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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What were the early explotations of Michigan Forests
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Surveyed forests to see what kinds of trees were there and what kind of lumber it would provide.
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What did the government do to encourage people to buy land in Michigan?
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Homestead Act of 1862, which says that if you build on land and it has 2 windows and you live in it for 5 years you get to keep the land.
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WHat year did Michigan achieve statehood
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1837
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How did the government in 1820 contribute to deforestation?
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They sold land at $1.25 an acre.
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How did theft contribute to deforestation?
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Lumber companies found ways of getting around the laws to log more trees for profit.
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How much of the lumber was stolen?
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100 million borard feet was shipped from Michigan to Wisconsin from 1844 -1854 AND 90% WAS STOLEN!!!
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What methods did the lumber companies use to exploit the trees?
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The employees bought land because of the Homestead Act people could squat on the land and clear lumber for 5 years before they had to move.
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Changes in Michigan forest due to logging were .....
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wide -scale deforestation
harvesting billions of board feet changes in forest composition |
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In the Muskegon River area how many board feet were harvested
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161 million bd ft of Pine
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What were other contributors to the devastation of the forests in Early Michigan history?
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Timber waste, forest fires, and a total lack of interest in conservation practices all contributed to the devastation.
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1871 and 1881
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Because there was longer any barrier to erosion on cutover land, the dried debris created an enormous fire hazard. 2 1/2 million acres
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In early lumbering days, more timber was lost to fire than was actually harvested. Today...
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...Today, wildfires still affect the logging, tourism, and recreational industries.
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Changes in forest composition-
Non-benefitting Species |
White Pine, Red Pine, and Hemlock
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Changes in forest composition-
Benefitting Species |
Jack Pine, Maples, Aspens, and Oaks
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What is a sustainable system?
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Every renewable resource must be used at or below the rate at which it can regenerate itself.
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What are the 4 causes of unsustainability?
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growth, technology, market, and government
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Practice Drawing Fisheries system model.
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See drawing from video notes.
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What is the cause of unsustainability in fisheries
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Wealth, even as the population of fish dwindles, some people are still able to pay a higher price for fish.
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What is the size of Quercus?
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About 500 species
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What are the growth forms of Quercus?
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Trees and Shrubs
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What are the two sections that Quercus are classified into?
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Quercus-leaves with rounded lobes
and cupscales swollen at the base. Lobatae-the leaves have lobes that are bristled and acorns more bitter |
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Hybydization of Quercus
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The oaks can hybridize with other oaks within their oaks-Ex, Red Oaks with Black Oaks
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What is Mast Fruiting?
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It is a periodic production of large crops or fruits of one year followed by one or two years of little production and it is synchronized by all of the species.
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What controls mast fruiting?
1st factor |
1st factor-The periodicity is controlled by resource tracking. Once the tree has accumulated enough resources than the tree would mast.
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What controls mast fruiting?
2nd factor |
2nd factor- the synchronized factor is weather. When it is a good growing season the trees all experience the same weather conditions because weather is spatially uniform,
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What is the evolutionary significance of Masting
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preditor avoidance
pollonation efficency but only if pollen is limiting resource |
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What is the disjunct distribution of Juglans? Black Walnuts
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The Black walnuts allelopathic which is behavior releasing toxic compounds. The toxin is called Juglone which kills most plants including their own seedlings.
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What are the characteristics and value of Black Walnut wood?
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The wood is naturally dark and pigmented, it doesn't splinter and the wood is dimensionally stable.
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What is the effect of growth rate when Juglans are grown with other trees?
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The grain is tighter, the tree is more straight and it produces a deeper color.
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What is the wood density and hardness of Carya?
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The wood is very strong and dense
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What is the explanation for the disjunct distributions of Hickory?
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Fossils were found in Alaska suggesting that some of the distributed species went extinct.
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What are the implications of Self-compatibility in Hickorys?
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Trees become self-fertilized and this can lead to inbreeding depression, or offspring are less healthy.
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What are the wood characteristics of Fraxinus?
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The wood is relatively light. It is strong and easy to bend.
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What is meant by dioecious of Fraxinus trees?
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Each tree produces only one type of imperfect flowers, on tree producing female flowers another tree producing male flowers.
