair follicle you can see where a person has drank water from |
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Why Electron Shells are important? |
- they are energized electrons (absorb/gather energy) - chemical bonds happen in them |
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Big Picture of Chemical Bonds |
intert atoms: have a complete number of outer shells and tend to not want to bond reactive atom: have incomplete outer shells and tend to form bonds |
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Definition of Chemical Bonds |
interactions between atoms among the outermost electrons shell |
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2 Main Types of Chemical Bonds |
covalent & ionic |
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Chemical Molecules |
2 or more atoms of the same or different element that are associated with 1 another with chemical bonds ex) h2, h20, co2, nacl |
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Covalent Bond |
- electrons being shared by atoms -ex) h2 - happening between CHON in our body - unpaired electrons will share - basis for organic molecules in our body |
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Non-Polar Covalent Bond |
- electrons are equally shared -ex) h2 - equal sharing because nuclei are nearly identical |
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Polar Covalent Bond |
- elections unequally shared - ex) h20 - unequal shared because nuclei are unbalanced - regions that have a change to them |
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Ionic Bond |
- electrons transferred over from 1 atom to another - NaCl - creates ions (Na+Cl-) ions: atoms that lost or gained electrons - water can break apart compounded ions |
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Hydrogen Bonds |
- attractive forces between polar molecules - ex) h20 - relatively weak forces |
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Chemical Reactions |
making or breaking of atoms R1 + R2 = P1 + P2 ^ ^ {Reactants: {Products: molecules molecules that formed from reactants} interact to form products} |
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4 Main Properties of Water & Life Acids & Bases Definition |
1) Cohesive: water molecules bond to each other -hydrogren bonds!!! -reason why water sticks together when coming out of water faucet 2) Moderates Temperature: water evaporates due to cooling affect -ex: when you jump in a pool and get out to cool off 3) Solid is less dense than liquid -ice floats -ice fishing 4) Solvent of Life: solvent dissolves other substances, solute is substance being dissolved, solution is solute + solvent solvent = dissolves polar + ionic molecule solutions = pH level assigned (pH 0-17) ^ ^ acidic basic neutral = 7 Acids: release h2 ions in water Bases: cause h+ in water to bond with oh- reducing amount of h+ in solution |
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Molecules of Life Carbon + Life |
-Forms basis of 4 Biological molecule groups -Organic molecules: molecule that has a carbon skeleton with hydrogen atoms bonded to it -Inorganic molecules: lack carbon-hydrogel skeleton (ex: co2, h2o, NaCl) -Carbon backbone has functional groups * "mini molecules" with knowledgeable reactivity * less stable than carbon backbone * examples: -OH, -NH2, -Phosphate |
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Biological Molecules Key Characteristic |
* organic molecules * most have same few functional groups * most large molecules with repeating subunit |
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Dehydrations Synthesis |
-process that bonds monomers to form polymers -to make bonds to remove H2O |
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Hydrolysis |
-process that breaks bonds between monomers subunits by adding H20 |
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Carbohydrates |
- sugars - measured in monosaccharides ^ simple sugars - made of carbons, hydrogen, oxygen - mono-, di-, poly-saccharides - made by dehydration synthesis - functions: energy storages (starch + glucose), structured support (cellular + chitin) |
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Lipids |
- fats & oils (main ones) - measured in carbon-hydrogen chains, "tails" - mostly H-C + C-C ^ because of this non-polar 3 Main Properties 1) only made up of C, H, +O 2) ring structure 3) 1+ fatty acid ^ long chain of C & H with -COOH attached to it -triglycerides mainly function for energy storage -glycerol backbone + 3 fatty acid chains FATS VS OILS Fats: animals, solid @ room temp, saturated, bonds saturated with atoms, glycerol backbone + 3 fatty acid chains Oils: plants, liquid @ room temp, unsaturated, bonds unsaturated with atoms, kinds caused by double bonds Waxes: serve as water-proof barrier ^ highly saturated, similar to fats Phospholipid: part of cell membrane phosphate head + 2 fatty acid chains ^ ^ polar non-polar ^ ^ hydrophilic hydrophobic |
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Proteins |
-measured in amino acids -20 amino acids (AA) -can be 100+ AA long, strung together using dehydration synthesis -function is highly variable structural support --> keratin movement --> actin/myosin defense --> antibodies storage --> albumin signaling --> antigens catalyzing (helps) reactions --> enzymes (all enzymes end in "ase") transports 02 in bloodstream --> hemoglobin |
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Amino Acid |
R= functional group -20 different r's -determines properties/behaviors |
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Peptide |
peptide: string of amino acids -adds 1 amino acid at a time -peptide bonds form between amino group and carboxyl group |
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Protein Structure |
1° structure --> AA sequence -determined by DNA 2° structure --> curling/folding of 1° structure 3° structure --> curling of 2° structure 4° structure --> several peptides associate STRUCTURE IN PROTEINS DETERMINES FUNCTION |
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Nucleic Acid |
-measured in nucleotides -triphosphate - sugar-base -phosphate - sugar-base Functions: -cellular messengers -energy carrier (ATP: Adenosine Tri Phosphate) -code for life (DNA: Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid) ^ proteins (RNA: Ribonucleic Acid) |
