Botany Exam Cards

Front 1

Leaves must

Back 1

exchange gas (absorb CO2), minimize water loss, absorb light, maintain temperature

Front 2

3 strategies used by leaves to perform its functions

Back 2

leaf morphology, Pulvinus (leaf orientation), C fixation pathways

Front 3

T/F
all plants do C3

Back 3

T

Front 4

Advantage of C3

Back 4

low energy costs

Front 5

Disadvantage of C3

Back 5

photorespiration

Front 6

T/F
Dicots can do C4

Back 6

F

Front 7

What types of plants do C4

Back 7

some monocots - warm season grasses

Front 8

Advantage of C4

Back 8

tolerance of heat and drought stress

Front 9

Disadvantage of C4

Back 9

energy expensive (ATP)

Front 10

Advantage of CAM

Back 10

Fixes CO2 at night avoiding problems of extreme heat

Front 11

Disadvantage of CAM

Back 11

growth is slow

Front 12

CO2 reacts with RuBP to form

Back 12

2 PGA

Front 13

2 PGA react with 2 ATP and 2 NADPH to form

Back 13

2 PGAL

Front 14

number of turns in C3 to make 1 net PGAL

Back 14

3

Front 15

3CO2 + 3RuBP --->

Back 15

6PGA

Front 16

6PGA + 6ATP + 6NADPH --->

Back 16

6PGAL

Front 17

? of six PGAL are used to regenerate RuBP

Back 17

5

Front 18

? of 6 PGAL are used as starting point for sugar synthesis

Back 18

1

Front 19

? PGAL makes 1 glucose, which takes ? to make 1 sucrose

Back 19

2,2

Front 20

O2 + RuBP makes

Back 20

1 PGA and 1 glycolate

Front 21

glycolate is exported to the

Back 21

peroxisome

Front 22

PGA from photoresp. does what

Back 22

cycles back into calvin cycle

Front 23

glycolate is made into ? in peroxisome

Back 23

glycine and hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)

Front 24

glycine is exported to

Back 24

mitochondia

Front 25

glycine is converted to ? in mitochondria

Back 25

serine, CO2, NH3, NADH

Front 26

serine uses a ? to convert to ? in the ?

Back 26

NADH, glycerate, peroxisome

Front 27

glycerate goes to ? where it uses a(n) ? to make a ?

Back 27

chloroplast, ATP, PGA

Front 28

overall cost of photorespiration

Back 28

4 ATP and 2 NADPH (only one more ATP than C3, but no C fixed)

Front 29

C4
CO2 reacts with ? in the ? to produce ?

Back 29

PEP, spongy mesophyll cell cytosol, oxaloacetate

Front 30

oxaloacetate --->

Back 30

malate

Front 31

malate goes to what 2 things in the ?

Back 31

CO2 and pyruvate in the bundle sheath cell cytosol

Front 32

CO2 made from malate goes where to do what

Back 32

chloroplast in bundle sheath cell to enter calvin cycle

Front 33

pyruvate from malate goes where and does what

Back 33

back to mesophyll cell, using two ATP to regenerate PEP

Front 34

At night
CO2 + PEP --->

Back 34

oxaloacetate

Front 35

At night
oxaloacetate ---> ? in the

Back 35

malate in vacuole

Front 36

During the day
malate --->

Back 36

pyruvate and CO2

Front 37

pyruvate + ? = ?

Back 37

2ATP, PEP

Front 38

Movement of electrons through non-cyclic photophophorylation

Back 38

Water--PSII, Cytochrome B, PSI, NADP+

Front 39

(Non-Cyclic) One pair (2) electrons yields _____ NADPH and _____ ATP

Back 39

1, 1

Front 40

Products of Photosystem 1

Back 40

ATP only

Front 41

Where do the photosystems occur?

Back 41

Thylakoid Membrane

Front 42

How do protons get pumped into thylakoid space?

Back 42

electrons pass through Cytochrome B which pumps protons in.

Front 43

Why would a plant undergo PS1?

Back 43

When it is low on ATP

Front 44

What is the function of membrane proteins photosystem 2?

Back 44

Act as a wire for the electrons to move.

Front 45

What is the reaction center?

Back 45

two chlorophyll a's adjacent to one another.

Front 46

What is another name for the Chromophore?

Back 46

Action Center

Front 47

differences between tropoisms and nastic movements

Back 47

tropoisms - permanent and caused by hormones (auxin)
Nastic movements - temporary and caused by loss of cell water pressure (pulvinus)

Front 48

night length is sensed by

Back 48

phytochrome - pigment in leaf

Front 49

short day plants flower when?

Back 49

in early spring or fall when daylength is shorter than critical length

Front 50

long day plants flower when?

Back 50

in summer when daylength is longer than critical length

Front 51

day neutral plants flower when?