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What is the emerald ash borer?
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In May and June 2002, adults of an unidentified buprestid beetle were collected from ash (Fraxinus) trees in the Detroit area of southeastern Michigan.
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What are the effects on Ashes from the Emerald Borer?
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It is killing off the large adult Ash trees at a rapid rate however, the younger ones are able to survive because the beetle attacks them later in their lifetime.
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What is meant by polyploid series of Fraxinus tress?
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Some of the American Elms are diploid, some are tetraploid, some are hexaploid.
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How was the Ulmus decimated by Dutch Elm disease?
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..is a fungal disease of elm trees which is spread by the elm bark beetle.
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What are the characteristics of wood in Ulmas ?
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Strong, doesn't split, this is because there are vasculer tissue within the wood vascilate in direction from one growing season to another.
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Elms are self-incompatible, Why?
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Because only 1.5 percent of the seeds that are self-pollinated will mature, the rest will abort.
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Why is it unusual for Elms to have perfect flowers?
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Because Elms are wind pollenated, their is a chance that the pollen can self-pollinate the perfect flowers.
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How do young Elms grow under a canopy?
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Elms are intermediate shade tolerant much more than when it is an an adult.
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U. americana is tetraploid in contrast to all other species being diploid. Why is that significant?
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It is significaant because compared to other species that are dipoid it makes the cross between the 2 species incompatable.
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What adaptations does Ericaceae
have for uptaking nutrients in acid substrates? |
They have a mutual relationship with mycorrhizal organisms and are one of the first group of plants to form this relationship
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What is the role of fungi in nutrient uptake by roots?
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This fungus is wholly dependent upon relationships with higher plants and attaches itself to roots in order to obtain carbohydrates which the plant provides.
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How does polyploid complex complicate identification of plants within the Ericaceae?
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The size of the plant (like Vaccinium) increases with polyploid levels. Plants are much more able to handle multiple copies of chromosomes than animals
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What is the growth rate of Populus?
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Most poplars are are fast growing and short lived trees, intolerant of competition.
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What are the reproductive characteristics of Populus?
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Poplers are diecious. They have different flowers( male and female) on different trees.
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What are germination establishment requirements for Populus seeds?
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They need sun, they need to be on wet soil that is bare minerals and warm temperature. Seed germination is uncommon.
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How do Poplars reproduce asexually?
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They can either be formed though clonal growth from the roots or they can form roots from fragmented branch.
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Under what conditions cause Birch seeds to go dormant?
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If the seed is exposed to darkness then it goes into dormancy until the next growing season.
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How does red light vs far red light indicate the presence of a canopy for Birch seeds?
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A forest canopy creates far red light conditions in the understory. Because the plants are absorbing the red light and what's left behind is the far red light.
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Why is the successional species of Birch important to the recolonization of other trees?
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Many members of the Betulaceae play pivotal roles in early successional stages following disturbance. In North America, for example, the paper or white birch (Betula papyrifera) is a transcontinental species that rapidly recolonizes areas disturbed by fire or logging, thus stabilizing the soil and providing suitable conditions for recolonization by other species. Paper birch is able to invade disturbed areas by dispersal of its winged seeds.
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How does the ancestral inflorescence
structure and simplification explain present day structures in the family Betulaceae? |
Over the course of evolution, it's believed that the parts of the inflorecences have been shortened or lost, ---ancestral > carpinus> betula> alnus.
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Reproductive events from pollination to seed dispersal in gymnosperms---
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When an ovual is fertilized, the sperm is delivered to the egg and only one of the eggs is fertilized.The integument becomes the seed case. The female gametophyte becomes the food source and the zygote from the egg develops into an embryo.
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How does the ancestral inflorescence
structure and simplification explain present day structures in the family Betulaceae? |
Over the course of evolution, it's believed that the parts of the inflorecences have been shortened or lost, ---ancestral > carpinus> betula> alnus.
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Reproductive events from pollination to seed dispersal in gymnosperms---
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When an ovual is fertilized, the sperm is delivered to the egg and only one of the eggs is fertilized.The integument becomes the seed case. The female gametophyte becomes the food source and the zygote from the egg develops into an embryo.
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