Botany Practicum 1

Front 1

Difference between cellular slime molds and plasmodial slime molds?

Back 1

Cellular slime mold spend most of their lives as single celled ameboid protists, but upon the release of a chemical signal, the single cells aggregate into a swarm. (Model for how single cells form a multicellular organism)
Plasmodial slime molds are enormous single cells with thousands of nuclei, formed when individual flagellated cell swarm together and fuse. (makes one large "bag of cytoplasm with many diploid nuclei)

***neither are actual "molds", but protists.

Front 2

Slime molds that spend most of their lives as single celled ameboid protists, but upon the release of a chemical signal, the single cells aggregate into a swarm. (Model for how single cells form a multicellular organism)

Back 2

cellular slime molds

Front 3

Slime molds which are enormous single cells with thousands of nuclei, formed when individual flagellated cell swarm together and fuse. (makes one large "bag" of cytoplasm with many diploid nuclei)

Back 3

Plasmodial slime molds

Front 4

asexual, non-motile spores of a fungus generated through MITOSIS. The two new haploid cells are genetically identical to the haploid parent, and can develop into new organisms.

Back 4

Conidia / conidiospores

Front 5

Morels and cup fungi are examples of which type of fungi?

** the fungi in Gorgonzola too!

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Ascomycota

Greek: "Sac fungi"

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term that is now used only informally, to denote species of fungi that are asexually reproducing members of the fungal phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota.

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Deuteromycota

Greek: "second/imperfect fungi"

Front 7

Yeast, athletes foot and penicillin are examples of ______?

Back 7

Deuteromycota

("imperfect fungi", reproduce asexually)

Front 8

Zygosporangium (of zygomycota) are (haploid/diploid)?

Back 8

diploid

Front 9

Division of fungi having sexually produced zygospores?

Back 9

Zygomycota

Front 10

In MOLDS:
bottle shaped "stalk" that produces conidia/ conidiospores at its tip?

Back 10

conidiophore

Front 11

black bread mold is an example of what kind of fungus?

Back 11

Zygomycota

Front 12

common example of zygomycota?

Back 12

black bread mold

Front 13

Zygosmycota(black bread mold):
swollen tubes which support either a zygote or zygosporangium?

Back 13

suspensors

Front 14

In zygomycota:
a zygote formed by fusion of nuclei from respective gametangia (gamete vessel), then covered by a highly resilient and metabolically inert thick-wall.

Back 14

zygosporangium

Front 15

the stage before the zoosporangium is covered in the thick protective layer.

Back 15

zygote

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name for mushroom cap?

Back 16

pilleus

Front 17

The fruit producing structures within the paraphyses "Carpet" lining the gills of a basidiomycete (regular capped mushroom) .

Back 17

basidia

Front 18

what is the "carpet" lining the gills of a basidiomycete (regular capped mushrooms) or ascomycete (sac fungus)?

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paraphyses

Front 19

What are the fruit producing structures within the paraphyses of a ascomycete (sac fungus)?

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asci

(singular: ascus)

Front 20

shelf mushrooms/fomes have vertical pores or gills.

What fungi family do they belong to?

Back 20

Basidiomycetes

(greek: pedestal fungi...the capped kind)

Front 21

scales that make the "polka dots" on top of a mushroom are remnants of the _______ _____.

Back 21

universal veil

Front 22

what kind of fungus is a lichen?

Back 22

Ascomycete

(cup fungi- Apothecium of

Front 23

what part of a lichen contains the algal "partner'?

Back 23

Phytocobiont layer of the upper cortex

Front 24

in a lichen hyphae, the area between the upper and lowere cortex is the ________.

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medulla

Front 25

Discoid or cupped body bearing asci (fruit bearing structures of ascomycete) on the exposed flat or concave surface?

Back 25

Apothecium
aka ascocarp

Front 26

fruit bearing structures of ascomycete?

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Asci
(produce ascospores)

Front 27

Lichens produce fragments of mini lichens (clones). wht are these called?

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soredia

Front 28

probe-like cell that lichens use to penetrate am algal cell?

Back 28

haustoria

Front 29

name for the silica shells of diatoms?

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frustules

Front 30

where are PENNATE (bilaterally symmetrical) diatoms found?

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freshwater

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Where are CENTRIC (radially symmetric) diatoms found?

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Marine

Front 32

"petiole" of an algae?

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stipe

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"Anchor" of an algae

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holdfast

Front 34

what kind of algae are kelp?

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large marine brown algae

Front 35

The outerlayer of a morel is a HYMENIUM- it contains elongated sacs called asci which contain 8 _______.

Back 35

Ascospores

Front 36

the layer (sometimes carpet-like) of paraphyses in any fungus is called the ________.

Back 36

hymenium

Front 37

the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae.

Back 37

mycelium

Front 38

Having a single compartment in the ovary or fruit?

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unilocular

Front 39

Where do we see rows of unilocular (single ovary compartment) sporangia?

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on the blade of kelps (brown algae)

Front 40

what kind of spores are produced by the unilocular sporangia of kelp (brown algae)?

Back 40

haploid (1n)spores are produced through meiosis.

