Botany Test 5

Front 1

What is ethics?

Back 1

Study of good and bad, right and wrong, how we should act.

Front 2

What are relativists?

Back 2

An ethicist who maintains that ethics do and should vary with evenness.

Front 3

What are universalists?

Back 3

An ethicist who maintains that there exist objective notions of right and wrong that hold across cultures and situations.

Front 4

What is Anthropocentrism?

Back 4

-Human-centered
-Values humans, see humans as separate from nature

Front 5

What are some of the views of Lynn White?

Back 5

-Lynn White, Jr. (1967) The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis
-Sees the problem rooted in Judeo-Christian views of dominion over nature
-Contrasts that narrative with St. Francis of Assisi
-Alternative view, sees stewardship, rather than dominion, as the first commandment
-Conservation or exploitation – for human benefit (economic, spiritual, ‘life support’)

Front 6

What is the idea behind biocentrism?

Back 6

Each living thing has its own, intrinsic right to exist

Front 7

What is the idea behind ecocentrism?

Back 7

-Sees the value of the ecosystem as a whole, rather than individuals
-Preserving systems protects component parts

Front 8

Who is John Muir and why is he significant?

Back 8

John Muir – wilderness preservation in a time of ‘frontier ethics’

Front 9

Who is Gifford Pinchot and why is he significant?

Back 9

Gifford Pinchot – conservation, first head of Forest Service

Front 10

Who is Aldo Leopold and why is he significant?

Back 10

Aldo Leopold – ‘Land Ethic’

Front 11

What are some ideas behind ecofeminism?

Back 11

Ecofeminism –
-Males seek domination, females cooperation
-Male approaches root cause of social and environmental problems
-Female worldviews more compatible with environmental management

Front 12

What are some ideas behind deep ecology?

Back 12

Deep ecology –
-Seeks to redefine our relationship with nature
-Ask ‘why’ questions instead of ‘how’ questions
-E.g., instead of ‘what’s the greenest way to mow my lawn?’ ask ‘why do I have a lawn?’

Front 13

What are some basic ideas behind environmental justice?

Back 13

-Poor / minority communities experience
Lower air quality
Lower water quality
More likely to be near a toxic waste site
-Poorer countries
Dumping toxic waste
E-waste
Ship-breaking

Front 14

What is sustainable development?

Back 14

Development that satisfies our current needs without compromising the future availability of natural resources or our future quality of life.

Front 15

What does sustainable mean?

Back 15

A guiding principle of environmental science that requires us to live in such a way as to maintain Earth's systems and its natural resources for the forseeable future.

Front 16

What is the idea behind economic growth?

Back 16

Primacy of ‘growth’ in our thinking about economics

Front 17

What is a city and how is it differentiated from a town/village?

Back 17

-Urban area
-Differentiated from a town, village or hamlet
--Population size, population density
--Importance
--Legal status
--Difference between American usage and other English-speaking countries

Front 18

What is an infrastructure?

Back 18

Infrastructure – roads, public transport, water & sewerage, electricity

Front 19

What is a city?

Back 19

Mixture of residential, commercial, industrial and administrative/public buildings

Front 20

What are some origins of cities?

Back 20

-Trade route or location near valuable resources
-Usually unplanned, initially
-Flat terrain along river bank, or bluffs out of flood plain

Front 21

Why are cities usually put where they are?

Back 21

-Coastal areas or navigable rivers: Harbors, shipping
-Canals, railways and highways: Importance of off-ramps on the interstate
-Market towns, administrative centers

Front 22

How are cities structured?

Back 22

-Importance of large open spaces – parks, plazas, cemeteries
-Zoning separates residential and commercial areas

Front 23

What are some common problems with water?

Back 23

-Run off
-Pollution
-Flooding

Front 24

What are some common problems with air?

Back 24

Air quality is affected by: Automotive sources, Industrial sources, Smoke from other sources
Air quality also affected by the lack of absorbing surfaces

Front 25

What is important about the layout of the city in terms of transport?

