Botany Spring 2010 Final

Front 1

where do bacteria live?

Back 1

bacteria can live just about anywhere

Front 2

are bacteria helpful or harmful?

Back 2

some bacteria are harmful (pathogens which cause diseases) while others are helpful (break down organic matter, photsynthetic, and can provide food for other organisms (basis of food chain), nitrogen-fixing bacteria)

Front 3

what growth forms can bacteria have?

Back 3

growth forms: spheres, rods, spirals, colonies

Front 4

what would earth be like if there were no bacteria?

Back 4

earth without bacteria; nothing could decompose (it would freeze up nutrients), plants wouldn't be as prosporous, there would be no oxygen

Front 5

why would earth be like this without bacteria?

Back 5

plants take in carbon dioxide and put out oxygen but cant do without nitrogen-fixing

Front 6

how are fungi similar to bacteria?

Back 6

1. they both can be heterotrophic (fungi always heterotrophic)
2.they both break down organic mater
3.they both grow almost anywhere
4. they both can cause diseases (bacteria-pathogens, fungi-athletes foot)

Front 7

how are fungi and bacteria different?

Back 7

1. fungi is eukaryotic and multi-cellular while bacteria is prokaryotic and single-celled but can be multi-cellular
2.diverse in their forms and roles in the environment

Front 8

are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic

Back 8

eukaryotic

Front 9

what is a fungal cell called?

Back 9

fungal cells are called hypha(e)

Front 10

what is an interwoven mat of fungal cells called?

Back 10

mycelium (roots of fungi)

Front 11

what is a mushroom?

Back 11

a mushroom is a fruiting body (sexual reproduction)

Front 12

is a mushroom more closely related to a plant or animal?

Back 12

bacteria and fungi are more closely related to plants

Front 13

are algae related to plants?

Back 13

yes

Front 14

where do algae live?

Back 14

algae are aquatic- water environments

Front 15

what are some groups of algae?

Back 15

-green algae (freshwater, closest to land plants)
-red algae (saltwater, edible)
- brown algae (saltwater, kelp/seaweed)
-diatoms (fresh/saltwater, pesticide,"shells" made silica)
-dinoflagellates (saltwater, dangerous to humans, causes red tides (toxins)

Front 16

do any algae have uses by humans?

Back 16

edible (sushi), pesticides

Front 17

are algae harmful?

Back 17

harmful: dinoflagellates (produces toxins, kills aquatic life)

Front 18

name three groups of bryophytes

Back 18

mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Front 19

how does the life cycle of bryophytes differ from that of other land plants?

Back 19

life cycle differ: dispersal is via spores; they neither have flowers nor produce seeds; requires free water so that sperm can swim to the archegonia

Front 20

where do bryophytes live?

Back 20

they live in moist environments on land

Front 21

what is necessary for bryophytes to reproduce?

Back 21

necessary for them to reproduce- water

Front 22

what does the gametophyte stage of a moss look like?

Back 22

green and photosynthetic, occasionally mistaken for a low-growing grass or other flowering plant

Front 23

what does the sporophyte stage of a moss look like?

Back 23

brown, yellowish, or redish with a foot, stalk, and calyptra

Front 24

in a moss which of these (sporophyte and gametophyte) depends on each other?

Back 24

sporophyte depends on gametophyte

Front 25

what types of gametes are produces in a moss plant life cycle?

Back 25

sperm and egg

Front 26

what are some of the ferns and fern allies that we saw in lab?

Back 26

groups of seedless vascular plants:
-ferns
-whisk ferns
-horsetails
-spike moss (not a moss --> selaginella) "resurrection plants"

Front 27

what does the sporophyte of a fern look like?

Back 27

a fern plant

Front 28

what does the gametophyte (prothallus) of a fern look like?

Back 28

heart shaped

Front 29

can the gametophyte and sporophyte grow independently of each other?

Back 29

yes, they can grow independently because they are both free living and the gametophyte is nutritionally independent of the parent sporophyte in the sperm

Front 30

what is the leaf of a fern called?

Back 30

frond

Front 31

what is a fiddlehead?

Back 31

a fiddlehead is a young fern leaves that are coiled up

Front 32

what is the stem of a fern called?

Back 32

rhizome

Front 33

what are the little brown dots on the underside of a fern called?

Back 33

sori (where meiosis takes place)

Front 34

what comprises sori?

Back 34

clusters of sporangia

Front 35

what do the clusters of sporangia on sori produce?

Back 35

spores

Front 36

do ferns require water for reproduction?

Back 36

yes, ferns require water for reproduction

Front 37

when do ferns require water for reproduction?

Back 37

it is required during the gamete phases because they have fallegela and they need to swim

Front 38

what are four groups of gymnosperms?

