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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Botany? |
The study of plants |
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Why are plants important? |
consume CO2, produce O2 for us to breathe- they are food source and essential in the overall food chain |
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What is Biology? |
The study of living things |
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What are the characteristics of living things? |
1)composed of cells 2) growth 3) reproduce 4) respond to stimulii 5) metabolism 6) movement 7) adaptation to environment |
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Molecules of Life- carbohydrates |
-sugars, starches -used in living things for storage of energy and for structural support |
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Types of carbohydrates |
-monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, simple sugars- product of photosynthesis) -disaccharides (2 monosaccharides joined- sucrose, lactose) -polysaccharides (complex carbs- many monos stuck together) |
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Types of polysaccharides |
starch- glucose storage in plants, animals eat for energy
cellulose- strong, tightly packaged, resists being broken down, structural component of plants |
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Molecules of Life- Lipids |
-fats, oils, insoluble in water, cell membranes -use as energy storage -used in hormones --lubrication, water repellent |
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Types of Lipids |
Fats- solid at room temp (saturated- animal fats)- oil is not solid at room temp (plants)
Phospholipids- main component of cell membranes
waxes- firm consistency, surface of leaves, reduce water loss |
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Molecules of Life- Proteins |
-constructed of amino acids linked into long chain -order of amino acid in chain determined by DNA uses: enzymes (speed up reactions), structural support, food storage (in seeds), cell locomotion (flagella) |
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Molecules of Life- Nucleic Acids- DNA, RNA |
-function as the heriditary material of the cell -carry information on how to make proteins, pass information on during cell division -in Eukaryotic cells, DNA is stored in nucleus -genetic material |
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Cell |
-smallest unit that has the properties of life -have metabolism, respond to environment, grow, reproduce -all life processes occur within cells- they produce energy, use energy, produce proteins, and divide and reproduce for growth |
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Eukaryotic cells |
Have a nucleus -protists, plants, fungi, animals have them |
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Characteristics of Eukaryotic cells |
1) Plasma(lipid)- membrane that surrounds cell, controls what comes in and out 2) some E. cellls have a cell wal- provides structrual support 3) cytoplasm- fluid inside plasma membrane 4) organelles- internal components of cells with specific functions |
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Organelle components- nucleus |
control center of cell, contains DNA- DNA is stored in segments called chromosomes |
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organelle components- endoplasmic reticulum |
channel/tube, starts at nucleus, extends into cytoplasm, uses stuctures called ribosomes to form proteins using instruction found in DNA (communicates from nucleus) |
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organelle components- plastids |
-organelles that contain pigment molecules -chloroplast- contains chlorophyll (green); photosynthesis occurs here -chromoplast- contains carotenoid pigments- red/orange or yellow |
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organelle components- mitochondria |
-powerplant of cell- energy is released by breaking down sugar by use of oxygen (cellular respiration) |
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organelle components- vacuole |
-usually in plants, large organelle; up to 90% of cell volume -important water storage area, stores waste products -important to maintain pressure of cytoplasm against cell wall- helps hold plant upright (not enough water, vacuole shrinks, plant wilts) |
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organelle components- cytoskeleton |
-protein fibers in the cytoplasm -move organelles around -cytoplasmic streaming- movement of cytoplasm around and inside cell cellular locomotion- flagella, cilia |
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Mitosis |
-cell divides once -2 daughter cells- contain full DNA identical to each other and to parent cell |
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Meiosis |
-specific to reproduction -halving number of chromosomes in cell -divides twice -final resulting in 4 gametes (sex cells- sperm and egg) |
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Prevailing view of Earth in 1700s- which fields of study began to lead to questions? |
-living things remained in a 'chain of being' or 'natural scale'- higher forms to lower forms- no extinction, no new species created
-biogeography (the study of pattern distribution of living things on Earth) and geology started to challenge these views |
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life of Charles Darwin- travels led him to natural selection |