Back 51

whenever. flowers regardless of photoperiod

Front 52

list some macronutrients

Back 52

C, O, H, N, P, K
need more of these, that's why MACROnutrients

Front 53

list some micronutrients

Back 53

Copper, Iron, Chlorine etc.
just as important as macronutrients, but needs less of them

Front 54

phytochrome is in what form when exposed/absorbing what shorter wavelength light

Back 54

Pr (off)

Front 55

phytochrome is in what form when exposed/absorbing what longer wavelength light

Back 55

Pfr (on)

Front 56

which nutrient most often limits growth

Back 56

Nitrogen

Front 57

what forms of nitrogen can plants use

Back 57

ammonium ion (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-)

Front 58

soybean vs. corn
which has higher protein content
and which has higher bushels/acre produced

Back 58

soybean has higher protein content, but corn has higher amount produced

Front 59

overall concerns with biological energy options

Back 59

soil erosion, water quality, biodiversity, food prices

Front 60

why does biodiesel use less fertilizer?

Back 60

soybeans do N fixation

Front 61

List the layers of a Primary Root from the outside--in.

Back 61

Epidermis, Cortex, Endodermis, Pericycle, Phloem, Xylem.

Front 62

List the Layers of a Secondary Root from outside--in.

Back 62

Periderm, Cork Cambium, Phloem, Secondary Phloem, Vascular Cambium, Secondary Xylem, Xylem

Front 63

Monocot seeds are mostly what?

Back 63

Endosperm (starchy)

Front 64

Dicot Seeds are mostly what?

Back 64

Embryo (contains proteins and oils)

Front 65

What are the historical contexts of Auxin and Cytokinen?

Back 65

Darwin discovered Auxin, and Cytokinene was found in Coconut milk.

Front 66

What is the biggest problem associated with Cellulosic Ethanol?

Back 66

It will require the use of more fertilizer because plant matter (stalks, leaves and roots) would no longer to left in the soil to rot and supply organic matter.

Front 67

THere are 3 nuclei in a pollen grain. Describe where each goes and its function.

Back 67

1. Forms pollen tube, which grows through style to the ovary
2. Combines with the 2 central cells to form the 3n endosperm
3. Fertilizes the egg cell

Front 68

What is Allopatric Speciation?

Back 68

1. A single population of a species becomes isolated
2. Changes (evolution) occurs slowly over time
3. Eventually the two populations are so different that they can no longer cross with one another

Front 69

Sympatric Speciation?

Back 69

(only in plants)
1. complete non-disjunction=2n Gametes
--in a species=Autopolyploidy
--in a sterile hybrid= allopolyploidy

Results in a new species that is fertile

Front 70

Interactions:

Biotic/Abiotic

Back 70

Living/Non-Living (Niche Concept)

Front 71

Interactions:

Biotic/Biotic

Back 71

1. Mutualism (ex. Mycorrihizae)
2. Competition (allelopathy)
3. Antagonism (herbivory, predation, pathogenic)

Front 72

Which supports a rare species better- an isolate or a sample?

Back 72

A sample (more wiggle room)

Front 73

Why do larger islands support more species than small islands?

Back 73

-more "findable"-a bigger target
-More buffering capacity=low extinction
-diversity begets diversity (more opportunity for interactions)

Front 74

True or False:

35% of species in Michigan are non-native.

Back 74

True

Front 75

What are some ways that non-native species become introduced?

Back 75

Gardens, Environmental services, pet trade

Front 76

True or False:

Epiphytes are a major contributor to diversity in a cloud forest.

Back 76

True

Front 77

Name some reasons to study botany.

Back 77

98% of our food comes from plants, many medicines come from plants, Understanding is necessary for sustainability,

Front 78

What is a cline?

Back 78

Gradual change of phenotype in a species over a geographical area

Front 79

Gametic Life Cycle

Back 79

Meiosis--Gamete--Fertilization--Zygote--Meiosis

Front 80

Sporic Life Cycle

Back 80

Meiosis--spores--Gametophyte (haploid)--Gametes--Fertilization--Zygote--Sporophyte--Meiosis

Front 81

Zygotic Life Cycle

Back 81

Meiosis--spores--gametophyte--gametes--fertilization--zygote--meiosis

Front 82

Evolutionary emergence of the seed

Back 82

-Reduction of megaspores from 4 to 1
-Integument develops around megasporangium
-

Front 83

Why are Angiosperms more successful/diverse?

Back 83

Flower allowed for cross pollination

Front 84

Which 3 structures are unique to plant cells?

Back 84

Cell Wall, Chloroplast, Vacuole

Front 85

Requirements for Germination

Back 85

1. Water
2. Oxygen
3. Temperature
4. Light (not all species need light)

Front 86

Dormancy-Why do some seeds stay dormant?

Back 86

1. Not enough energy stored
2. Dead

Front 87

Dermal Tissues-List

Back 87

Epidermis (Guard cells included), Periderm

Front 88

Ground Tissues-List

Back 88

Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma

Front 89

Vascular Tissues-List

Back 89

Xylem, Phloem,

Front 90

Root Organization-compare Dicots and Monocots

Back 90

Monocot-fibrous, adventitious.

Dicots-Taproots

Front 91

Soil Aggregates

Back 91

Water in the aggregates, Air in between them

Front 92

No-Till Method

Back 92

-More pesticides used
-yields go down
-fertilizer sits on top of soil, can't get to roots

Front 93

Soil Textures

Back 93

Sand-big particles, low surface area, few charges

Silt-intermediate size, high surface area, moderate number of charges

Clay-small particles, all surface area, many charges

Front 94

Soil pH

Back 94

too acidic and nutrients are displaced

Front 95

Functions of the Shoot

Back 95

1. Support
2. Transport
3. Storage