Back 38

1)connifers
2)cycads
3)ginkgo
4)gnetophyte

Front 39

connifers

Back 39

connifers- cone bearing tree
ex. pine, fir, spruce, cedar
human use- christmas tree

Front 40

cycads

Back 40

cycads-often mistaken for palm trees, swimming sperm, produce neurotoxins
human use- source of starch

Front 41

ginkgo

Back 41

ginkgo- broad-leaved, native to China, deciduos (loses leaves in fall)
human use- seeds are edible w/o seed coat

Front 42

gnetophyte

Back 42

gnetophyte
human use- ephedrine-used as stimulant, decongestant
-gnetom --> looks like angiosperm,broadleaved
-ephedra--> "morman tea"
-welwitchia--> grows on fog, 2 main leaves, desert

Front 43

how does the sporophyte and gametophyte of a gymnosperm compare to that of an angiosperm?

Back 43

-sporophyte and gametophyte are pretty similar
- gymnosperms have no double fertilization
- GAMETOPHYTE:
angiosperm- pollen, ovule
gymnosperm-pollen, female gametophyte

Front 44

which other group of plants does the life cycle of a gymnosperms most closely resemble?

Back 44

their life cycle most closely resembles angiosperms

Front 45

how does the life cycle of a gymnosperm differ from an angiosperm?

Back 45

no fruit, no flowers, has seeds

Front 46

what does meiosis produce?

Back 46

spores

Front 47

what does fertilization produce?

Back 47

sporophytes

Front 48

do all land plants have spores?

Back 48

yes

Front 49

where are spores found in gymnosperms and angiosperms?

Back 49

gymnosperms: micro/megasporangium in the male and female cones
angiosperms: found in the ovary and anther

Front 50

what is DNA?

Back 50

-nucleic acid that contains four different nucleotides
-genes are made up of DNA
-DNA exists as a double helix that can be unwound to replicate itself or to make RNA

Front 51

what makes up the outside of the DNA molecule?

Back 51

outside of the DNA molecule is sugar and phosphate (ladder)

Front 52

what are the four nucleotides of DNA?

Back 52

four nucleotides:
1. adenine
2. cytosine
3. guanine
4. thymine

Front 53

how do these four nucleotides of DNA pair up and fit together?

Back 53

- A links with T
- G links with C
(pairing is based on # of hydrogen bonds)

Front 54

how does DNA replicate?

Back 54

- exact copy produced
-DNA produced
-interphase
-happens in the nucleus

Front 55

what does semi-conservative mean?

Back 55

one half of the new strand of DNA was from an old strand of DNA

Front 56

How does RNA differ from DNA?

Back 56

RNA is a single stranded (DNA-double) that has a "U" instead of a "T" and has ribonucleic acid instead of deoxyribonucleic acid

Front 57

what are the three types of RNA?

Back 57

1. mRNA- messenger RNA-brings data
2. tRNA- transfer RNA-assemble parts
3. rRNA- ribosomal RNA-where assembly happens- (large subunits and small subunits)

Front 58

what is the "central dogma" of protein synthesis?

Back 58

central dogma of protein synthesis: DNA --> RNA --> protein
-describes transcription and translation

Front 59

how does transcription differ from translation?

Back 59

transcription: doesn't involve mRNA and tRNA, DNA is replicated and then RNA leaves
translation: mRNA copies the DNA, goes to the two subunits and then the tRNA brings the matching codons to make proteins which make amino acids

Front 60

what are proteins made of?

Back 60

a protein is made of several amino acids linked together

Front 61

what are three types of mutation?

Back 61

1) insertions- addition of one or more nucleotides
2)deletions- removal of one or more nucleotides
3) substitutions- change in one or more nucleotides

Front 62

how can mutations affect organisms?

Back 62

the effect of mutation depends on which position in the codon is affected
-3rd codon--> lowest chance of large effect
- 2nd codon --> highest chance
-1st codon--> medium
-silent mutation --> has no physical effect
- mutations would change what amino acids are coded for

Front 63

what is a mutation?

Back 63

change to the DNA sequence

Front 64

how can mutations occur?

Back 64

- radiation
- natural --> mistakes in transcription/ translation/replication
-diseases (viruses)

Front 65

what are some examples of genetic engineering in plants that humans use?

Back 65

- roundup- ready soybeans --> herbicide, soybeans that are resistant to this pesticide so farmers can kill the weeds and the soybeans aren't affected

-BT corn --> corn that produces its own pesticide

Front 66

what is evolution?

Back 66

evolution is the change in allele frequencies over time

Front 67

how long does evolution take place?

Back 67

evolution is an ongoing process, at least one generation

Front 68

what are two major factors affecting evolution?

Back 68

1. genetic diversity
2. natural selection

Front 69

what is natural selection?