Back 25

Transport networks, commute times, Suburban sprawl etc.

Front 26

Why are vegetated surfaces important?

Back 26

-Vegetated surfaces can reduce heat, air pollution, surface water runoff, and improve water quality

Front 27

What are some benefits of Green roofs?

Back 27

-Reduce heating, reduce cooling costs
-Reduce storm water run-off
-Filter pollutants, carbon dioxide from air, rain water
-Insulate building

Front 28

Note that there are two symbols next to the river, a 5 point star and an ‘explosion’. Which of these is the sewage treatment plant and which of these is the drinking water treatment plant? Why?

Back 28

Water treatment plant should be upstream of the sewage plant (STP)

Front 29

Two of the suburban areas are populated by lower income families. Draw a box around which you think these two are. Why did you choose those two areas?

Back 29

The one closer to the industrial area seems like the obvious choice. The one nearer the river could be argued to be higher income because it’s nearer to the parks, or lower income because it’s closer to downtown (and thus probably older houses, etc.) The suburb in the lower left corner can be argued to be either wealthier or poorer because it’s on the outskirts of town

Front 30

Which point on the river (A or B) has higher BOD?

Back 30

A, because it is downstream of the STP

Front 31

Which point on the river (A or B) has higher fish diversity?______

Back 31

B, because it’s upstream of the STP

Front 32

Which point in the city (A, C or D) has highest ozone levels?

Back 32

Probably D, immediately downwind of the industrial area

Front 33

Which point in the city (A, C, or D) has lowest ozone levels?

Back 33

A – furthest away from the industrial area, located in a park

Front 34

Given the overall design that this city has, would the overall health of its river ecosystem
be high or low? ______ (1 pt).

Back 34

Although ‘high’ and ‘low’ are relative terms, you can make the case for ‘high’ because the industrial area isn’t on the river. You can also argue for ‘low’ because the STP empties into the river, and there don’t appear to be wetlands along the river to absorb run-off

Front 35

What one thing would you add to this city to improve air quality, water quality and
overall quality of life and why?

Back 35

Pick one and argue it

Front 36

Which point in the city (A, C, or D) has the lowest daytime and nighttime temperatures? ______ (1 pt.)

Back 36

A, because it’s furthest from the heat generated by the industry and radiated by the buildings at night

Front 37

The placement of the Industrial area (on the map) presents an ecological problem for residents in the city. Why?

Back 37

Air pollution, since it’s upwind of the town

Front 38

Recycling?

Back 38

Young Economy:Low
Mature Economy:High

Front 39

Environmental control?

Back 39

Young Economy:Low
Mature Economy:High

Front 40

As long as human population growth continues, the economy must (circle one)
GROW, REMAIN STABLE, or SLOW?

Back 40

GROW

Front 41

There are important feedbacks between the environment and the economy. Give 1
example how acid rain will cause negative effects on the economy ?

Back 41

Can reduce the productivity of agriculture or fisheries; can reduce human health

Front 42

A group of loggers has created huge bare areas through completely cutting down all of the forest in large acreages in Brazil. The logs are sold on the open market and the money goes to a logging corporation. To whom is the logging corporation granting moral standing? (2 pts). CIRCLE ONE
a) the trees
b) the people of Brazil
c) logging corporation stock holders
d) all of the above.

Back 42

C) logging corporation stock holders

Front 43

Back at the beginning of the semester we talked about ecosystem preservation. If we
wanted to preserve a group of animals and plants and did so by capturing them and putting them in a zoo or a garden, that was called the fine filter approach. If we did so by
preserving their habitat and a large area of land; that was the coarse filter approach. List which ethic premise is used by each preservation strategy.

Back 43

Fine filter Moral value of species, utilitarian value of the species to humans

Coarse Filter Moral value of the land

Front 44

The diagram that includes circlular motion is what type of economics?

Back 44

Environmental.

Front 45

The diagram that includes linear diagram is what type of economics?

Back 45

Traditional.