-he went to clergy school, but was interested in Biology -went on mapping voyage to S America as naturalist -he noticed that there was a mocking bird that he thought was the same species, although each one had different beak on different islands -was told they were different species, so he started to question if species can adapt to their environment and diverge into different species if they become dispersed in some ways (most obvious- migration to islands) |
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Four Principles of Theory of Natural Selection: 1 |
Overproduction: most organisms produce more offspring than they 'need' to replicate itself |
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For Principles of Theory of Natural Selection: 2 |
Struggle for Existence: all organisms compete for resources, if there aren't enough resources, some will die |
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Four Principles of Theory of Natural Selection: 3 |
Individual Variation: not all individuals of same species are exactly the same, which leads to variation in ability to compete for limited resources |
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Four Principles of Theory of Natural Selection: 4 |
Differential survival and reproduction: organisms with heritable traits that make it best able to compete for limited resources, will have higher survival and produce more offspring than other organisms -over generations, these genetic traits become more common in the population- evolution: natural change in genetic makeup over time |
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species |
-can reproduce together and produce fertile offspring |
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How do new species evolve? What is an isolating mechanism? |
-barrier to 2 groups of organisms of same species- reproductively isolated -genetic changes over time due to natural selection -if organisms meet again, they cannot reproduce, so they are different species, this is the isolating mechanism |
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Carolus Linneaus |
(1707-1778) -Swedish botanist -classified plants into genus and species -similar plants grouped into same genus -classification not done in evolutionary framework |
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Seven Levels of Classification (Taxonomy) |
-Kingdom -Phylum -Class -Order -Family -Genus -Species |
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6 Kingdoms |
Prokaryotes -Archea -Bacteria Eukaryotes -Protista -Plantae -Fungi -Animalia |
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Robert Hooke |
- named/discovered cells in 1665 -studied bark of cork tree |
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Anton van Leeuwehnhoek |
-refined light microscope -looked at protists and unicellular organisms under microscope -scraped teeth, sperm under microscope |
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Charles Lyell |
-Principles of Geology- 1830 -suggested by observations on erosion that Earth is millions of years old when it was understood to be 6,000 years old |
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Charles Darwin |
-wrote Origin of Species in 1859 -founded Theory of Natural Selection |
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Alfred Russell Wallace |
-influenced Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection- he and Darwin presented this theory together- came to similar findings on voyages, although they went to different places |
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Thomas Malthus |
-economist that suggested that humans tend to run out of food because the capacity to reproduce exceeds capacity of environment to support them- his writings helped mold Darwin's theory of natural selection |
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Interphase |
cell grows, performs routine functions, increases number of organelles -DNA is duplicated in preparation for cell division -most of cell's lifespan occurs during this phase |
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Mitosis- Prophase (preparation) |
-DNA condenses into chromosomes -nuclear membrane breaks down -spindle forms b/w 2 poles of cell (cytoskeleton) |
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Mitosis- Metaphase (middle) |
-chromosomes line up in middle of cell -2 pairs of homologous chromosomes have been duplicated |
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Mitosis- Anaphase (apart) |
- chromosomes move apart >> one homologous pair, each chromosome at each pole of cell
-spindle fibers pull chromosomes |
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Mitosis- Telophase (two) |
-2 groups of chromosomes -new nuclear membranes form - spindle disintegrates - cell plate forms between 2 cells, which develops into cell wall -2 daughter cells- each have identical DNA of parent cell *diploid cell- 2n (n= number of chromosomes) |
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Meoisis- order of phases |
1) Prophase I 2) Metaphase I 3) Anaphase I 4) Telophase I 5) Prophase 2 6) Metaphase 2 7) Anaphase 2 8) Telophase 2
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Meiosis Result |
-4 haploid (1 n = 1 chromosome) daughter cells (don't contain pair of homologous chromosomes) - in animals, haploid stage of life is very short, tiny -in plants- mosses, ferns, spend most of their life as a haploid. Haploid stage is large, mulitcellular |
