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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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2 main systems of a plant?
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1). shoot system with stems and leaves (and reproductive organs eventually)
2) root system |
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a stolon is a modified (stem/root/leaf)?
How is it modified? |
stem
above ground stems with indeterminate growth that allows a plant explore surrounding territory. If ground is suitable it made adventitiously roots at the nodes |
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a tendril is a modified (stem/root/leaf)?
How is it modified? |
stem OR leaf!!
elongated twining stems (axillary buds) or leaves. Wrap around other objects to support itself. |
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a cladode is a modified (stem/root/leaf)?
How is it modified? |
Stem
Flattened green stems that function as leaves. Often succulent, as in Christmas cactus. |
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a thorn is a modified (stem/root/leaf)?
How is it modified? |
Stem
hard and sharp pointed- can be large spikes. |
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a succulent stem is a modified (stem/root/leaf)?
How is it modified? |
stem (Duh)
store water and decrease evaporative surface area. Often have a photosynthetic surface (eg. cacti) & reduced leaves (eg. cacti spines). |
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a bulb is a modified (stem/root/leaf)?
How is it modified? |
stem & leaves
A composite of a highly compressed stem surrounded by numerous storage leaves (store carbs and starch for plant use- shrivel during vegetative growth) |
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a rhizome is a modified (stem/root/leaf)?
How is it modified? |
stems
like stolons (explore surrounding habitat) but UNDERGROUND. sometimes swollen for food storage |
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a corm is a modified (stem/root/leaf)?
How is it modified? |
stem
short vertical stems, much like bulbs, but with no leaf tissue. Corms are entirely stem tissue. Dense and woody. |
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a tuber is a modified (stem/root/leaf)?
How is it modified? |
stem OR root!!
function is storage during vegetative dormancy. Determinate growth. Stem tuber eg: potato Root tuber eg: carrot, sweet potato |
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What is unique about the root of bulbs?
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the are CONTRACTILE!
the pull the bulb down if it is planted too shallow. |
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examples of stem tendril vs leaf tendrils?
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stem: grapes
leaf: peas |
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what is an example of a cladode?
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Christmas Cactus.
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examples of stolons?
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strawberry, crab grass
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Spines are modified ________.
example? |
LEAVES
eg. catcus |
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Bud scales are _______ modified for _______.
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LEAVES
protect apical bud |
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Modified leaves which act as petals are called _______.
example? |
Floral Bracts.
eg: poinsettia |
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leaves of an onion bulb, or an individual clove of garlic are examples of what?
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storage leaves
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carnivorous plants display modified ______.
examples? |
leaves.
eg: snap trap in venus fly trap, sticky fly-paper leaves in the sundew, and pitchers. |
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Plants with leaves modified for asexual reproduction are called _________. How do they accomplish asexual reproduction?
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Maternity Plants.
Leaves bear "Plantlets" (clones of mother that detach and root adventitiously.) |
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water ferns and duckweeds have what leaf modification?
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Free-floating leaves
(with hydrophobic surface) |
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leaves that store water are termed....?
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succulent leaves
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roots that differentiate from the stem (seldom from leaf) tissue.
EXAMPLES? |
adventitious roots
some dicots and ALL MONOCOTS, including orchids |
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roots that function to stabilize the plant body?
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Prop roots
eg. palms |
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roots that allow for gas exchange in stagnant areas?
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Pneumatophores
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sweet potatoes are an example of....?
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storage roots (root tubers)
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stems that are are modified for parasitism display what kind of roots?
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Haustoria
tap into the phloem of the host, eg. dodder |
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in psilotum, the 3 fused sporangia are called....?
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a synagium
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A strobilus bears ______,
which bears sporangia, which bears _____, to which ____ elaters are attached. |
sporagiophore
spores 4 elaters |
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lycopodium: heterosporous or homosporous?
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homosporous
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selaginella: heterosporous or homosporous?
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heterosporous
(microsporangia and megasporangia) |
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a leaf bearing sporangia is called...?
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sporophyll
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______ spores make a spore tetrad, as in lycopodium.
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trilete spores
(earliest evidence of life on land!!) |
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the heart shaped gametopyte of a fern is termed _______.
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a prothallus
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the prothallus of a fern bears which 2 reproductive structures?
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archegonia and antheridia
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the "mohawk" of a fern spore is called ....?
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an annulus.
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a cluster of spores on a fern is called ....?
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a sorus.
(pl: sori) |
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a sorus is either "naked" or accompanied by 1 of 2 things.....