Back 69

the environment interacting with phenotypes - its a mechanism that results in evolution

- fitness --> produces offspring that live to reproduce

Front 70

does natural selection directly affect the phenotype or genotype of an organism?

Back 70

directly affects phenotype, indirectly affects genotype

Front 71

what are three types of selection on a population?

Back 71

1. stabilizing- phenotypes at the extreme ends are eliminated
2. directional- phenotypes at one end of the continuum are eliminated
3. diversifying- intermediate phenotypes are selected against (leads to new species)

Front 72

what is artificial selection?

Back 72

breeding something with a specifically desired trait

Front 73

what are some adaptations that plants have made to adjust to their ecosystems (like in the greenhouse?)

Back 73

- butchers broom- leaves are modified stems
-ponytail palm- has a swollen base (cod axe) that holds water for two years (desert)
- welwitchia- 30 degrees at night to 140 degrees during the day, only grows two leaves a lifetime, lives for 3000 years, roots grow down a mile, fog is the source for water

Front 74

what are some major environmental problems that we face (and have caused)?

Back 74

-global climate change
- human overpopulation
- use of resources
- extinctions
- pollution
- altering genetics

Front 75

how does a microcosm illustrate an ecosystem?

Back 75

it is a small scale representation of a habitat

Front 76

what are some of earths biomes?

Back 76

1. tropical rainforest
2. temperate deciduous forest
3. taiga
4. grassland
5. savanna
6. chaparral
7. tundra
8. desert
9. temperate rain forest

Front 77

location, precipitation, vegetation of a tropical rainforest

Back 77

location: equator 23.5 degrees south and north
precipitation: 250-450 cm per year
vegetation: broad- leaf evergreens, 5 million species, greater bio diversity and more evolutionary change, layers of vegetation

Front 78

location, precipitation, vegetation of a temperate deciduous forest

Back 78

location: easter edge of grassland
precipitation: 75- 135 cm per year (one rainy season)
vegetation: mostly summer tree growth, drop leaves in fall because of lack of liquid water

Front 79

location, precipitation, vegetation of a taiga

Back 79

location: south Canada
precipitation: 40-100cm
vegetation: evergreen conifer trees, waxy needles, reindeer moss, birch trees, black spruce

Front 80

location, precipitation, vegetation of grasslands

Back 80

location: midwest, east of Rockies (rain shadow)
precipitation: 30-100 cm per year
vegetation: grasses (short and tall), wildflowers, sage brush, trees only near rivers, plagued by wildfires

Front 81

location, precipitation, vegetation of savanna

Back 81

location: edges of tropical deciduous forests, Africa
precipitation: 30-50 cm (rainy and dry season)
vegetation: rapid growing grasses, few trees, maintained by fires

Front 82

location, precipitation, vegetation of chaparral

Back 82

location: coastal regions, California, SW corner of Australia and Africa
precipitation: 40-60 cm of rain, not much more than desert
vegetation: small trees or brushes with fuzzy or waxy leaves. FOG.

Front 83

location, precipitation, vegetations of tundra

Back 83

location: arctic, between the Taiga and Arctic Ocean (freezing desert)
precipitation: 25 cm or less (growing season only a few weeks)
vegetation: treeless, permafrost, small scattered trees along edge, reindeer moss

Front 84

location, precipitation, vegetation of desert

Back 84

location: 20- 30 degrees south latitude and between mountain ranges
precipitation: below 25 cm (all rainfall in a few storms)
vegetation: cacti, welwitchia, waxy coatings on plants, wild flowers race through life cycle in 1 month

Front 85

location, precipitation, vegetation of temperate rain forest

Back 85

location: pacific coast, near coastal mountains
precipitation: over 400 cm of rainfall
vegetation: trees don't shed leaves, dominated by narrow leaf conifers, mosses, and ferns

Front 86

what are some types of ecosystems that are in Oklahoma?

Back 86

- short grass prairie --> pan handle
- mixed grass prairie --> Western OK, not panhandle
- tall grass prairie --> NEish OK
- Cross Timbers -->South Central OK
- Deciduous Forest --> East OK
- Swamps --> SE OK

Front 87

how are the ecosystems in Oklahoma different?

Back 87

- temperature changes across the state from low to high, north to south
- precipitation changes least to most, NW to SE
- elevation changes highest to lowest, west to east

Front 88

explain genetic drift

Back 88

-change in genetic makeup of a population are due to chance
- decrease diversity

Front 89

Genetic diversity

Back 89

individuals that are genetically diverse are more adaptable- individuals can withstand a greater range of conditions
- harmful mutations are masked if you have more genetic diversity

Front 90

what are sources of genetic diversity?

Back 90

- crossing over (self-pollinator)
- independent assortment ( self-pollinator)
- fertilization
- mutation

Front 91

what is outcrossing?

Back 91

reproduction with other individuals
- increases genetic diversity
- opposite of self-pollination