Front 41

extensions of the basidium, to which the basidiospores attach?

Back 41

sterigmata

Front 42

egg cells in the green algae are contained in the _____.

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OOGONIUM

usually indicated by swelling, or a beehive-looking bud like structure.

Front 43

the little dots on the chloroplasts of green algae are called _____.

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pyrenoids

Front 44

2 types of reproduction in green algae?

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1) antheridia adjacent to oogonium--sperm enter through pore

2)sclariform conjugation--side to side forming conjugation tubes

3)terminal conjugation- occurs between 2 slides of the SAME filament

Front 45

growth from within the filament, as opposed to apical or terminal which is at the end.

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intercalary

Front 46

when an egg is massive and round and and contained in an oogonium, this is called______.

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oogamy

Front 47

liverworts hornworts and mosses belong to which group?

Back 47

bryophytes!

the first land plants

Front 48

what is a thallus?

Back 48

flattened tissue of a liverwort...lacks specialized tissue

Front 49

what are the "flowering heads" of a liverwort?

What about the clonal "flower"?

Back 49

antheridia and archegonia

clonal: Gemmae cup

Front 50

unicellular "pegs' that attach a liverwort to the substrate

Back 50

rhizoids

Front 51

biggest difference between liverwort and moss antheridia and archegonia heads?

Back 51

in liverworts the archegonia and and antehridia are sunk beneath the spash platform

in mosses, the archegonia and atheridia are atop the heads interspersed within paraphyses (which serve as a water substrate to allow the sperm to swim to the archegonium)

Front 52

moss spore capsule: main characteristics?

Back 52

columnella down middle, operculum (like a nose, distal to the PERISTOME TEETH)

teeth break apart spore mass to shake out spores like a salt shaker into the wind.

Front 53

best way to distinguish xylem from phloem?

Back 53

phloem are alive and have COMPANION CELLS

xylem are dead, thicker walled and larger

Front 54

Both are multicellular, but which is dominant in bryophytes, the gametophyte or the sporophyte?

Back 54

The gametophyte

Front 55

Both are multicellular, but which is dominant in tracheophytes, the gametophyte or the sporophyte?

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the sporophyte

Front 56

what is the cross section of the monocot stem vascular system called?

Back 56

atactostele

Front 57

what is the cross section of the DICOT stem vascular system called?

Back 57

eustele

Front 58

cells specialized for support? (thick cell wall)

Back 58

collenchyma

Front 59

photosynthetic parenchyma?

Back 59

chlorenchyma

Front 60

parenchyma with prominent intracellular spaces for gas exchange?

Back 60

Aerenchyma

Front 61

cells with thick & rigid seconday cell walls, dead at maturity....function as skeletons

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sclerenchyma: fibers and sclerids

Front 62

very long thin sclerenchyma cells, sometimes hard, sometimes soft.

Back 62

fibers

Front 63

short and often cubic or polygonal sclerenchyma cells, as in a pears skin, or the hull of a peanut?

Back 63

Sclereids

Front 64

area between vascular tissue and dermal tissue?

Back 64

cortex

Front 65

regions of ground tissue between the vascular bundles?

Back 65

pith rays

Front 66

green algea- name.

Back 66

chlorophyta

Front 67

what is important about charophyta (green algae)?

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closest relatives of the land plants

Front 68

what is the vascular arrangement of a dicot's roots called?

Back 68

a protostele

xylem make a "cross"

Front 69

what is the vascular arrangement of a MONOCOT's roots called?

Back 69

A SIPHONOSTELE

bundles form a circle

Front 70

"mortar strip in endodermis made of suberin?

Back 70

casparian strip

Front 71

symplastic?

Back 71

throught the symplast (through membrane)

Front 72

apoplastic?

Back 72

around the cell/upon the cell...refers to the direction of water

Front 73

leaf cells- where are most chlorophylls found?

Back 73

palisade parenchyma

Front 74

what is below the palisade parenchyma with porous spaces?

Back 74

spongy mesophyll

Front 75

layer upon the epidermis of a leaf?

Back 75

cuticle

Front 76

the space just inside a stomata is called?

Back 76

substomatal space

Front 77

How do you tell the difference bewteen a cross section of a dicot or monocot leaf?

Back 77

dicot has distinct top palisade parenchyma and bottom spongy mesophyll...
monocots are the same on top and bottom.

Front 78

pits with lots of stomata in them?

Back 78

stomatal crypts

Front 79

what type of organism undergoes gametic meiosis?

Back 79

animals, brown algae (kelp) (haploid gametes/zoospores)

Front 80

what type of organism undergoes sporic meiosis?

Back 80

plants (multicellular gametophyte and sporophytes)

Front 81

what type of organism undergoes zygotic meiosis?

Back 81

fungi, green algae

(fusion of cell nuclei end diploid stage and then mitosis occurs making more haploid cells)

Front 82

brown algae is phylum _______.

Back 82

Phaeophyta

(greek: dark plant)

Front 83

mating hypha of a a zygomycota produce what?

Back 83

gametangia
(which mate to produce a zygospore)

Front 84

red algae are of the phylum ______.

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rhodophyta

greek: rose or red plant