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indusium or false indusium
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archegonia and antheridia are produced by ....?
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gametangia
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the "fiddleneck" or "monkytail" of an emerging fern frond is termed ....?
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Circinate vernation
the rolled pattern of fern leaves in a bud |
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the Jurassic is referred to by botanists as ....?
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the age of the cycads
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Cycad strobili are unisexual or bisexual?
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unisexual:
megasporangiate strobili or microsporangiate strobili |
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ginko trees: monoecious or dioecious?
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dioecious trees: male and female are separate trees.
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strobili of ginko protrude on what structure?
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spur shoots
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The small opening in the surface of an ovule, through which the pollen tube penetrates, often visible as a small pore in the ripe seed is called...?
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micropyle
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First Ginkgo biloba fossils date back to....
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200 MYA!!
and are nearly identical to present ginko! |
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What are the 2 nuclei in a pine pollen grain and what do they give rise to?
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generative cell nucleus: generates 2 sperm cells, one will fertilize the embryo
& tube cell nucleus: produces the pollen tube |
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The protective layer around an ovule that becomes the seed coat is called....?
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the integument.
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megasporangium in pine: 1n or 2n
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2n
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megagametophyte in pine: 1n or 2n
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1n
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How to tell the difference between a monocot or dicot floral bud?
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dicot: floral parts in 4's or 5's
monocot: floral parts in 3's |
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the parts of an ovary are called______.
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carpels
aka pistils |
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integumented megasporangia is called...?
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an ovule
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the carpels collectively are called...
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the ovary
(can be monocarpous, apocarpous or syncarpous) |
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the ovaries, style and stigma are collectively called...
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the gynoecium
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_______ gives rise to microspores in angiosperms.
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2n microspore mother cell
*through meiosis! |
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In angios:
1 sperm fertilizes ____ the other fertilizes ____ to form _______. |
the egg
The diploid (2 nulceate) endosperm cell the triploid endosperm. |
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How many nuclei in the angiosperm embryo sac?
Name & describe each. |
8 nuclei
-1 egg surrounded by -2 synergids (direct sperm?) -3 antipodals ( opposite the micropyle, degenerate after fertilization) -2 polar nucei, which fuse with 1 sperm to become triploid endosperm |
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In what plants is double fertilization implemented?
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Flowering plants (angiosperms) only! Not in gymnosperms.
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Explain double fertilization.
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in angiosperms-
one sperm fuses with egg to form diploid zygote, while other fuses with 2 polar nuclei to form triploid endosperm. |
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developing gymnosperm embryo eats______ , while the angiosperm embryo eats ________.
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megagametophyte (1n)
triploid endoseprm (3n) |
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_____ are found in plant zygotes in angiosperms in connecting the endosperm to an embryo.
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suspensors
(analogous to animal umbilical cord) |
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When the embryo of an angio consists of a spherical mass of cells attached to the suspensor it is called________. This is the ____ stage.
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the embryo proper
globular stage. |
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the suspensor ( like the umbilical cord of a plant embryo) arises from ....?
Hint: It's actually the first cell of the suspensor. |
the basal cell.
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The embryo axis below the cotyledon(s) is ________.
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the hypocotyl root axis
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another word for embryonic root?
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radicle
(conical shape distinguishes radicle from the hypocotyl) |
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hypogynous?
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floral parts attached at base of ovary.
hypo:below gyn: ovary |
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perigynous?
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floral parts attach at rim of hypanthium (floral cup)
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epigynous?
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inferior ovary: floral parts attach above ovary
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wood with concentric growth rings is only seen in ______.
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dicots
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"pressure relief valves" in bark of trees?
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lenticels
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leaves are drops at what part of the twig?
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abcision zone
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which is more dense, spring or summer wood?
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Summer
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xylem rays in gymnosperms are ______.
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uniseriate
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xylem rays in angiosperms are ________.
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multiseriate
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triangle shaped "filler" between secondary phloem and bark of a dicot?
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pith rays
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bark arises from the ________.
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cork cambium
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Distinguishing features of vessels vs. fibers vs. tracheids?
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Vessels are bigger and empty
Fibers are dense. Tracheids are smaller but empty.. |
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a cut perpendicular to the a radial section?
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Tangential section
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in a wood section, the cross section is called....
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transverse section
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_______have only tracheids.
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conifers
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_______ have tracheids and vessels.
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angiosperms (mono and dicots)
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when a tree starts to go into dormancy before it needs to, this is indicated by....?
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a "false ring"
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